Finally, after a short period of chaos, the Han Dynasty in its heyday split into three political groups: Cao Wei, Shu Han and Soochow. These three groups have been attacking each other for 60 years. But strangely enough, after nearly a hundred years of turmoil in the Central Plains, no foreigners invaded the Central Plains. Today, starting with the ethnic policies of Wei, Shu and Wu, this paper analyzes why ethnic minorities did not invade during this period.
Cao Wei occupied the northern half of China, north of Huaihe River. The ethnic minorities living in the territory are Xiongnu, Wuwan, Xianbei, Shishi, Qiang, Hu, Dingling and Barbarians. There are history, Qiang and barbarians in the border area, and there are barbarians in the border area with Dongwu. Among them, Xiongnu, Wuwan, Xianbei and other nomadic peoples are not only powerful, but also have been a big frontier since the establishment of the Han Dynasty.
Generally speaking, Cao Wei's policy towards these ethnic minorities is to suppress the strong and help the weak, divide and disintegrate, crack down at the same time and respond flexibly.
For example, in the Xiongnu policy, Cao Wei mainly strengthened his rule by separating the strong from the weak and dividing and ruling. This is recorded in Zi Tong Zhi Jian. Shan Yu endowed Mian, Si, Qian and Yi as liehou, and later generations passed them on in their names. Divided into five parts, each with a noble teacher? In other words, in the face of the powerful Xiongnu, Cao Wei did not attack blindly, but divided it into five parts by political means and then controlled them separately. In terms of specific management, on the one hand, the nobles of various ministries were appointed as commanders-in-chief, and on the other hand, the commanders-in-chief was nominally the supreme commander-in-chief. In fact, Sima took control of power, which not only avoided the intensification of contradictions, but also realized the control of Xiongnu.
For another example, facing the more powerful Xianbei people, Cao Wei set up a Xianbei captain to manage Xianbei affairs in order to avoid confrontation. When Xianbei scored three points, Cao Wei provoked its internal contradictions by means, which led to Xianbei's internal contradictions. Be enemies and attack each other? . When the most powerful Cobinen Group gradually unified the desert area, Cao Wei induced various ministries to rebel against Cobinen Group. Later, Bi Ke was able to unify the desert area, and Cao Wei sent an assassin Han Long to the fortress to assassinate Kirby, causing Xianbei to fall into civil strife again.
As for the rest of the nationalities in the western regions such as Wuhuan and Koguryo, Cao Wei insisted on appeasement and internal differentiation, supplemented by military conquest. Of course, Cao Wei also dealt a great blow to the minorities such as Shi, Qiang and Hu who attached Shu to resist Wei.
Generally speaking, Cao Wei did not blindly want to suppress or eliminate these border ethnic minorities, but gradually digested and absorbed ethnic minorities by relocating population and redrawing household registration, and turned them into strategic resources to strengthen their own strength. Compared with the previous simple military repression, on the one hand, it stabilized its own borders, on the other hand, it improved its ability to fight against Shu Han and Wu Dong.
Shu Han is located in the southwest of China, including the present southwestern Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and western Guizhou. There are stone, Qiang and barbarians all over the territory, among which the south-central part is the barbarian settlement to be developed. There are di and Qiang nationalities in the north; There are Wuling barbarians in the east and Yue people in the south. It should be said that compared with Cao Wei and Wu Dong, the situation of ethnic minorities faced by Shu Han is more complicated.
In view of this complicated situation, Zhuge Liang proposed in Longzhong Dui? Zhu Rong in the west and Fuyiyue in the south? Advocate, and become the basic strategy of Shu Han to deal with ethnic minority issues after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
The so-called West and Zhu Rong? , mainly for the Xi, Qiang, Xiongnu, Xianbei and other ethnic minorities in the west and northwest of Shu Han. Since most of these ethnic minorities are located at the junction of Shu Han and Cao Wei, Shu Han regarded them as an important force to balance Cao Wei from the beginning, and vice versa. After Ma Chao destroyed Wei and returned to Shu, he increased his efforts to win over these ethnic groups, and the effect was also obvious. In 228 AD, Zhuge Liang attacked Wei for the first time, and Nan 'an, Tianshui, Anding and other counties in the northwest responded positively, among which Di, Qiang and other ethnic minorities played a key role.
So-called? January in Fu Nan? Mainly for the vast areas of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou south of the Dadu River (collectively referred to as South China). Because Shu Han has a narrow terrain and a small population, and the two competitors in the north and east are Cao Wei and Soochow respectively, if you want to expand your power, you must find ways to incorporate South China into your territory. However, since Liu Zhang, the nationalities in southern China have been resisting the rule. After Liu Bei established Shu Han, South China briefly surrendered, and after Liu Bei's death, it rebelled against Shu Han's rule. To this end, Zhuge Liang sent troops to crusade many times, the most famous of which was the capture of Meng Huo in seven times. It is worth noting that Zhuge Liang's crusade is not to destroy these people, but to win them over through kindness and kindness and make them a part of Shu Han.
It can be seen that in the policy towards ethnic minorities, whether it is? Xihe Zhu Rong? Or? January in Fu Nan? , all concentrated in? And caressing? This is not only the need to strengthen strength, but also the need to balance Cao Wei and Dongwu. Of course, the most important thing is the limitation of territory, because compared with Cao Wei and Dongwu, the resources available to Shu Han are too few. If we can't win over these ethnic minorities, it will be difficult to maintain sufficient competitiveness under the situation of tripartite confrontation.
Wu Dong's Ethnic Policy The ethnic minorities in Wu Dong are mainly barbarians and descendants of Baiyue. According to the characteristics of different nationalities, Wu Dong has adopted completely different policies. For example, when dealing with Shanyue, one of the descendants of Baiyue, Dongwu almost always adopted the strategy of military conquest, and almost all Dongwu famous soldiers took part in the war of conquering Baiyue. After the victory of the war, Dongwu scattered the young people captured from Shanyue and assigned them to his own army. Only once in three years, Jiahe conquered a population of 654.38+million and got 40,000 soldiers.
For another example, in the face of ethnic minorities in Lingnan area, Soochow adopted a policy of wooing them to join Soochow voluntarily. According to the "Three Kingdoms", when Lu Yin was appointed as the secretariat of Jiaozhou, who was it? It is said that more than 3,000 families, including Wu in Gaoliang District, have all surrendered themselves. For the ethnic minorities who returned to China, Soochow also collected taxes while appeasing them and encouraging them to join the army. Of course, Soochow resolutely cracked down on the Wuling barbarians who made good friends with Shu Han.
Generally speaking, Wu Dong's policy towards ethnic minorities is different from that of Cao Wei and Shu Han, especially when dealing with Shanyue, which is mainly based on military conquest. This is mainly because Shanyue is located in the hinterland of Wu Dong, and is often tempted by Shu Han and Cao Wei to openly resist Wu Dong. If Wu Dong wants to maintain the stability of the political power, he must completely solve this big hidden danger. For the minorities in the south, Soochow made the same choice as Shu Han and Cao Wei. Everyone tries their best to appease, live in peace in the worst case, and finally choose to conquer by force.
From the above analysis, we can see that Cao Wei, Shu Han and Soochow have basically the same attitude towards ethnic minorities, that is, on the one hand, they use ethnic minorities to consume each other's energy, on the other hand, they try their best to assimilate ethnic minorities and strengthen their own strength. In this case, the situation of ethnic minorities has become very difficult. For example, the ethnic minorities such as Shi and Qiang, which are sandwiched between Cao and Wei, will be attacked by the other side no matter which side they belong to, and the one who takes refuge wants to erase their national characteristics and thoroughly digest and absorb them.
As for the ethnic minorities north of Cao Wei, southwest of Shu Han and southeast of Soochow, although there is no dilemma between the two sides, the hinterland of the Central Plains has entered a delicate state of balance in order to strengthen their respective forces, and it is difficult to make great achievements, and these ethnic minorities bordering them have become their best choice, even the only choice. Therefore, it is not these ethnic minorities who are looking for trouble in the Central Plains, but the three countries take the initiative to find trouble for ethnic minorities.
In this way, ethnic minorities have only two choices: either voluntarily join the country and become a part of Wei, Shu and Wu; Either through military conquest, forced migration to the mainland, and then dispersed digestion. Therefore, during the Three Kingdoms period, it was difficult for ethnic minorities to make great achievements, let alone invade the Central Plains. To some extent, they should hope that Wei, Shu and Wu are far away.