1. Under the banner of "self-improvement", we will introduce advanced western production technology, establish a new military industry, cultivate new naval forces, and build a modern navy such as Beiyang Navy. Among them, the largest modern military enterprise is Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration founded in Shanghai. In addition, there are a series of military factories such as Fuzhou Shipping Bureau and Tianjin Machinery Factory.
2, under the banner of "seeking wealth", set up various new civilian industries such as ships, railways, telegrams, postal services, mining and textiles. For example, the largest private enterprise established in Shanghai is "China Shipping Merchants Bureau". At the same time, it promoted the development of national industry in modern China.
3. Establish new schools, send overseas students abroad for further study, and train translators, military personnel and scientific and technological personnel. Shi Jing Wentong Museum 1862 was established in Beijing, which is the earliest new government-run school in China.
Guiding ideology
The slogan of Westernization Movement is "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth". Its classification ideas are "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" and "learning from China and using the West". The first four words "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" show the relationship between the Westernization Movement and foreign capitalist aggressors, that is, learning western skills to resist western aggression. The last four words, "Chinese style and westernization", show the relationship between the Westernization Movement and China's traditional feudal culture, and show the respective positions of middle school and western learning in the Westernization Movement, that is, middle school is the mainstay and western learning is the supplement. "Learning from foreigners and mastering their skills to control foreigners" and "adapting Chinese style to the west" are also the basic principles of the Westernization School in dealing with the relationship between Chinese and Western nationalities and cultural exchanges between China and the West in the Westernization Movement. In the Westernization Movement, from Feng Guifen's "China ethics as the foundation, supplemented by the skills of making the country rich and strong" to Xue Fucheng's "learning from foreigners and keeping the way of Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Zhou and Kong", all served as a theory for the leading thought of the Westernization Movement.
Feng Guifen, a Westernization thinker, first put forward the view that "Chinese style is used in the west". 186 1 in his book "protests in schools", he said: "China's ethics is the original, supplemented by the skills of countries to become rich and strong". He handled the relationship between middle school and western learning with the master-slave relationship of "foundation" and "assistance". Literally, the person who put forward word for word that "middle school is the body and western learning is the use" is Shen, editor of World Bulletin. 1April, 896, he said: "Chinese and western learning arts, each has its own gains and losses. For the sake of Chinese, it is appropriate to take middle school as the body and western learning as the use. "'middle school' and' western learning' were originally put forward as learning." "Chinese style and western style" was originally used by society, political power and rulers. Shen's punishment here is "body" and "use", not as a distinction between ends and means, but only as a priority. This distinction between primary and secondary is "for China people. "It is to develop the Chinese nation, to maintain the excellent cultural tradition of the Chinese nation when learning and introducing western science and technology, and to maintain the characteristics of the Chinese nation in the great cultural exchanges between China and the West. We should not only use China's knowledge, but also put China's knowledge in the main position, and combine western learning with China's national conditions to serve the development of the Chinese nation. Therefore, the slogan "Learning from the Middle School as the Body and Learning from the West for Use" very succinctly reflected the general ideological tendency of China people at that time. It can even be said that this slogan was a patriotic banner when the western capitalist aggressors used advanced western learning as a means of invading China. So it has been popular in China for decades. Thinkers of the old and new Westernization School kept raising this banner and constantly expounded the content of this slogan.
The slogan of the Boxer Rebellion is to help the Qing Dynasty destroy the foreign countries.
/kloc-At the end of 0/9, a violent movement with the slogan of "Help the Qing Dynasty and Destroy the Foreign Countries" took place in China, which was mainly aimed at the western invaders and their vassals in China, and was entirely spontaneous by the people with strong and pure patriotism. This matter has a great influence.
The leading class of the Boxer Rebellion is the peasant class, and the basic masses are peasants and small-scale craftsmen, so they can't come up with a practical revolutionary program. At first, they were repeatedly suppressed by the Qing government for the purpose of "opposing the Qing Dynasty and regaining sight". Facing the serious national crisis, the Boxer Rebellion pointed its finger at imperialism and put forward the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries". Due to the limitations of the peasant class and the lack of the leadership of the advanced class, the Qing government headed by Empress Dowager Cixi was forced to surrender to imperialism and suppress the Boxer Movement in order to avoid the attack of the Boxer Movement, which made the Boxer Movement in a position of internal and external attack. It was defeated by enemies at home and abroad.
Objective reasons: repression by the Qing Dynasty and foreign allied forces.
Subjective reasons: "Fuqing" in Fuqing made the Boxer Rebellion lose its due vigilance and blindly exclude foreigners.