He urged that "reading history makes people wise;" Reading poetry makes people witty; Mathematics makes people precise; Philosophy makes people profound; Ethics makes people cultivated; The study of logical rhetoric is eloquent. " History makes people wise, poetry witty, mathematics subtle, natural philosophy deep, ethics grave, logic and rhetoric able to contend.

He advocated and developed scientific progressive ideas and advocated the slogan of knowledge progress, which has been promoting social progress. This thinker who pursued truth all his life received 58 essays and discussed a wide range of life problems from various angles. He is exquisite and philosophical, and has many readers.

He is the author of Academic Progress (1605) and New Tools (1620). Bacon sharply criticized the medieval scholasticism, holding that scholasticism and theology seriously hindered Bacon's book The New Tool and the progress of science, and advocated a comprehensive transformation of human knowledge, liberating the whole academic culture from scholasticism and realizing great rejuvenation. He believes that science must pursue the causes and laws of natural things. To achieve this goal, it must be based on sensory experience. He put forward the principles of materialism and empiricism, and believed that knowledge and ideas originated from the perceptual world, and sensory experience was the source of all knowledge. In order to acquire scientific knowledge about nature, we must base our knowledge on sensory experience. He also put forward the empirical induction method, which advocated that based on the experimental and observation materials, after analysis, comparison, selection and exclusion, the correct conclusion was finally drawn.

Prose collection can best reflect Bacon's writing style: beautiful writing, concise language and profound meaning. The articles in this book discussed his many original and incisive views on the relationship between man and society, man and himself, and man and nature from various angles, which made many people get enlightening guidance from this book. For example:

A person who has no virtue of his own will be jealous when he sees the virtue of others.

Without friendship, the world is just a wilderness.

The best preventive medicine to protect people's mental health is the advice and suggestions of friends. "Doubt is good in my heart. Bacon's essays are like bats in birds, always flying in the dusk. Suspicion makes kings tend to be autocratic, husbands tend to be jealous, and wise men tend to be indecisive and melancholy. "

"Cunning is an insidious and evil intelligence. There is a big difference between a sly person and a smart person, not only in honesty, but also in talent. "

"The virtue of prosperity is temperance; The advantage of adversity is perseverance. The latter is a great virtue. "

Bacon made great academic achievements all his life, but as a politician, he suffered from his official career. His father was the queen's minister in charge of the national seal, and he was never valued by the queen after his death. It was not until James I came to power that he was gradually promoted. He has served as president of the court, procurator-general and minister in charge of seals. , was also awarded the title of baron, viscount and other nobles. However, he was later dismissed from all official positions. After becoming a commoner, Bacon devoted all his energy to the study of knowledge, and he eventually became the founder of the famous materialist philosophy in medieval England. Bacon died in April 1626.

[Edit this paragraph] The life of the character

Bacon was born in 156 1 1 22, a bureaucratic family in London. Father Nicola Bacon (151012.28-15.79) is the minister in charge of the seal of Queen Elizabeth. He is studying law at Cambridge University. He is progressive, believes in the Anglican Church and opposes the Pope's interference in British internal affairs. Anne's mother is a famous talented woman with bacon's works. She is proficient in Greek and Latin and a believer in Calvinism. Good family education made Bacon mature earlier and showed extraordinary intelligence in all aspects. /kloc-At the age of 0/2, Bacon was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge University for further study. During his study at school, he became suspicious of traditional ideas and beliefs and began to think about the true meaning of society and life alone.

After studying at Cambridge University for three years, Bacon came to France as an attache of Sir Emo Polly, the British ambassador to France. During his two and a half years in Paris, he traveled almost all over France, met many new things and absorbed many new ideas, which played a great role in the formation of his world outlook. 1579, bacon's father died suddenly, and his plan to prepare for bacon's future pension was shattered, and bacon's life began to fall into poverty. After returning to China to attend his father's funeral, Bacon lived in Gray Law School, where he studied law and looked for jobs everywhere. 1582 finally qualified as a lawyer, 1584 was elected as a member of parliament, and 1589 became a court secretary after the vacancy. However, this position has not been vacant for 20 years. He ran around, but never got any position. Bacon was more mature in thought at this time. He is determined to reform all knowledge divorced from reality and nature, and introduce empirical observation, factual basis and practical effects into epistemology. This great ambition is the main goal of his "great rejuvenation of science" and the ambition he has been fighting for all his life.

1602, Elizabeth died and James I succeeded to the throne. Bacon was very appreciated by James because he advocated the merger of Scotland and England. Bacon climbed to the top and soared. 1602 was knighted, 1604 was appointed as James' adviser, 1607 as deputy attorney general, 16 13 as chief prosecutor,16 as privy Council adviser, and 650. 16 18 was promoted to be an official of the mainland of England and was awarded the title of Baron Verulan. 162 1 year, was awarded the title of Viscount Albens. But Bacon's talent and interest lie not in state affairs, but in the search for scientific truth. During this period, he made great achievements in academic research. Many books have been published.

162 1 year, Bacon was accused of corruption and bribery by Congress, fined 40,000 pounds by the High Court, imprisoned in the Tower of London, and expelled from the court for life, and was not allowed to serve as a member of parliament or official position. Although he was later exempted from fines and imprisonment, bacon was destroyed. From then on, Bacon ignored politics and began to concentrate on theoretical writing.

1626 At the end of March, Bacon drove through the northern suburbs of London. He was studying the theory of cold and heat and its practical application. Passing through a piece of snow, he suddenly wanted to do an experiment. He slaughtered a chicken, filled it with snow, and observed the effect of freezing on antisepsis. However, due to his weak body, he couldn't stand the attack of a cold, and his bronchitis recurred and his condition deteriorated. He died in the early morning of April 9th. 1626.

After Bacon's death, people built a monument to commemorate him, and Sir Henry Walden wrote an epitaph for him:

Viscount St. Albans

If you use a more mysterious name, you should

Call it "the light of science" and "the tongue of law"

……

[Edit this paragraph] The Road to Art

Francis Bacon, the craziest artist in the 20th century, opened a new chapter in modern art with his extraordinary imagination. Bacon's greatest works were created in the forties and fifties of the 20th century, from screaming heads and roaring orangutans to portraits of Pope and Van Gogh, which fully reflected the characteristics of Bacon, a paranoid madman surrounded by claustrophobia. Surprisingly, Bacon also created some landscape works in his later period, such as his review of his travels in Africa and southern France. This period is regarded by critics as a time when Bacon searched for himself, explored impressions and tried to take risks.

During Bacon's life, artists also had very strict requirements for choosing their own works for exhibition. He asked all museums or art galleries to ensure that only his later paintings could be exhibited in public, which led to people's strangeness and surprise about the style of Bacon's early works.

At present, an exhibition featuring bacon's early works has been put out in the Salisbury Museum in Britain, showing 13 early works, expounding the development of bacon's art from the late 1940s to the early 1960s, and deeply excavating the artist's frightening super imagination.

[Edit this paragraph] Philosophical thought

Bacon's philosophical thought is inseparable from his social thought. He is a representative of the emerging bourgeoisie, advocating the development of production, eager to explore nature and demanding the development of science. He believes that scholasticism hinders the development of contemporary science. Therefore, he strongly criticized empirical philosophy and theological authority. He further exposed the root of the fallacy of human cognition and put forward the famous "four pseudo-phase theory" He said that this is a pathological state that generally occurs in people's minds, rather than confusion and problems arising under specific circumstances. The first is the "illusion of race", which is a cognitive error caused by human nature; The second is that "fairyland" is a one-sided mistake in personal understanding caused by personality, hobbies, education and environment; The third is the "illusion of the market", that is, people's thinking confusion caused by the uncertainty of language concepts when communicating. The fourth is "theater illusion", which refers to the misunderstanding caused by blind superstition of authority and tradition. Bacon pointed out that empiricist philosophers used four kinds of illusions to obliterate the truth and create fallacies, which dealt a heavy blow to empiricist philosophy. However, Bacon's "illusion theory" permeates the empiricism of Bacon's philosophy and fails to strictly distinguish the essence of rationality from the illusion of idealism.

Bacon believed that the academic tradition at that time was poor because of the loss of contact between academics and experience. He advocates that scientific theory and science and technology complement each other. He advocated breaking "idols" and eradicating all kinds of prejudices and fantasies. He put forward that "truth is the daughter of time, not authority", which strongly attacked scholasticism.

Bacon's view of scientific method is mainly experimental qualitative and inductive. He inherited and developed the ancient thought that matter is the source of all things, and thought that the world is made of matter, which has the characteristics of movement and movement is the attribute of matter. From the standpoint of materialism, Bacon pointed out that the task of science lies in understanding nature and its laws. However, due to the limitations of the times, his world outlook also has the characteristics of simple materialism and metaphysics.

[Edit this paragraph] Thought contribution

Bacon was the first person to realize the historical significance of science and its methodology and its possible role in human life. He tried to provide impetus and direction for the development of the new scientific movement by analyzing and determining the general methods of science and showing its application mode.

Bacon is a philosopher. From the beginning, he explored the possibility of experimental methods. He said he wanted to be the Columbus of science. 1605 published his first book, Academic Progress, which was the earliest popular reading to explain his views.

1620, part of his main work "The Great Rejuvenation of Learning" was published, and it was not finished until his death. Bacon divided the book into six parts.

The introduction, namely "academic progress" and "new tool theory", is mainly about the analysis of scientific methods, but the most complete part of the book was originally an encyclopedia about craftsmen's knowledge and experimental facts, and the fourth part was not found, mainly discussing how to use new methods to analyze facts. Discuss past and present scientific theories. This paper discusses the new natural philosophy, and finally synthesizes the hypotheses extracted from various facts and existing scientific theories. Bacon only wrote the second part of the book. But he had a great influence on Britain in the17th century and France in the18th century. In this book, he put forward the theory of scientific understanding based on observation and experiment, which is gradually called inductive theory.

Bacon believes that scientific understanding of nature and technological control are complementary, and both are the result of using scientific methods. Bacon attached great importance to the invention of printing, gunpowder and compass. Taking these three inventions as examples, he proved that the knowledge of modern people is far superior to that of ancient Greeks. Bacon said:

"Therefore, new scientific methods to promote the development of science and technology first require the discovery of new principles, new operating procedures and new facts. Such principles and facts can be found in both technical knowledge and experimental science. When we understand these principles and knowledge, they will lead to new applications of technology and science. "

Bacon asked James I to issue orders and collect all kinds of knowledge. He thinks that collecting a large number of facts is the first requirement of his method. As long as there is an encyclopedia six times longer than Pliny Sr's natural history, he can explain all the phenomena in nature.

Bacon's view of scientific method is mainly based on qualitative and inductive experiments. He is skeptical about mathematics and deduction used in scientific methods. Bacon only had his original ideas on the methods he advocated, but these original ideas were not immediately applied. It was not until the19th century that people paid attention to Bacon's qualitative-inductive method due to the development of evolution in geology and biology.

When evaluating Bacon's methodology, Marx once said:

"Science is an experimental science, and the scientific method lies in sorting out perceptual materials in a rational way. Induction, analysis, comparison, observation and experiment are rational methods and important conditions. "

In applied science, Bacon is mainly interested in craftsman technology and industrial production process, so he is called "philosopher of industrial science".

Bacon was also an essayist. His collection of essays published on 1624 is a masterpiece worth reading. There are many famous sentences:

Reading history makes people wise, reading poetry makes people witty, mathematics makes people careful, physics makes people deep, ethics makes people grave, and the study of logic and rhetoric makes people able to contend. Everything you learn becomes a character. Truth is the product of time, not authority. Reasonable arrangement of time means saving time.

[Edit this paragraph] Personal paper

1597, bacon published his first work, essays. In his book, he condensed his understanding of society and life into many philosophical aphorisms in Bacon's On the Wisdom of the ancients, which were welcomed by readers.

From 65438 to 0605, Bacon completed two volumes of On Academic Progress in English. This is a book with knowledge as the research object, which is part of Bacon's grand ideal and plan to transform knowledge in an all-round way. In his book, Bacon lashed out at obscurantism in the Middle Ages, demonstrated the great role of knowledge, and put forward the unsatisfactory knowledge status and remedial measures. In this book, Bacon put forward a systematic scientific encyclopedia outline, which played an important role in the compilation of encyclopedias by the French Encyclopedia School headed by Diderot in the18th century.

1609, Bacon published his third book "On the Wisdom of the Ancient People" when he was the Deputy Attorney General. He believes that in ancient times, there was the oldest wisdom of mankind, and the oldest lost wisdom can be found by studying ancient fables.

Bacon originally intended to write a six-volume encyclopedia "Great Rejuvenation", which is his masterpiece of reviving science and reshaping human knowledge. However, he failed to complete the expected plan and only published the first two parts. The new tool released by 1620 is the second part of this book. New Tools is Bacon's most important philosophical work, which puts forward the principles and methods of empirical cognition initiated by Bacon in modern times. This book is the antithesis of Aristotle's tools.

After finishing his political career, Bacon completed the book Biography of henry vii in only a few months, which was highly praised by later historians and was hailed as "a milestone in modern history".

Around 1623, Bacon wrote The New Island, an unfinished utopian work, which was first published by Luo Lai in the second year after his death. In the book, the author describes his new pursuit and yearning for the blueprint of an ideal society, and designs a country called "Natural Pillar", in which science dominates everything, which is a concentrated expression of the thought and belief of "great rejuvenation" of science advocated by Bacon after graduation.

In addition, Bacon left many works after his death, which were later compiled and published by many experts and scholars, including On the Essence of Things, Clues in the Maze, Criticism of Various Philosophies, Events in Nature, On Human Knowledge and so on.

representative works

Academic progress, 1605.

New tool theory, 1620.

Essay, 1624.

Biography of henry vii

On the Essence of Things

Clues to the maze

Criticism of various philosophies

Natural events

On human knowledge

Bacon's life theory

[Edit this paragraph] Selected readings of works

"research"

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) is a representative figure of the English Renaissance. He is an outstanding philosopher, scientist and essayist. He insisted on thinking in a scientific way, relying on observation rather than authoritative theory to acquire knowledge, thus becoming the founder of modern science. His Collection of Bacon Prose is a model of this genre in English literature and is considered as an important milestone in the development of English prose. Some new words he used also entered the tradition of English literature.

The main contents of "research":

About reading

On Research is the most popular of Bacon's 58 essays. It analyzes the purpose of learning, the different ways that different people pursue learning, and how learning affects people's character. Powerful and convincing, concise and accurate research shows us bacon's mature learning attitude.