Japan in the Tokugawa era (1603- 1867) was a feudal country. In the early Tokugawa era, Japan was still dominated by a self-sufficient natural economy. Due to the development of social productive forces, from the middle of18th century, Japan's rural natural economy began to transform into a commodity economy, and gradually produced the seeds of capitalism.

In the Tokugawa era, although the development of Japanese agriculture was very slow, its achievements were quite remarkable. The area of cultivated land and the output of agricultural products have increased substantially. On this basis, commercial agriculture has also developed greatly, and the proportion of cash crops in agriculture has increased significantly. Especially in some areas close to big cities (Osaka, Kyoto and other cities), in the first half of the19th century, the planting area of cash crops such as cotton exceeded that of rice. Rural handicrafts have also developed rapidly and gradually separated from agriculture. With the extensive development of commodity agriculture and rural handicrafts in China, the commodity exchange relationship is becoming more and more frequent, and the national market centered on Osaka has taken shape.

On the basis of the development of commodity economy, the seeds of capitalism began to appear. Commercial capital represented by businessmen directly controls production, which is an important way to produce Japanese capitalist factors. Take Hanoi, the cotton industry center near Osaka, as an example. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, there were many package buyers who operated "kapok boarding houses". They buy the products of rural craftsmen and resell them to the cotton wholesale bank in Osaka. Commercial capital further controls production in the form of "cotton exchange" and "machine delivery". "Cotton exchange" means that merchants supply lint, which is spun into yarn or woven into cloth by rural craftsmen. Merchants pay cash according to the number of finished products, or distribute some products as wages. "Out of the machine" means that merchants supply cotton yarn and looms, and craftsmen weave cloth at home, and merchants pay wages according to the number of finished products. Later, the "out-of-line" capitalists set up their own direct handicraft workshops to recruit "weaver girls" from poor farmers, that is, women workers engaged in production. At the end of the curtain, the management mode of direct control of production and capitalist family labor by package buyers has been widely developed. Capitalist handicraft workshops also appear in silk making, silk weaving, cotton textile, ceramics, wine making, paper making and other production departments. In some economically developed areas, such as Hou Wei and Quanzhou's cotton textile department, workshop handicraft industry has begun to occupy a dominant position.

Generally speaking, due to various restrictions of the feudal system, the development level of Japanese capitalism at the end of the curtain was not high. The bourgeoisie is still in the initial stage of formation. Although they are not capable of leading the revolution, they are dissatisfied with the existing old system. The development of commodity economy has also led to the emergence of a new landlord class. Some rich peasants, businessmen, usurers and landlords of handicraft workshops in rural areas illegally occupied farmers' land by mortgage or pawn, making them landlords. They either hired people to farm their own land or rented their land to tenants to collect feudal rent, and there were also many contradictions between them and the feudal lords of Mufan. These bourgeois and emerging landlords, known as "farmers and businessmen", later became the social foundation of the Reform Movement. Farmers under the feudal rule of Lord Mufan are the main driving force against feudalism. There were 2809 peasant riots in Japan during the Tokugawa era, and the peasant riots were more frequent at the end of the curtain, with 180 1- 1867 times, which played a very important role in the struggle to overthrow the Tokugawa era.

Another important reason why Japan was able to successfully carry out the bourgeois revolution in the middle of the19th century was that Japan's feudal system was extremely rigid, lacking self-regulation mechanism, and there were many contradictions within the ruling class, which led to the differentiation of a force advocating change-bourgeois young soldiers, who replaced the bourgeoisie as the leader of the revolution.

During the Tokugawa period, the land ownership of Mufan Lord was dominant. The shogunate banned the sale of land, and the land ownership of emerging landlords could not be recognized by law. Therefore, instead of bringing them into their own ranks, the lords pushed them into the arms of the opposition. As far as the country's political system is concerned, Japan is a feudal vassal state, with both the shogunate as the central government and more than 200 vassal States ruled by the Lord Daming. The lords of some vassal States, mainly foreign surnames, were dissatisfied with the rule of the shogunate. This will not only lead to the open division of the lords, but also provide convenient conditions for the anti-shogunate forces to carry out anti-shogunate activities. Under the shogunate system, in addition to the actual supreme ruler general, Japan also has a formal national monarch-the emperor. Although he was deprived of the ruling power, his historical tradition still made him have a strong spiritual influence, which could be a powerful political tool for the reformists to oppose the Tokugawa era. During the Tokugawa shogunate, Japan adopted the hereditary system in selecting and appointing officials. All kinds of official positions of shogunate and vassal are allocated according to the rank and status of samurai. The "Gate of Power Warriors" hold important government positions, while some talented lower-ranking warriors are deprived of higher positions, and they are strongly dissatisfied with the upper-ranking warriors. Therefore, there are various contradictions between the shogunate system and the samurai hierarchy. On the one hand, it makes the shogunate rule easy to fall into an isolated situation, on the other hand, it also facilitates the division of a force advocating change in the old ruling camp.

During the Tokugawa period, the average annual income of all samurai was 35 stones, and the income of junior samurai was naturally much lower than this figure. From the middle of18th century, under the impact of commodity economy, generals and famous men "both felt that the country was underutilized", and they often used the means of reducing or even stopping the salary of the lower samurai to solve their own economic difficulties. Low-level samurai who have long been dissatisfied with the door-and-door system "hate their masters as enemies" because of the rapid deterioration of their economic status. This further intensified the contradictions within the samurai class. A large number of junior soldiers were forced by life and engaged in handicraft production to make a living. Their actual class status has also changed accordingly, and they have gradually changed into small commodity producers who oppose the same system. In addition, there are many lower-class warriors who run enterprises or organize capitalist family labor; Some people save their financial difficulties by accepting adopted sons from wealthy families, or marrying wealthy businessmen, or even adopting them as adopted sons, thus selling their samurai status. This makes them closely related to the bourgeoisie and their economic interests gradually converge. In addition, some junior samurai switched to teachers and doctors, supplementing the ranks of intellectuals. Some of them studied in Lan Xue, got in touch with the western bourgeois culture, were deeply influenced by Lan Xue's simple democratic thought and Qiang Bing's idea of enriching the country, and had a vague desire to take the road of capitalist development. It is through the above channels that the social and economic status and world outlook of some lower-class soldiers gradually transformed into the bourgeoisie and became the political spokesmen of the bourgeoisie. This enabled Japan to successfully carry out the bourgeois revolution under the condition that capitalism and bourgeoisie were immature.

As far as the international environment is concerned, the Meiji Restoration broke out under the serious threat of Japan becoming a semi-colony, which catalyzed the early occurrence of this revolution.

1853, the U.S. navy brigadier general Perry led a fleet to the Urawa port in Jiangluwan, Japan, demanding that Japan abandon its policy of locking up the country, get along well with the United States, and conclude a trade treaty. Under the threat of force, the shogunate was forced to accept American credentials and promised to give a reply within 1 year. 1In February, 854, Perry led the fleet to Puhe Port again. In March, the shogunate was forced to hold talks with Perry in Kanagawa and signed the Japan-US Reconciliation Treaty. This is the first unequal treaty between Japan and foreign countries. Subsequently, Britain, Russia, the Netherlands and other countries also signed similar "reconciliation treaties" with Japan. 1856 in August, the consul general appointed by the United States came to Shimoda to negotiate with the shogunate. He used the second Opium War launched by Britain and France to intimidate, and finally forced the shogunate to sign the Japan-US Treaty of Friendship and Trade in June 1857. In the same year, Britain, France, Russia and the United States also concluded trade treaties with Japan. Because these treaties were signed in the fifth year of Anzheng, they are commonly known as the "Anzheng Five-State Treaty". Through this series of unequal treaties, western countries not only forced the shogunate to agree to open trading ports, but also obtained the following privileges: consular jurisdiction, one-sided MFN treatment, determination of tariff rights, establishment of residence rights and so on. And undermined Japan's national sovereignty. 1Since July, 859, Japan has officially opened a port for trade in Hong Kong, which has become a commodity sales market and raw material supply place for western capitalist countries, and its social economy has been seriously damaged.

The result of Japan's forced founding of the country further aggravated various domestic contradictions and played a catalytic role in the outbreak of revolution. First of all, the shogunate was forced to establish the country because it succumbed to the threat of force from western colonists and exposed its decay and weakness. The serious national disaster and social disaster brought by the founding of the People's Republic of China made the shogunate a target of public criticism, and the ruling class was isolated or even severely divided. This made it impossible for the shogunate to rule as usual. Secondly, the opening of ports to trade has brought profound disasters to the broad masses of the people, so the struggle against feudalism has never been higher. 1863- 1868 * * There were 370 peasant uprisings and civil riots, of which only 14 1 occurred in 1866. Businessmen and young soldiers who were hit by the founding of the People's Republic of China also took active actions. Respecting the monarch and sending overseas students and behind-the-scenes students were formed on the basis of their society. Finally, the serious national crisis and the deepening understanding of western capitalist countries with the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) made some people of insight from the lower samurai gradually realize the necessity of "adopting bourgeois mode of production" in Japan, so they must first overthrow the reactionary rule of the shogunate by force. They embarked on the road of bourgeois revolutionaries from the standpoint of patriotism. It was they who successfully led the reform movement.

Second, the inverted curtain movement

The humiliation and incompetence of the shogunate on the issue of founding the country triggered the counter-curtain activities of powerful governors who had long been dissatisfied with the autocratic rule of the shogunate, mainly the forces in the southwest. They took the opportunity to carry out the emperor and put pressure on the shogunate around the conclusion of trade treaties and the issue of heirs caused by the generals' family in an attempt to reform the screen government and participate in the central government. As a result, there was open opposition at the upper level of the feudal ruling class. Some people with lofty ideals and ronin who advocate reform also flaunt "respecting the king and resisting foreign countries" and actively cooperate with the powerful princes to carry out anti-curtain activities. But the shogunate tried to maintain its autocratic rule and refused to make any concessions. 1858 In July, Nobuyuki Inoue, who presided over the shogunate, went his own way and signed a trade treaty with the United States without the approval of the Emperor, agreeing to open a port for trade. At the same time, it was decided to be succeeded by the closest descendant, Keio Tokugawa (renamed Jiamao after taking office). Then, 1859, 10 June (Lunar New Year), Anzheng Prison was launched, more than 100 people with lofty ideals engaged in anti-curtain activities were arrested, and Yoshida Shōin, the pioneer of the anti-curtain reform movement, was executed. Some officials and celebrities who advocated the reform of curtain politics were also punished. 1860 (Chinese lunar calendar) On March 24th, the 18 militia of the Mito and Samoan clans stabbed Naoki to death outside the gate of Sakurada, Edo, giving a strong impact to the autocratic rule of the shogunate. "An Zhengda Prison" and "Sakurada Gate Change" were the beginning of the open conflict between the autocratic forces of the shogunate and the anti-screen forces, and the struggle became more and more fierce after that.

In order to ease the contradictions within the feudal ruling class and consolidate the ruling position of the shogunate, Keiichi's successors, Hiroshi Hisaishi and Shinji Ando, planned to marry the emperor's sister to the general Mao family, thus realizing the "military-civilian integration" centered on the shogunate. Fan Qiangming also accepted the slogan of "combination of military and civilian" headed by Shimadzu Jiuguang, the father of Samoan lords, and actively promoted his own integration of defense and civilian technologies movement. The purpose is to use the authority of the emperor to force the shogunate to reform, establish a joint regime of male and female princes headed by generals, unite the whole class of Mufan lords, and overcome the internal and external crises they face. However, due to the obstruction of reactionary forces who resolutely maintained the autocratic system of the shogunate, the movement of combining the public and the armed forces headed by the princes forced the shogunate to make some concessions in July of 1862 and at the end of 1863, but it eventually went bankrupt.

At the same time, the two opposing movements of "military-civilian integration" were staggered, and the movement of respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries, with the warriors subordinate to the powerful governors in southwest China as the main body and supported by "respecting farmers and businessmen", also rose rapidly. For the bourgeois progressives who led the movement, respecting the king is the reality of reforming the shogunate autocracy in the name of "retro"; Fighting against foreigners is no longer a blind xenophobic movement, but opposing the colonial aggression policy of the great powers and safeguarding the independence of the country and the nation. On the one hand, they courted Emperor Xiaoming by honoring and sending officials such as Sanjiang March, and used their powers to force the general to agree to start practicing barbarians on May 1863 (the lunar calendar); On the other hand, he encouraged the emperor to "personally levy foreigners" in an attempt to launch a coup and send troops to ask for a curtain call. 10 On the evening of May, Changzhou Fanzunpai took the lead in fighting against foreigners, shelling an American merchant ship passing through the Shimonoseki Strait, and then shelling French and Dutch warships. But Changzhou Francisco was quickly retaliated by American and French warships. 1In September, 864, Britain, the United States, France and the Netherlands formed a joint fleet and shelled Changzhou Fanxiaguan again (known as the "Shimonoseki War" in history). After the fiasco, they announced their surrender.

At the same time, the anti-screen activities of the revered faction have also been frustrated. Emperor Xiaoming was a fanatical xenophobic, but he didn't want to destroy the feudal order, and secretly told the shogunate about the coup plan sent abroad. So the shogunate and the military made a name for themselves. In August of 1863 and 18 (the lunar calendar), the shogunate pre-empted and forcibly expelled the venerable faction with Changzhou vassal warriors as the main force from Kyoto, which was known as the "August 18th coup". As early as July of the same year, Takayama Shinsuke, the famous leader of Fanzun Buba in Changzhou, was used by Fanfu government to guard Shimonoseki in case of retaliation by western powers. He established an armed force-the Commando, which was composed of lower-level soldiers, farmers and citizens. By 1864, it has grown to more than 4,000 people, and it has been strongly supported by good farmers and businessmen economically. In addition, there are many armed teams with various names in Changzhou San Francisco, which are generally called "the teams". With the strengthening of military strength, the venerable faction of Changzhou Francisco had a feeling of impatience and adventure. In order to retaliate against the "August 18th coup", they attacked Kyoto in July of 1864 (lunar calendar), and fought fiercely with the shogunate outside the palace gate. The result was a fiasco, which is called "the change of forbidden gate" in history. The shogunate immediately joined forces with the two factions of Samo Francisco, and launched the first war to conquer Changzhou Francisco, in an attempt to wipe out the forces of the revered faction in one fell swoop. Changzhou conservatives took the opportunity to regain the real power of the buffer region government and surrendered to the shogunate. The shogunate won a temporary victory in the struggle against the respected factions.

The failure in the Shimonoseki War, the "August 18th coup" and the "change of the forbidden gate" made Changzhou people realize that it was imprudent to fight against foreign countries in the case of disparity with foreign forces. Only by overthrowing the reactionary rule of the shogunate and implementing the policy of "building the country and making progress" can Japan truly become rich and strong and safeguard the independence of the country and the nation. Therefore, it is necessary to "unite with the rebellious people", establish a solid base area, implement "armed separatism", and further organize a nationwide front to overthrow the curtain by force. It is based on the above understanding that the backward shogunate will replace foreigners and become the primary strategic goal of the Zunxi school, and the Zunxi school began to transform into the backward shogunate.

From 1864 to 12 (lunar calendar), Nobuzuo Takayama and others took Shimonoseki, the largest commercial city in the Francisco, as their stronghold, launched an armed uprising with the support of rich peasants, businessmen and people, and seized the real power of the Francisco government. Subsequently, under the guidance of the modernization policy of "enriching the army", "prospering agriculture" and "opening ports for trade", they vigorously promoted political, economic and military reforms and made efforts to build Changzhou Francisco into a base for the collapse of the separatist regime. At this time, Samoan powerful figures such as Saigō Takamori and Kubojun also failed in Shimadzu Jiuguang's public-private combination route and became a small group of followers. This makes San Francisco and Chang San Francisco begin to approach. Therefore, when the shogunate intended to launch another war to conquer Changzhou, Samak not only refused to participate in the "private war", but also formed a military alliance with Changzhou Francisco on 1866 and 1 (Lunar New Year) through the mediation of Tosa Sakamoto Ryoma. The establishment of the Saskatchewan Alliance changed the power contrast between the shogunate and the anti-screen faction, and the anti-screen faction began to take advantage.

The shogunate, who intended to foxing, flagrantly launched the second conscription war in June 1866 (lunar calendar). However, due to Samoan's refusal to participate in the war, the peasant uprising in the shogunate directly under the shogunate surged, and all the soldiers and civilians of Changzhou Francisco bravely resisted and the shogunate was defeated. During the war, Tokugawa Jiamao died suddenly, and Tokugawa Yoshinobu succeeded him as general. At the beginning of 1867, he accepted the proposal of the French minister and carried out military and financial reforms to revive the authority of the shogunate. At the same time, two ministers in Saskatchewan are also actively preparing for the curtain call war. Seeing the growing resistance, Britain decided to support them and actively sold them weapons. Soon, An Yifan joined the curtain-dropping alliance, and Tosa Fan also agreed to respond, further expanding the curtain-dropping camp. At this time, the people's anti-feudal struggle swept through the shogunate area including Kyoto, Osaka, Yokohama, Edo and other big cities; The peasant uprisings in kanto region, the shogunate stronghold, have been constant, and the struggle in remote areas with weak forces in the Tokugawa era has become more intense. All this fundamentally shook the Tokugawa era. In this situation, Tokugawa Yoshinobu adopted the strategy of retreating for advancing, submitted his resignation to the imperial court on June 24th, 1867 (lunar calendar), and returned the "major policies" to the emperor (1866, when Emperor Xiaoming died, 15-year-old Prince Mu Ren ascended the throne.

However, the anti-curtain faction of the two governors did not waver. They rallied their forces in Kyoto, staged a palace coup on February 9, 1986, and issued a grand decree of "Retrofitting is king" in the name of the Emperor, formally establishing a new imperial government with three official positions: President, Negotiator and Senate. The new government held a meeting that night and decided to let Tokugawa Yoshinobu "resign and resume land", that is, hand over "military power", territory and people. Unwilling to fail, Tokugawa Yoshinobu immediately went to Osaka, assembled the shogunate army and headed for Kyoto. 1868+65438 (lunar calendar) On June 3-4, there was a fierce battle with the government forces with Sachang as the main force near Kyoto. After the defeat of the shogunate, Tokugawa Festival fled from the sea to Edo. In April (the lunar calendar), government troops arrived at the gates of Edo, and Tokugawa Yoshinobu was forced to surrender in Kaesong. After the occupation of Edo, the government troops continued to conquer the rebel princes in the northeast, and pacified this area in June+10/early October, 5438. In March of the following year, he sent troops to Hokkaido, and in May of 18 (lunar calendar), he captured the five sides of the military fortress controlled by the remnants of the shogunate. The civil war, which lasted for one and a half years, ended with a great victory by the government forces. The Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan for 265 years, was finally overthrown completely, because the war took place in the year of the Lunar New Year, which was called "Chen Wu War" in history.

Third, the bourgeois reform of Meiji government.

1867, 65438+ February, launched a "Wang Zheng retro" coup and established a "three-pillar" government headed by the emperor (1changed its name to Meiji in September 868). From April of 1868 (lunar calendar), it was changed to "official system" and replaced by cabinet system until 1885. In the early days of Meiji government, all prominent positions were held by princes, ministers and princes, but the real power of the government was not in their hands, and the leaders who were actually responsible for handling government affairs mainly came from the lower samurai. In the continuous reorganization of the central government, they gradually eliminated officials and lords who occupied prominent positions. 187 1 year later, almost all of them were the leaders of the four clans of Sa, Chang, Tu and Fei, except for the Minister Sanjian and the Minister Right, who were the powerful figures of the Senate and the provincial ministers (equivalent to ministers).

As early as March 1868 (the lunar calendar), the newly established Meiji government announced its political program-"Five Pledges". Although it failed to completely shake off the influence of feudal thoughts and even had some militaristic colors, it showed the new government's determination to reform the old feudal system and actively learn from the West. Therefore, this is a bourgeois reform program that leads Japan to the capitalist development path. But the specific steps are still vague. So I decided to visit the west. 187 1 year 1 1 month (lunar calendar), the Meiji government sent a huge diplomatic mission with Iwakura Tomomi as the ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, and the city households Longji, Kubao Junyi and Ito Bowen as the deputy envoys to Europe and America. Through investigation, the delegation deepened its understanding of western society, further realized that comprehensive reform was necessary for Japan's independence and prosperity, and found a feasible way to develop capitalism in Japan. After Okubo and others returned to China, they mastered the real power of the government in 1873+00 and established the so-called "Okubo system", which further promoted the bourgeois reform.

The bourgeois reform implemented by Meiji government includes the following aspects:

1. "Returning Books to Edition" and "Abandoning Fan Zhen County"

1869 (lunar calendar) In June, the new government took advantage of the favorable situation of the overall victory of the Wu-Chen War to induce the vassal lords to automatically "return their officials" to the court and become vassals (local officials). Deprived them of their rights to land and people. 187 1 year (lunar calendar) In July, backed by force, it was announced that "the vassal state was abolished and the county was established", and all vassal governors were dismissed and moved to Tokyo. The feudal system was abolished, and the country was divided into three prefectures and 72 counties. The central government appointed and removed governors. This won the local political power, eliminated the feudal separatist regime, and formed a centralized and unified country. In fact, it abolished the land ownership of feudal lords and became a profound revolutionary change in the Reform Movement.

2. Abolish the feudal identity system and samurai privileges.

When the book was returned, the new government abolished the titles of officials and princes and changed them to China people, while the general warriors were renamed gentry and pawn (the latter part was merged into gentry and the other part into civilians). 1March 872, the identity system of the royal family, the Han family, the gentry and the common people was formally defined, and the peasants, workers, businessmen and untouchables of the oppressed class under the Mufan system were collectively called the common people. Subsequently, the privileges of the old ruling class were gradually deprived, feudal restrictions on civilians were abolished, and Chinese, gentry and civilians were allowed to marry, thus realizing the formal equality of the four people.

The privileges of the old ruling class-samurai mainly include: sovereignty, feudal property privileges and monopoly of military posts. After the Meiji government overthrew tokugawa era and seized local power, it abolished the privilege that ordinary samurai could "shoot" civilians, thus completely depriving the samurai class of their past ruling rights. Under the wooden model system, both generals and Daming, as landowners, have the right to collect feudal annual tribute from farmers in their territory, and their warriors also participate in the exploitation of farmers by receiving salaries. This has become a heavy financial burden for the new government. So the total wages were gradually reduced, and finally in August 1876, the feudal property privileges enjoyed by the warriors were redeemed by issuing "Lu Jin bonds". As early as 1872, the samurai's privilege of monopolizing military posts was deprived with the implementation of the conscription system. In this way, the samurai was eliminated as a privileged level. Its upper level was transformed into a landlord capitalist because of the large amount of "Lu Jin public debt"; The vast number of young soldiers become small businessmen, freelancers or proletarians who sell their labor.

3. Land reform

While abolishing the land ownership of feudal lords, the new government began to determine the land ownership. 1868 12 (Lunar New Year) The new government announced that "the land of each village is occupied by farmers". 1872 (lunar calendar) In February, the ban on land sales issued by the shogunate was clearly lifted, announcing that "from now on, the four people are allowed to buy, sell and own". In July of the same year (lunar calendar), it was further announced to survey land throughout the country and issue land certificates to the actual owners of land to confirm their land ownership. Then, in July 1873, the Land Tax Reform Law was promulgated, which stipulated that: the former feudal tribute rent was distributed by villages and paid by actual cultivators, and it was paid by landlords with land certificates; Land harvest is no longer used as the standard for collecting tribute rent, but the legal price of land is used as the standard; Abolish the stipulation that the tribute rent is levied at different tax rates, such as four, six, five and five, and the new local tax rate is set at 3% of the land price. In addition, the government also collects an additional tax-village fee-from landowners at 0/3 of 65438+ local tax; In the old tax law, paddy fields were paid in kind, and dry fields were paid in money or in kind, but all of them were paid in money. The above-mentioned series of land reform measures have revolutionized land ownership in Japan. The land ownership of Mufan feudal lords was completely abolished, yeomen and new landlords became legal land owners, and modern land ownership adapted to the development of capitalism was generally established. The land tax system implemented by Meiji government also belongs to modern tax system. Although the amount of land tax was no less than that of tribute tax and land rent in feudal times, it became an important source of primitive accumulation of capital in the early days of Meiji government.

4. Reproduction and development

Through the investigation in Europe and America, Iwakura Mission realized that Japan urgently needed to establish a modern large-scale industry. As soon as Ku Baojun returned to China, he immediately set up the Ministry of the Interior, personally served as the Minister of the Interior, and vigorously promoted the breeding industry policy. The government used state funds, introduced foreign advanced technology and equipment, and set up a number of government-run "model factories" to "draw inferences from others" in order to guide private capital onto the road of developing modern industry. In order to speed up the process of industrialization, the government issued "official enterprise Decentralization Order" at 1880, transferring official enterprise to a big capitalist who was closely associated with it and thus had privileges. With the strong support and protection of the government, there has been an upsurge of early industrial revolution in Japan since the mid-1980s. It extends to almost all major industrial sectors. In particular, the light industry sector centered on the textile industry has developed very rapidly. About 10 years later, modern large-scale industry occupied a dominant position in this sector for the first time. Be civilized.

Civilized civilization was promoted by Meiji government in 1970s and 1980s to learn from western capitalist countries in order to transform Japanese feudal culture. Cultural movement to establish capitalist spiritual civilization. Educational reform occupies a very important position in the civilized movement. In order to train politicians, scientific and technological talents, industrial workers and soldiers needed to build a new capitalist country, the new government abolished feudal education centered on Confucianism, followed the example of western countries and established a modern school system including primary education, secondary education, industrial education and higher education, and made efforts to popularize primary education throughout the country. Under the influence of the government's civilization policy, some westerners and celebrities in the ideological and educational circles set up academic groups to study and spread western democratic ideas in the sixth year of Meiji (1873), and set up Liu Ming Magazine, an agency publication, to actively publicize reform ideas, advocate liberalism and Europeanism, and enlighten the Japanese people. The Meiji government also adopted a series of specific measures, such as "changing calendar", "changing clothes" and "cutting hair", to reform the customs and habits of the Middle Ages and advocate the lifestyle of westerners.

6. Formulating the Constitution and Convening the National Assembly

Although Meiji government carried out a series of bourgeois reforms in social economy, culture, education and other fields, its ruling style was autocratic, which caused dissatisfaction from all walks of life. From the mid-1970s to the end of 1980s, a mass political movement called "Freedom and African-American People's Rights Movement" was launched in Japan. Under the pressure of people's struggle, the Meiji government promulgated the imperial constitution in 1889, and the first imperial parliament was held in 1890. Although the people still can't enjoy ordinary bourgeois democracy, after all, the bourgeois state system with constitutional monarchy has been established, which makes the rulers go through certain legal procedures in their administration, which is still a great progress compared with the absolute autocracy of "I am the country".

In a word, the historical task of bourgeois revolution was basically accomplished through the Reform Movement, and Japan was transformed from a feudal country into a capitalist country.