Question 1: Which nationality is the Khitan nationality now? Looking for the Disappeared Nation ―― Qidan

The Khitan nationality is a nationality with far-reaching influence in the history of China. The original meaning of "Khitan" is wrought iron, indicating firmness. However, since the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the Khitan nationality suddenly disappeared from the historical records. Fuxin, a prefecture and county, began in Liao country, and Fuxin is called the "hometown" and "cradle" of the Qidan people by historians. During the Liao Dynasty, Fuxin had nine prefectures with a population of 200,000. It can be said that Fuxin and Qidan are inextricably linked.

Recently, after the news that experts used DNA technology to identify Daur nationality and Yunnan A, Mang and Jiang surnames as descendants of Qidan became public, Fuxin became the "important place" to solve the problem of Qidan descent. Yesterday, the reporter made a further follow-up investigation on the origin of the Khitan nationality.

Using DNA technology to solve the mystery of Qidan's disappearance

The Khitan nationality, which once established the Liao Dynasty for 2 19 years, suddenly disappeared from the historical records from the end of Yuan Dynasty to the beginning of Ming Dynasty. In real life, does this nation disappear like a lost time?

A few days ago, some experts from China Academy of Medical Sciences and China Academy of Social Sciences used DNA technology to solve the mystery of the disappearance of the Khitan nationality: Daur nationality has the closest kinship with the Khitan nationality and is the descendant of the Khitan nationality. The "I" of A, Mang and Jiang in Yunnan has similar paternal lineage to the Daur nationality and is also a descendant of the Khitan nationality.

In fact, there are hundreds of thousands of people in Baoshan, Yunnan, belonging to more than a dozen ethnic groups. In recent years, they claimed to be descendants of the Khitans and asked the relevant departments to clarify their ancestry. However, due to the obstacles in archaeological technology, the academic circles have never been able to "correct the name" of this group claiming to be descendants of the Khitan. Similarly, once upon a time, the academic circles have been arguing about the ethnic origin of the Daur nationality. Some people say that it originated from the Dahe clan in Qidan, while others say that it has developed independently from other ethnic groups since ancient times, each holding its own word.

Now, this historical mystery that has been puzzling historians has finally been solved, and DNA technology has solved the origin problem of Daur nationality and Yunnan A, Mang and Jiang surnames. This cracking process is as follows: in five small villages in Baoshan, Yunnan, experts took blood samples from nationalities such as A, Mang and Jiang's surname "I"; The wrist bones of the female corpse of the Khitan were taken from Leshan, Sichuan, and the teeth and skulls of the Khitan people with epitaphs were taken from Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Blood samples were collected from Daur, Ewenki, Mongolian and Han nationalities in Molidawa Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. By comparing the variable regions of mitochondrial DNA extracted by silicon method from dental pulp and bone marrow of ancient specimens, an accurate conclusion is drawn: Daur, A, Mang and Jiang are all descendants of Qidan.

At this point, experts have made such a conclusion and metaphor: when the Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty established the Mongolian Empire across Eurasia, they fought for years, and the Khitans who frequently used troops were conquered and scattered everywhere. Some of them have maintained large ethnic groups, such as Daur, while others have been assimilated by the local people. The latter is the most difficult to find, because the Khitans have maintained the "exogamy system" for more than 1000 years, so the pure Khitans no longer exist. After continuous migration, isolation and integration, most of the Khitans melted like ice thrown into the sea. In professional terms, they were named as "descendants in the molecular sense".

Can these melted "ice" be found?

Two genealogies tell the family history of this Yeleshi family.

In the 1980s, Wei Dai, deputy director of Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County, found two genealogies collected by Ye Jiazhen at Ye Changqing's home in Hedong Village, Wang Fu Town, one written in Mongolian and the other in Chinese. Together with these two genealogies, there are two documents sent to this family by the Tumote government, one is from the 15th year of Qing Daoguang, and the other is from 19 18, all in Mongolian. Later, these two genealogies and documents were included in Meng Guole's Jin Family and Villagers' Examination edited by Gao Lebagan in Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County. Since then, Chen Zhijian, a cadre of Fuxin Construction Bureau, has determined that Ye is a descendant of the Khitan family according to the Chinese version of Mongolian Lejin Surnames and Villagers' Studies and the Ye Changqing Family Tree, and affirmed that his family origin comes from Yelv's family, that is, Ye is now from Yelv's Liao Qidan.

Yesterday, the reporter met Ye Changqing. Although Elymus is over seventy years old, he is in strong health. He showed the reporter two genealogies and two government documents treasured by his family. The title of the document awarded by Daoguang in the 15th year is: "Allow Lu Ye to learn from Confucianism and treasure roads, etc. Register as a local license. " The preface to his Chinese Genealogy reads: "During the reign of Gengzi of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, I was ordered to accompany the Lord Gege ... >>"

Question 2: What nationality is the Khitan now? After the demise of the Liao Dynasty founded by the Khitans in A.D. 1 125, some Khitans followed Yelushi's westward March and established the Western Liao Dynasty in Central Asia (* * * and western history books called it "Hari Qidan"). The Western Liao Dynasty finally perished in A.D. 12 1 1 year, and Central Asia was brought under the rule of the Mongolian Empire. It is generally believed that the Khitans in Central Asia may have gradually merged with Uighurs and Mongols after the subjugation of the Western Liao Dynasty.

After all, the Khitans who moved westward to Central Asia were only a few, and most of the Khitan adherents were subjects of the Jin Dynasty after the Liao Dynasty's subjugation. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Jurchen joined the Khitan of the Jin Dynasty one after another and was compiled as Khitan Mon 'an Mok. Some of them later moved south to the Central Plains, gradually sinicized in the middle and late Jin Dynasty, and were regarded as the first in the Yuan Dynasty. [1] Although these Khitans have long been integrated into the Han nationality, they are not without a trace today. Mr. Statement pointed out that there is Yelv Zhezhuang in Baodi County, Tianjin. So far, there are many villagers named Liu, and Yeluzhuang in Qidan has translated the Han surname into Liu since the Liao and Jin Dynasties. Therefore, the ancestors of Liu in Yeluzhezhuang were Qidan people. There are Dazizhuang, Dazitun and Halazhuang in Baodi County, Heijiazhuang, Kegezhuang, Yewangzhuang and Lujiazhuang in Jixian County, and Yelizhuang in Luanxian County. Judging from the place names, the residents of these villages may all be descendants of the Khitans. [2]

Most of the Khitans under the Jin Dynasty still lived in the north of the Great Wall, which was roughly divided into two parts: (1) The Khitans who did not move south were Meng 'an Mouke, mainly distributed in Xijing Road and Beijing Road; (2) The Khitans who were not classified as Meng 'anmek were mainly distributed in the northern and northwestern borders of the Jin Dynasty, and still maintained the traditional nomadic lifestyle, which was called Ren or Hu at that time. Since the beginning of this century, national historians have mainly explored the descendants of Qidan in two directions, one is the ethnic origin of Daur nationality, and the other is the descendants of Qidan in Yunnan. In fact, these two problems mainly involve the Khitan people north of the Great Wall in the Jin Dynasty.

(A) the ethnic origin of the Daur people

Daur's old works Daur. 1952 In August, the people of Heilongjiang Province established the Daur Autonomous Region in Longjiang County at the request of the Daur people, but at that time, the Daur people had not been officially recognized as a single nation by the central government. In order to determine the ethnic composition of Daur,1In August, 953, the Central Institute for Nationalities sent an investigation team composed of Fu Lehuan and Lin to conduct ethnic identification in Daur inhabited areas in Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia, which triggered a discussion on the origin of Daur.

There have been long-standing differences on the origin of the Daur nationality. The history of Daur people can only be traced back to the early Qing Dynasty, and the earlier history is not clear. Therefore, since the Qing Dynasty, there have been different opinions about the ethnic group of Daur nationality, such as Qidan, Mongolia, Shiwei and Soren, among which the most representative is the theory of descendants of Qidan and the theory of Mongolian branch.

The theory of Qidan descendants began in Qianlong period. In the Eight Banners Surname Spectrum and Liao History Interpretation, it is first proposed that "Dahu" is the transliteration of the ancient eight-nation alliance in Qidan. Since then, the official books of the Qing Dynasty have followed this theory. It is said that the Qing Dynasty * * * sent personnel to the Wuer area twice to investigate its ethnic origin. The first time was in the decade of Tongzhi (187 1). The Daur people investigated claimed to be descendants of Jurchen, but the Qing court did not believe them. So in the sixth year of Guangxu (1880), a second investigation was sent, and the result was the descendants of Qidan. [3] In addition, Torii Ryuzo, a Japanese scholar, also claimed that Daur nationality was the Khitan Dahe nationality and Daur nationality was the descendants of the Khitans, but he did not give any new evidence except the duality invented by the Qing people. [4]

Mongolian branch theory prevailed in the Republic of China. The main basis of this statement is that there are many similar elements between Daur and Mongolian, especially some ancient Mongolian words in the Secret History of Mongolia, which have disappeared in modern Mongolian, but still remain in Daur. 1930, a Daur, Alitan Kata, proposed that Daur is a descendant of the Tatars in his book A Study of Daur Mongolia. After this book was published, it had a great influence among Daur people. The theory of "Daur Mongolia" prevailed for a while. Until the 1950s, many Daur people still considered themselves Mongolians. It should be noted that the theory of "Daur Mongolia" has its special historical background. During the Manchu Dynasty, Daur people were incorporated into the Eight Banners, which was called "New Manchuria" and enjoyed superior political and social status. After the Revolution of 1911, they lost their political support. At that time, under the slogan of "harmony among the five ethnic groups", some Daur intellectuals strongly advocated the Mongolian branch in order to attach themselves to a big family.

Quoted by "Ethnic Identification Work in 1950s"

Question 3: What nationality are the ancient Khitans today? It is impossible to prove which nationality the Khitans are today. With the demise of the Great Liao Empire, the Qidan nationality, which once had a population of more than 6,543,800+200,000 at most, disappeared without a trace. Historians can only speculate that millions of Khitans have three fates:

First, the Khitans living in the ancestral land of Khitan gradually forgot their ethnic origin and merged with other ethnic groups.

Second, after the demise of the Western Liao Dynasty, most of the Khitans in the northern desert moved westward to Kerman, Iran, and were completely transformed.

Third, after the outbreak of the Jin-Meng War, some Khitans who "vowed not to eat golden millet" took refuge in Mongolia. They followed the Mongolian army to the west and spread to all parts of the country.

However, in the Qing Dynasty, it was suggested that the Daur nationality originated from the Khitan people, and modern scholars also believed that the Daur nationality inherited the most Khitan traditions.

Jurchen is today's Manchu.

Question 4: Which nationality do the Khitans belong to? Qidan itself is the title of a nation.

The Khitan nationality is a nationality with far-reaching influence in the history of China. The original meaning of "Khitan" is wrought iron, indicating firmness. However, since the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the Khitan nationality suddenly disappeared from the historical records. Fuxin, a prefecture and county, began in Liao country, and Fuxin is called the "hometown" and "cradle" of the Qidan people by historians. During the Liao Dynasty, Fuxin had nine prefectures with a population of 200,000. It can be said that Fuxin and Qidan are inextricably linked.

Question 5: Where are the Khitans from in China now? What province are they from? What nationality do you belong to? baike.baidu/view/ 14750

Question 6: Which nationality is the first among the Khitans now? The Khitans living in the ancestral land of Khitan gradually forgot their ethnic origin and merged with other ethnic groups. Second, after the demise of the Western Liao Dynasty, most of the Khitans in the northern desert moved westward to Kerman, Iran, and were completely transformed. Third, after the outbreak of the Jin-Meng War, some Khitans who "vowed not to eat golden millet" took refuge in Mongolia. They followed the Mongolian army to the west and spread to all parts of the country. However, in the Qing Dynasty, it was suggested that the Daur nationality originated from the Khitan people, and modern scholars also believed that the Daur nationality inherited the most traditions of the Khitan people.

Question 7: Which nationality were the Jurchen and the Qidan in Song Dynasty? All those who entered the Central Plains were sinicized. Those who stayed in their hometown in the northeast developed into Manchu now. Among the Han people, Hong Yan is the descendant of Jurchen.

Most of the Khitans were sinicized as * * *; Quite a few people become Mongolians; A few people who moved to the west became the western nationalities such as Er. The part that has not been assimilated by other nationalities is the Daur nationality now.

Question 8: What nationality are the Khitans? Why is there no news of this nation now? It is said that when the Liao Kingdom perished, there were millions of Qidan people. In order to find this missing nation, historians have made several judgments by speculating the fate of millions of Khitans. Some scholars say that the Khitans living in the ancestral home of Khitan are the original Khitan nationality, but they are no longer Khitans because they have gradually forgotten their ethnic origins and merged with other nationalities. Others say that after the demise of the Western Liao Dynasty, most of the Khitans in Mobei moved to Kerman, Iran, and the Khitans were completely * * *. It is also said that after the outbreak of the Jin-Meng War, some Khitans who "vowed not to eat golden millet" took refuge in Mongolia, and gradually spread to all parts of the country with the Mongolian army's eastward expedition and westward exploration. In other words, the Khitan nationality melted like ice thrown into the sea.

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