Whampoa Military Academy, the Army Military Academy, is located in Cheung Chau, Whampoa. It was the first cooperation period between China and the Soviet Union. With the help of China and the Soviet Union, Sun Yat-sen was founded in June 1924 to train military cadres. Military cadets participated in revolutionary wars many times and made great contributions to the revolutionary cause of China. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the former site of Whampoa Military Academy was bombed. 1964 has undergone a major transformation and basically recovered its original appearance. 1984, the memorial hall of the former site of Huangpu Military Academy was established. At present, the memorial buildings in the former site of the military academy include the main entrance of the military academy, the monument to Sun Yat-sen, the former residence of Sun Yat-sen, the club, the swimming pool and the tomb of the Crusaders. The former site and history of Huangpu Military Academy vividly show the history of the struggle between the two parties against imperialism and warlords during the first cooperation between the two countries. The former site of Huangpu Military Academy is a national key cultural relic protection unit.
Whampoa Military Academy is the first new military cadre school founded by Sun Yat-sen in China. School starts in June 1924. Because the school is located in cheung chau island (also known as Huangpu Island), it is commonly known as "Whampoa Military Academy". Formerly known as Guangdong Land and Water Normal College, Army Primary School and Guangdong Naval School founded by Guangdong Provincial Government in 19 12.
Whampoa Military Academy was born in the first cooperation period between China and the United States. After the establishment of the military academy, both China and the United States sent important cadres to serve in the school. Chiang Kai-shek was the principal, Liao was the Kuomintang Party representative, and the producer of China was the director of the political department. The purpose of the military academy is to "create a revolutionary army to save China from peril" put forward by Sun Yat-sen, and the motto is "being sincere". The military academy adopts the educational policy of attaching equal importance to military and political affairs and combining theory with practice, and has trained a large number of military and political talents for the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. On the Kuomintang side, nearly 40 Huangpu teachers and students were awarded the rank of general. * * * In terms of the production party, five of the top ten marshals of the China People's Liberation Army are from Huangpu, three of the 10 generals are from Huangpu, and eight of the 57 generals awarded by 1955 are from Huangpu.
1924- 1930 whampoa military academy held seven issues in Cheung Chau, and opened branches in Guangzhou, Chaozhou, Nanning, Changsha and Wuhan. 1930, the military academy moved to Nanjing, and then moved to Chengdu. By 1949, Huangpu Military Academy had enrolled 23 students and graduated more than 30,000 people.
Whampoa Military Academy is of great significance in the modern and military history of China. Huangpu teachers and students were brave and invincible in quelling the rebellion of the business group and the crusade for the East and the Northern Expedition, and made immortal contributions. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Huangpu teachers and students once again joined hands and made outstanding contributions to national liberation.
Wharf: Huangpu old man told the younger generation: "From the moment I set foot on this wharf, my life changed completely."
In the summer of 2004, Whampoa Military Academy, which is also known as the "Four Military Academies" and the "Cradle of Military Strategists in China" with the United States West Point Military Academy, the British Sandhurst Royal Military Academy and the Russian Fulongzhi Military Academy, celebrated its 80th anniversary. At the Military Academy Pier on the cheung chau island, groups of Huangpu old people from all over the world who went to the "Covenant of the Century" stood by the river for a long time, and their former comrades and enemies were relatively silent and tearful; An old man trembled and bent down, touched the stake on the dock affectionately and told the younger generation, "From the moment I set foot on this dock, my life changed completely."
Eighty years ago, for cheung chau island, which covers an area of only 9 square kilometers and stands in the middle of the river, this pier has always been the only channel for the military academy to communicate with the outside world. For aspiring young people from all over the world, setting foot on this dock means giving up the future of doing business, farming, taking exams and being an official. , boarded the first terminal of the revolutionary journey and turned a new page in fate.
This dock once fixed many classic scenes at the beginning of the birth of Whampoa Military Academy:1In the early morning of June, 924, Sun Yat-sen and his wife Soong Ching Ling landed here on the "Gu Jiang" ship and presided over the opening ceremony of the military academy; In the same year165438+1October 13, Sun Yat-sen went north on business and returned to campus on the "Yongfeng" ship to bid farewell to teachers and students. "Go to Huangpu!" The slogan has been well received all over the world, and thousands of young people from China, Viet Nam, Malaysia, Singapore and other countries thousands of miles away have landed here and have been tempered by iron and blood; Soviet ships loaded with support weapons and flying the flag of axe and sickle sailed into the old dreams of old friends again and again.
School gate: A couplet is posted on the pillars on both sides of the school gate: "Please go elsewhere for promotion and wealth, and don't enter the gate for fear of death."
In the yellowed old photos, the wooden plaque inscribed "Army Academy" by Tan Yan, a veteran of the Kuomintang, hangs on the spire gate at the main entrance of Huangpu Military Academy, which looks almost desolate. However, behind this rebuilt European door, there is a legend about ideals, loyalty, miracles, conspiracy, agitation and killing. The entanglement between the two major political parties in China is full of variables, just like the double helix of the historical gene chain. Any small mutation may completely change the face of China today and the fate of China people.
Once upon a time, a pair of couplets were posted on the pillars on both sides of the school gate, which read: "Please go elsewhere for promotion and wealth, and don't enter the gate for fear of death." In fact, almost all the great men who influenced China's revolution have been in and out of this gate-Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, Wang Jingwei, He, Ye Jianying, Chen Geng and Lin Biao. How many fresh faces should be remembered by the times in the turbulent crowd wearing Soviet-style yellow uniforms at the school gate, vying to see the Sun Yat-sen couple? How many names were on the roster of people who attended the opening ceremony and listened to Sun Yat-sen's speech "Creating Revolutionary Army and Saving China from Peril"? With a flick of a finger, who decides the ups and downs, there is no reason for the ups and downs.
After Sun Yat-sen's death, there were words written on the east and west walls of the gate: "The revolution has not been successful, and comrades still need to work hard". When Sun Yat-sen visited the military academy, the former Guangdong Customs Huangpu Branch was later called "the former residence of Sun Yat-sen". 1930, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum was completed at the top of Bagua Mountain behind the Military Academy. Looking up from the foot of the mountain, the climbing steps cross each other and form a word "Wen" with the observation deck and monument, which means mourning.
On the day of searching, we met an 84-year-old Huangpu man from Chengdu, Sichuan. He stood in front of the monument and gently recited "Ode to the Prime Minister": the way of a gentleman, the world is public; The ambition of Mr. Wang, one country in the world, is "just a classmate, in his prime", but now he died in March and the room was silent.
Headquarters: The evaluation of Chen Geng in the list of students is: "The appearance is weak, but the character is steady, hard-working, and can lead troops."
There are many branches of Whampoa Military Academy, and the school building in cheung chau island is called Headquarters to show the difference. The school building is a Lingnan ancestral hall quadrangle, which is divided into three roads: left, middle and right, with two floors, and the corridors on each floor are connected. There are four deep entrances, each separated by a patio, with a total construction area of about 1 1,000 square meters. Under the Prime Minister, the President and the Party representatives, the whole school has six departments, namely, politics, professors, coaches, management, military supplies and military doctors, with a total of about 40 institutions, which is like an isolated and tight kingdom.
Being the president of Whampoa Military Academy is a milestone in Chiang Kai-shek's political and military career. In a corner on the west side of the second floor of Zoumalou, we saw President Jiang's office. The room is full of clear panes, wooden doors and floors, patterned carpets and organ-shaped desks on the ground, which is quite aesthetic. According to historical data, Chiang Kai-shek made great efforts in the early days of the school, and began to inspect the dormitory of the whole school every morning when the wake-up bell rang. He personally taught to sing the school song, paid close attention to military discipline, and wrote the motto of "Dear and Sincere" for the military academy, demanding that students absolutely obey and not be afraid of sacrifice. On weekdays, he regards the Three People's Principles, Zeng Guofan's letters and Bismarck's biography as treasures. Chiang Kai-shek attached great importance to inspecting students. On the wall of the principal's office, there is a list of students in the first period. Chen Geng, the "ever-victorious general", wrote in the comment column: "Weak in appearance, but steady in character, able to bear hardships and lead troops." But it was this "weak-looking" student in the headmaster's eyes who survived the second Crusade and was besieged by defeat and despair.
In the principal's office, Chiang Kai-shek had a historic meeting with Zhou Enlai, who returned from studying in France and served as the director of the Political Department of the Military Academy. Under the auspices of Zhou Enlai, the military academy creatively formed a set of theories and systems of military and political work with reference to the experience of the Soviet Red Army and the actual situation in China. In the early days of the military academy, different parties and schools were allowed to spread theories, emphasizing not only the Three People's Principles, but also * * * productism. There are up to 26 political courses, including modern history of China, introduction to social sciences, political science, Soviet studies, etc. In addition to compulsory courses, the Political Department also conducts political education through lectures, seminars, cultural performances and publications. Liu Shaoqi, He Xiangning, Lu Xun, etc. I was invited by the Political Department to give a report to our school, and Mao Zedong was invited to give a report on the peasant movement.
The Political Department is located on the west side of the first floor of Zoumalou. The indoor furnishings are simple, except for exercise books, file baskets, water cups and other items, which are as clean as a brush.
Across the student dormitory and classroom: Wu once lamented that his army was "not afraid of death", while the Huangpu Army was "not aware of death". "This is the difference between victory and failure."
Light gray military caps are placed on the top left of the desk; On the wooden bed in the dormitory, white sheets and military blankets are folded square; Uniforms, washbasins, cups, sandals and other items on the wooden floor are not messy. A group of primary school students who just entered the headquarters were immediately attracted by the living environment of Huangpu students. When they looked out of the window carefully, the boiling air suddenly quieted down.
Nowadays, Huangpu Military Academy receives a large number of students and company personnel for visits and military training every year. Especially every summer, the classrooms, dormitories and playgrounds of the headquarters come and go in groups of "Whampoa soldiers". They wore old military uniforms, ate miscellaneous grains, slept on wooden beds one person wide, and lined up neatly in the training ground, with loud slogans and passionate expressions.
Time is irreversible. The real military school life is like a good cup of fragrant tea, which has the flavor of "fresh bitter turns sweet": students' daily life is "three exercises (three exercises)" and "two lectures" (two lectures), and they are educated in infantry, engineers, artillery, trench and other subjects; In the halls, corridors, lecture halls, playgrounds, restaurants and even toilets on campus, you can look up and see eye-catching slogans such as "Spring and Autumn Appointment" and "Sleeping on your salary". In addition to rainy days, students line up around cheung chau island to run a marathon of 10 miles every day, and only wear shirts in the coldest time; Eat three meals a day, limited to 10 minutes, and use radish seedlings to satisfy hunger in the later period when materials are poor; After dinner, the students sat on the playground and invited Guangdong students to sing Cantonese opera, Southern Jiangsu students to sing Tanci, Shandong people to tell storytelling and Hakka people to sing folk songs. At the weekend, a group of 8 people 10 took the transportation boat "Da Nanyang" and went straight to Guangzhou Bookstore. They asked the clerk breathlessly if they had China Youth, Creative Monthly and Guo Moruo's new poems and plays. After searching for books and periodicals, eat a plate of "fried rice noodles with eggs and beef"; Speak in the street in support of provincial and port strikes
The story of Huangpu athletes' military prowess in actual combat is left to young people with military dreams today. In the battle to quell the rebellion of the business group, 800 Huangpu student troops who had been enlisted for less than half a year first tried to cry, and all 4,000 enemies surrendered within three days; Two expeditions to the East, Huangpu teachers and students fought bravely, wiped out the rebels in Chen Jiongming, did not harm the people, and won wide support.
In the battle of Mianhu, the student army defeated the enemy's 20 thousand army with 3000 troops, which was amazing. During the Northern Expedition, the elite soldiers from Huangpu spent only one year drinking horses from the Yangtze River, sweeping the Central Plains and annihilating hundreds of thousands of armies of Wu and Sun. Huangpu's name is very popular. Wu once lamented that his army was "not afraid of death", while the Huangpu Army "did not know death". "This is the difference between victory and failure."
In cheung chau island, there are tombs of martyrs killed by Crusaders and monuments to the Northern Expedition. In the cemetery, those souls who once "smelled each other's sweat and smiled at each other" were buried in the depths of pines and cypresses.
The most famous literary society in social schools is the Blood Flower Drama Club, which means "the blood of revolution, the flower of doctrine".
In the former military academy, the club built by 1926 is one of the few facilities that have not been rebuilt. The club has a total area of about 2000 square meters and can accommodate 4000 people. It's tall and spacious. Many years ago, Sun Yat-sen in military uniform hung in the auditorium, as well as Lin Zexu's oil paintings such as Burning Opium and Shaji Massacre. Every festival or celebration, this is the place where cultural performances are held. It is said that the maximum number of guests, teachers and students in the school reached 6000, which was spectacular. Jin, a famous actress of Guangzhou Daxin Company, has performed such plays as Empty City Plan, Cotton Spinning and Big Coffin, and Violet, a famous social butterfly, has also been invited to perform dance in our school.
Among the school's own literary and art societies, the most famous one is "Blood Flower Drama Club", which means "blood of revolution, flower of doctrine". Anti-imperialist and anti-feudal dramas such as Give Me Freedom, Yalu River and Huanghuagang performed by the drama club have exerted great influence in Guangzhou, Wuhan and even the front line of the Anti-Japanese War. In Hankou, the drama club once performed on the same stage with the world-famous Duncan Dance Company, and the audience was crowded.
The club was not only full of laughter and laughter from teachers and students in the military academy, but also left a shocking and bloody scene. 1927 "four. After the "December 12th" coup, Huangpu Military Academy launched a "party member Cleaning" activity in the club. More than 200 party member students were arrested here and then taken to Humen and Yuzhubao to be killed. It is said that only13 people dive to escape. Since then, the Whampoa Military Academy has been shrouded in white terror and undergone a qualitative change.