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In 20 19, the first province with GDP exceeding 10 trillion yuan was born in China, which is the southern gate of China-Guangdong province. The GDP achievement in 2020 declared that Guangdong Province became the largest province in the national economy from 1989, which lasted for 32 years. Jiangsu Province, the second child, and Shandong Province, the third child, are also in hot pursuit, but Guangdong, with its permanent population of 8.2% and land area of 1.8%, has created a national economic aggregate of about110, with 7% fiscal revenue and import and export trade volume as high as15.
"Being as rich as an enemy" is more of an artificial subjective exaggeration. However, Guangdong province is actually as rich as an enemy. According to the data comparison of the World Bank in 20 19, the total GDP of Guangdong Province is as high as 1.52 trillion US dollars, while the total GDP of Australia and Spain, as developed countries, is only 1.43 trillion US dollars, exceeding the level of nearly10 billion US dollars. 202 1 The latest data shows that in 2020, Guangdong's economy will surpass that of Russia and South Korea, and it is truly "as rich as an enemy".
But it is such an economically leading province that does not perform well in the list of China's top 100 counties in 2020, which combines economic strength, growth potential and wealth. Jiangsu province occupies 25 places on the list; Zhejiang province ranks second, occupying 17; As the first strong economic province, Guangdong Province has only three places: Puning, Huidong and Boluo. What is even more embarrassing is that there will be 28 poverty-stricken counties in Guangdong Province in 2020.
Guangdong province can be roughly divided into four parts: the western coast of Guangdong, the eastern part of Guangdong, the Pearl River Delta (central Guangdong) and the mountainous area of northern Guangdong. Among them, the economically developed Pearl River Delta accounts for 80% of the total economic output, while the mountainous areas in northern Guangdong, with inconvenient transportation and rugged terrain, still account for about 5% of the total economic output, while the two brothers in eastern Guangdong and western Guangdong, who have the advantage of coastal opening, only account for 7% of the total economic output, which undoubtedly subverts many people's impressions.
Guangdong, not only the Pearl River Delta, Guangdong, but also the Pearl River Delta. In the next 30 years, in order to promote the all-round economic development of Guangdong Province, it is obvious that we cannot rely on the "one belt and three belts" of the Pearl River Delta, but must rely on the "two wings" of eastern Guangdong and western Guangdong to make Guangdong "add wings to the tiger" and get rid of "Guangdong is the richest and Guangdong is the poorest".
If Guangdong wants to be rich, it must "raise its two wings". But strangely, if Guangdong province is divided by geographical location, there is not much difference in geographical advantages among central Guangdong, eastern Guangdong and western Guangdong except mountainous northern Guangdong.
Not surprisingly, the Pearl River, the largest river in Guangdong Province, has become the economic core of Guangdong Province, surrounded by the Pearl River Delta Plain. Compared with the Pearl River Delta, eastern Guangdong is not inferior, and its core Chaoshan Plain is the second largest plain in Guangdong Province. Shantou is located at the exit of Hanjiang, Rongjiang and Lianjiang, which is of great significance to the southeast of Guangdong Province.
Leizhou Peninsula, the core of western Guangdong, is the platform topography second only to the plain. Although there is a geographical disadvantage of drought and water shortage, it is supplemented by the water conservancy advantage brought by the Leizhou Youth Canal built the day after tomorrow. The geographical advantage of its peninsula exploring into the Beibu Gulf has brought unique significance to the development of western Guangdong.
In 1980s, during the critical period of reform and opening up, the opportunities faced by the Pearl River Delta (central Guangdong), western Guangdong and eastern Guangdong were at the same starting line.
The "vanguard" of western Guangdong was Zhanjiang, the second largest city in Guangdong Province at that time, and it was also known as "Qingdao in the north and Zhanjiang in the south". Zhanjiang had a rare port, airport and railway station in 1950s. Many people think that Zhanjiang will become the "Qingdao" in the south. 1984, Zhanjiang is one of the coastal open cities of 14.
Shantou, the "vanguard" in eastern Guangdong, is one of the first five special economic zones, and is known as "the gateway of Lingdong and the hub of South China". At that time, Shantou firmly grasped the first decade of the construction of special economic zones. With the advantages of abundant labor resources and numerous overseas Chinese businessmen, Shantou's economy is booming, with an annual economic growth rate of 16.04%, which is comparable to that of Guangzhou and Shenzhen in the past.
However, the ideal is full, but the reality is cruel. After the initial high-speed development, both eastern Guangdong and western Guangdong experienced the problem of slow economic stagnation. On the contrary, the Pearl River Delta region has maintained a trend of continuous triumph for 30 years, and it is "getting farther and farther" from the two brothers in western Guangdong who show signs of decline. The differences between them are undoubtedly worthy of our in-depth study.
Throughout the process of regional modernization in the world, central cities have undoubtedly played a vital role. Big cities are rich in population, capital, consumption and infrastructure, and the social market can effectively divide labor, make better use of the advantages of human resources, technology and transportation in different locations, and radiate advanced technology and management experience to the surrounding areas with the help of the comprehensive strength and economic strength of industrial clusters, so as to promote the development of surrounding areas from point to area.
For example, the industrial development of two "points" in Guangzhou and Shenzhen promoted each other, which made the "four tigers in South China" prosperous: Zhongshan, Shunde, Nanhai and Dongguan, which is undoubtedly worth learning from eastern Guangdong and western Guangdong.
Nearly 30 years after the opening of Dongguan, almost every 32 towns and streets under the jurisdiction of Dongguan have developed into "industrial" towns specializing in processing and manufacturing in all walks of life. From computer parts to toy manufacturing, from blanket clothing to household appliances, from Sony record player, Nestle coffee to Nokia mobile phone, "there is nothing that Dongguan can't do", which has created nearly 300 billion yuan of GDP on the 2,465 square kilometers of land in Dongguan alone.
Kaida, Weili, Morningstar and other state-owned enterprises in Zhongshan 1988 The "Zhongshan Fleet" composed of more than ten municipal enterprise groups also sounded the horn of entering the market. In this year, Zhongshan's GDP reached 3.93 billion yuan, and its per capita GDP exceeded 800 dollars. It was listed by the National Bureau of Statistics as one of the first 36 cities in China to take the lead in entering a well-off level. Also in this year, Zhongshan was upgraded from a county-level city to a "prefecture-level city directly under the Central Government".
Shunde is also famous for its boldness. As early as August 1978, Rongqi Town, Shunde took the lead in establishing "Daikin Garment Factory" in cooperation with Hong Kong Daikin Company. Equipment, capital, technology, raw materials, orders and management personnel all come from Hong Kong manufacturers, and Rongqi Town is only responsible for providing factories and labor. A year later, this small factory with only 300 people made a profit of $200,000 that year. This history is silently described in Shunde's records: "Daikin Garment Factory is the earliest" three supplements "enterprise in China."
The South China Sea is not far behind. 1993, Zhou Biao Village, Xiabai Village and Shayong Village in Nanhai became the experimental units of rural joint-stock cooperative system. Their own land was converted into shares at a discount, and everyone paid dividends with their share certificates. The land in the village was boldly divided into three areas: agricultural protection zone, industrial zone and commercial and residential zone. Subsequently, a group of farmers who washed their feet and went to the fields quickly set up a number of individual enterprises such as hardware, small smelting, small chemicals and small plastics, which solved the problem of "starting from scratch" and quickly moved towards industrialization.
The prosperity of the Pearl River Delta is, in the final analysis, the prosperity of young people and the prosperity of jobs. It is the upstream and downstream industries and industrial production chains that provide a lot of job opportunities for young people, and the combination of various industrial chains feeds back to businesses with lower production costs, higher wages and salaries for employees and faster industrial upgrading in factories. Such a combination can not only produce cross-class differences, but also generate sufficient power to promote the prosperity and development of a region.
This is the strongest support to attract people from all over the country who speak different dialects and shout "East, West, North and South, Guangdong makes a fortune".
Of course, the development of the Pearl River Delta has the great advantage of "taking the advantage of the moon first", and undertaking the industrial transfer of Hong Kong and Taiwan first, but what the Pearl River Delta can do is not beyond the reach of eastern Guangdong and western Guangdong. The high opening and low going of eastern Guangdong and western Guangdong has much to do with the loss of industrial opportunities in eastern Guangdong and western Guangdong.
Speaking of western Guangdong, 1985, the state encouraged coastal cities to develop industrial exports to earn foreign exchange, and all localities devoted themselves to the grand plan of urban economic development. Zhanjiang, the "leader" in western Guangdong, which has just been identified as a national coastal open city, put forward the development slogan of "two waters and one animal husbandry", focusing its funds and energy on agriculture represented by aquatic products and fruits, rather than ports, railways and industries that attract investment that are urgently needed.
Statistics show that from 1995 to 1999, the average annual growth rate of Zhanjiang's economy is 6.9%, which is lower than the average growth rate of Guangdong Province 10.2% and even lower than the national average growth rate of 8.3%. Zhanjiang, which was left far behind, was finally proved that western Guangdong missed an important opportunity to change an era.
Zhanjiang, eager to regain its glory, took a detour on the road of economic development: linking "great progress" with "big smuggling", Zhanjiang was flooded with bad capital, fell into false fanaticism and became a "smuggler's paradise" overnight.
Due to overtaking in the curve, Zhanjiang became a "9898 case" that caused a sensation in the whole country. It was verified that the total value of smuggled goods reached 1 1 100 million yuan. The worst loss is not the simple total economic value, but that Zhanjiang's initial investment environment and economic order have been shattered, and Zhanjiang's economy, which has just improved, has once again fallen into darkness. Zhanjiang's "Yuexi Ma Jun" Samsung brand car also declared bankruptcy, with a total debt of more than 654.38 billion yuan, which was difficult to pay off, and the once brilliant factory equipment was destroyed by wind and rain. ...
The two mistakes of the "vanguard" are simply called "the lost thirty years of Zhanjiang".
When it comes to eastern Guangdong, the situation is different. From 65438 to 0980, Shantou was designated as a special economic zone. Chaoshan people who are good at business have built a large number of labor-intensive light industries in Shantou, such as clothing, electronics, ceramics, food, toys, etc., with low energy consumption and quick results, using the abundant labor resources in Nanyang and the extensive traces of tide merchants. Shantou has done a good job.
In Chenghai City, Shantou, there was a saying that "the world toys look at China, China toys look at Guangdong, Guangdong toys look at Shantou, and Shantou toys look at Chenghai"; In Gurao Town, Shantou, singing "Love Will Win", the township foundries spread ordinary underwear all over China, and nearly 70% of China underwear came from this little-known town.
Shantou has developed rapidly relying on the rolling development model of "one development, one construction, one production and one benefit". According to the statistical ranking published by the National Bureau of Statistics that year, among the 2 19 cities above prefecture level in China, Shantou was selected as the 50 cities with the strongest comprehensive strength, ranking 4 1 in China and 3 rd in Guangdong Province.
In the first round of development opportunities, it can be said that Shantou, the "vanguard", opened its doors high and lived up to expectations.
However, behind the rapid development, there is "darkness under the lamp": Shantou's pillar industry has hardly changed from the opening of 1980 to the turn of the century in 2000. It has always been a labor-intensive industry such as textiles, plastics, toys and printing. It not only lacks leading industries and big projects, but also has a very weak ability to resist market risks. In the same period, as early as 1994, Shenzhen and Chinese Academy of Sciences made plans for upgrading technology-intensive industries, gradually eliminating backward low-end industries and realizing "sustainable development".
What's even more frightening is that in the 1990s, like Zhanjiang, the "underground economy" was rampant in Shantou, and "quick money" such as smuggling, foreign exchange evasion and foreign exchange fraud not only greatly disrupted the laws of the market economy, but also pushed the enterprises that had been honestly seeking development into a corner, squeezed export goods for tax rebates, and broke the capital chain.
When the tide comes, Shantou's "black under the lamp" is unobstructed. In 200 1 year, Shantou's economy also suffered an unprecedented blow: as many as 1200 enterprises moved out, and in 2002 alone, more than 450 enterprises moved out, most of them were Taiwanese enterprises and Hong Kong enterprises with high technology content in that era. *** 18 * * regions all over the country have issued notices to their affiliated enterprises that they will no longer do business with Shantou and Chaoyang, which makes it more difficult for law-abiding enterprises in Shantou.
The collapse of the business environment has undoubtedly caused the heaviest blow at the critical moment of Shantou's development. Shantou's GDP dropped from 16.04% in 1996 to 7.3% in 2000, which not only lags behind other special economic zones, but also lags behind the national economic growth rate. In 2006, in 5438+0, the GDP of Chaoyang City, a county under Shantou's jurisdiction, even fell by 27%, and Shantou's economy almost collapsed.
The cruel blow also reminds people of Shantou after 2000, mostly through Warcraft, which was popular all over the country at that time, and a map called Chenghai 3C.
The loss of industrial opportunities has caused a large industrial gap between eastern and western Guangdong, and also made young people unable and unwilling to develop in the cities of eastern and western Guangdong with "first-line prices, second-line housing prices, third-line positioning and fourth-line wages". When enterprises and young people flinch, a region naturally loses the impetus for its vigorous economic development.
Having said that, is there really no hope for Guangdong and western Guangdong? Not exactly.
First, it is necessary to connect the economic "artery" of the new era of high-speed rail and strengthen the construction of local infrastructure. 20 18 12 3 1 With the basic completion of the reconstruction project of Shantou Station and the opening of the xiamen-shenzhen railway Shantou tie line, the eastern part of Guangdong has been included in the "friend circle" of high-speed rail; From 202 1 to 1, the Zhanjiang-Guangzhou high-speed railway with a speed of 250km per hour was also opened, and western Guangdong was also included in the "circle of friends" of the high-speed railway.
By establishing a fast track with the Pearl River Delta, there will be more opportunities for quality jobs and education to enter Guangdong, which is the next window for Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi and Hainan.
Second, continue to strive for industrial jobs and attract high-quality young people to stay here. In 2020, Zhongke Refining & Chemical Co., Ltd., the first petrochemical company in Zhanjiang with an output value exceeding 100 billion yuan, will join hands with Maoming Petrochemical Co., Ltd. to implement linkage with the ethylene project in Huizhou, Guangdong Province, and make use of Maoming's advanced petrochemical production and Zhanjiang's advantages as a deep-water port to build a "front port and back factory" for petrochemical industry to produce high-end chemical products. It is estimated that profits and taxes will reach more than 26 billion yuan. Western Guangdong is in hot pursuit.
In 20 18, Shantou also vigorously promoted BYD to settle in Haojiang Industrial Park and Nanshanwan Science and Technology Industrial Park, focusing on supporting key technologies of new energy in the whole industry chain, such as track drive, motor, electric control and track beam, and combining them with the offshore wind power project in Nan 'ao Island to implement complementary upstream and downstream industries. Guangdong is not far behind.
Although there are still many difficulties, Guangdong and western Guangdong, which have learned from experience and lessons, will certainly seize the opportunity and become the "wings" of Guangdong Province in the next 30 years.
An empirical analysis of the regional economic development gap in guangdong province. Yu Fei Qiu Muling; Developing Mountain Economy and Revitalizing Guangdong Finance. Yang Weihua; Make good use of railways and make greater contributions to Guangdong's economic development. Liuchuigu
* This article is provided by the author and does not represent the position of Geo Valley.