The characteristics and relations of sequence, introduction, proximity and delay cannot be explained by exegetical methods. The difference between the two is first of all due to the different rhythm of music and the different sources of tunes.
The name of preface should come from the wine preface of Tang Dynasty. Because the Tang people improvised lyrics at the banquet and used the tunes at that time as the wine order, it was called Lingqu, also known as Xiaoling. Most of the literati's ci poems in Tang and Five Dynasties were soul songs. Literati in Tang and Five Dynasties wrote short poems instead of long ones. The main reasons are as follows: (1) Short poems are similar to modern poems. In the Tang dynasty, five-character or seven-character rhythmic poems were combined with music, which was initially liberated into long and short sentences and easily accepted by literati; (2) The modern poetry in the Tang Dynasty was developed, and the writing of poetry paid attention to the duality of rhythm. Folk poetry became a metrical word in the hands of literati. They refused to give up their mastery of modern poetry skills and made unfamiliar long tunes. Therefore, in the works of literati, the first thing that is shaped is poetry, not long tune. Generally speaking, the word sequence is very short, and the word sequence with the least number of words is 16, with only 16 words; Liu Yaoling has the largest number of words, with 96 words. There is also a hundred-character order, which has a hundred words, but it is an alias for Nian Nujiao. It is also clear that the volume 12 of Chen's Nazi Collection of Flowers has the order of winning the state, which is 2 15 words long.
Quotation is a kind of Yuefu poetry. It has the same meaning as song, ballad, fuck, song, etc. The name of Daqu in Tang and Song Dynasties includes "Yinqu", which is the first part of Daqu after "preface" or "scattered preface". It's called "introduction", which means before the song. Therefore, most of the quotations in the ci should come from Daqu, which is made by cutting off the first part of Daqu, such as Qingbo Yin Yin, Brahman Yin Yin, Wang Yunyayin, philosopher Yin Yin and so on. The shortest quotations are Yin and Zhe, both of which are 24 words. The longest is Enchantment, with 99 words. There is also 103 word "Zhou Shiyin" (but "Zhou Shiyin" is also called "Zhou Shiyin").
Close-up, also called close-up, such as Gepulian close-up, Happy Year close-up, Guo Laner close-up, etc. Synonyms and quotations are generally longer than clauses and shorter than slow words, so they are later called middle tones. The shortest recent words are the good things nearby, 45 words; The longest is The Combination of Sword and Sword, with 96 words.
Slow is the abbreviation of slow music, as opposed to fast music. The music scores of the Tang Dynasty pipa unearthed in Dunhuang are often both urgent and slow under the same title. Slow tune is mostly a long tune, because its tone is lengthened and its words are lengthened. The speed of a piece of music depends on its curvature, and it is the curvature that determines the number of rhymes of words. Urgent songs and slow songs cannot be distinguished according to the number of rhymes in the tune.
The appearance of slow characters is no less than Xiaoling. There were many slow characters in the Tang Dynasty. Part of it is intercepted from Daqu and Faqu, and part of it comes from the people. Dunhuang Ci has more than 100 characters, such as Yunyao Ji, Neijiajiao with 140 characters and Daobeiqu with 100 crosses. The slow words created by literati can be found in Hua Jian Ji, among which Xue's "Farewell Difficult" has 87 words; What I saw in "The Prehistory of Respect" was Du Mu's "Eighty-six Sons", with 90 words; Jin Fu Tu written by Yin 'e is 94 words, and Song Tou written by Li Cun is 136 words. The predecessors said that slow words originated from Liu Yong, which is not true. However, Liu Yong was the first scholar to write a large number of slow words, and most of the new songs in the movement collection were slow words. He broke through the limitation of poets in Tang and Five Dynasties, absorbed the new voices created by folk and workshop musicians, and promoted and developed slow words. After Liu Yong, Su Shi and Qin Guan wrote in succession, and slow words prevailed. The shortest slow word is Bu Operator Slow, with 89 words, which is more than twice as long as the 44-word poem Bu Operator.
The difference between sequence, leading, approaching and slowing lies in the difference of singing rhythm. Probably, four are all affirmation of melody, six are affirmation of tonic and near tone, and eight are affirmation of slow tone. Everyone has a unified beat. There are generally sixteen beats for slow songs in the Song Dynasty, and one beat is two beats.
In addition to preface, introduction, proximity, and delay, there are also terms such as connection and preface. This pitch is taken from Daqu or French music. To choose a song is to choose from many big songs, cut them out and sing them in a single score. For example, "Picking Beauty" is the first time to pick the Daqu of "Picking Beauty". Preface is extracted from the preface of Daqu, such as Preface to Ti Ying and Preface to Nishang. In addition, there are three others. Etymology and beat eye say that it is different from slow music and eight average beats, but "slow two urgent three beats" For example, Si Wanyong's "Three Episodes" ("Seeing Pear Flowers with jathyapple at the Beginning") has three stacks of fifteen rhymes, each with five rhymes. Of these five rhymes, one, two and five are mostly fast beats, while three and four are less slow beats.
The names of Xiao Ling, Zhong Diao and Chang Diao came later, and they first appeared in the Ming Dynasty Jiajing Gu Congjing's edition of Lei Bian Cao Tang Shi Yu (not in the old edition of Cao Yu). Mao said in "On Ci in Qing Dynasty": "Those with less than 58 characters are minor, those with 59 to 90 characters are alto, and those with more than 91 characters are long notes." It is completely divided from the number of words, which is very mechanical. There is no distinction between short, medium and long names in the book Ci Yun. However, this division method has been used for a long time. Generally, we can think that within 60 words, it is a small order, and within 100 words, it is an alto. However, this is only a rough statement and cannot be adhered to in practice.
The creation of ci tune is mainly based on two methods: self-composing new tune and making new sounds from old songs. Many methods are used to increase and reproduce the tone of words, such as breaking tone, shifting tone, spreading, reducing words, stealing tone and overlapping rhyme. They may change their palaces and change their tunes; Or add damage to the original tone, reorganize and greatly enrich the tone. The offensive tune began in the Tang Dynasty and flourished at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. The music tunes produced by Liu Yong and Zhou Bangyan include four kinds of offenses: lateral offense, tail offense, flower offense and exquisite offense. Creating sin songs is one of the important ways for Sheng Da Yuefu poets to add music.
Violating the tune is a "tone shift" in western music, a combination of various palace tune laws, and is done by palace merchants. If this Gong Diao is Huang Zhongjun Gong Yin, and there are no two methods of Lu Da and Qi Bin, now suddenly Lu Da is played, Zhong You is caught, Qi Bin is lost, and the seven methods are to be hammered, then it is transferred to Lu Da and Simon. In this way, from a to b, from b to a, it is used to increase the change of music.
There are certain rules for breaking the tune. The preface to Jiang Kui's Lonely Offender says: "Anyone who commits a crime with songs is said to commit a crime with the palace, and the business commits a crime with the palace. For example, the word "Shang" in Daodiao Palace, the word "Shang" in Shuangdiao and the word "Shang" in Daodiao Qu are the same, so Daodiao Qu is double-tuned or Daodiao in Shuangdiao Qu. Others can do this. ..... The characters in the zodiac are different, so they are not allowed to commit crimes. The zodiac is especially guilty of merchants and horns. " The word "Zhu" is also called "Shasheng", "Jiesheng" and "Biqu". Every Gongdiao has certain words. You can only commit a crime if you have the same words.
In Etymology, Lu and Lu's four sins point out that there are four kinds of crimes, namely, the palace violates the business, the business violates the feather, the feather violates the horn, and the horn belongs to my palace. There are no examples of feathers making horns and horns returning to the palace in Song Ci. Now we can only test the tone of Gong Shang and Shang Yang's words.
It belongs to court merchants, such as Wu Wenying's Yu Jing ballad and Gu Xiangman. These two songs are all from his own words, and both of them are marked "foreigners make businessmen commit crimes and don't shoot at the palace." Yi's business and non-shooting palace are both "down-to-earth" lives, so we can make friends with each other. Another example is "Warrior Lan Ling" and "Bi Ji Man Zhi", volume 4, which is said to be illegal. Yuediao is the common name of non-shooter, and it is the common name of Hammer Palace. Both tunes are "harmony".
Belong to the sin of Shang Yang, such as "The Crime of Desolation" by Jiang Kui, which is self-annotated as "Lu Xian commits double tones". Lu Xian Sable is the common name of Yi Zeyu, and Double Sable is the common name of Jia Hammer Merchant, both of which are "merchants". Another example is Wu Wenying's "Ruilong Yin Yin", in which it is noted: "Huanghammer merchants are commonly known as Dashi Tone, which is a flat tone. Daozheng Pingdiao is a general term for language, and both of them are "four" characters.
All the above actions are completed by two-phase modulation. Lai Ren's ci also has three tones. For example, Wu Wenying's "Cold Window" notes: "If you don't take the common name of the business, you will violate the Lu Palace and the Palace." It is wrong to press the words "Zhong Lu Gong" and "Yue Diao". Zhonglu tune is a combination of Zhongyu, Wushang and Huangzhonggong, and it is a sin of three tones: Gong, Shang and Yu. However, this example has only been seen in Song Ci.
Although some songs in Song Ci also have the word guilty, they are actually composed of several tones of syntax, just like the songs of Yuan people. They have nothing to do with Gongdiao, but with syntax and melody. For example, Wu Wenying's Dimfragrance and Thin Shadow is a combination of the first film of Dimfragrance and the second film of Thin Shadow by Jiang Kui. Liu Guo's "Four Offenders Cut Plum Blossoms" is a collection of syntax of serial, drunken Penglai and snow lion. The most popular is Cao Xun's eight-tone harmony, which consists of eight-tune sentences. Mode is to increase the loss of the old tune and change it to a new one. Volume XIII of The Book of Songs says: "Tone sandhi, breaking syntax, adding lines, changing Gongdiao, becoming a new sound." Tone sandhi in words is different from the so-called tone sandhi in western music, which is equal to tone sandhi in words.
The transferred words no longer belong to the original palace tune. After tone adjustment, some words are still the same as the original tone, such as
Spread out, reduce the number of words, steal the sound
Expansion is the increase or decrease of words due to the change of music beat, which causes the change of syntax and rhyme. The expanded words broke the original sentence pattern in some parts and became another whole. For example, in Broken Huanxisha, three words and a short sentence are added at the end of the upper and lower films of Huanxisha; Another example is "The Ugly Slave", which is to add two, three and three short sentences at the end of the upper and lower films of "Ugly Slave".
The reason of reducing words and stealing words is the same as that of spreading, but it is not adding words but stealing words. They also slightly changed the syntactic words of the original tune and replaced them with new ones. For example, "Magnolia" is originally eight sentences and seven words, and it rhymes; "Stealing Magnolia" changed the third sentence and the seventh sentence into four words, changed the rhyme of the two sentences, and used two flat rhymes and two rhymes; In addition to "stealing magnolia", "broken magnolia" continued to change the first and fifth sentences into four words. Tones such as tone, tone, near tone and slow tone are all common miscellaneous songs and common prose words. If two or more words with the same or different tones are combined into a suite in a certain way and sing the same or similar themes, they are called couplets. There are also couplets in poetry, such as Song of Four o'clock at Midnight and Hundred Poems of Palace Ci by Tang Dynasty, but they are not as complicated and diverse as the couplets in Ci. There are three kinds of couplets in Tang and Song Ci: ordinary couplets, drum lyrics and accompaniment. Later, the combination of official accent and Yuanqu was the development of couplets in Ci.
(1) There are common couplets in Dunhuang music in the Tang Dynasty, such as two poems "Feng Gui Yun" in "Yun Ge Ji", which narrate the story in Shang Mo Sang by Han Yuefu. The first one ('It's OK today') said that the son saw his admiration, and the next one ('Dimethyl') said that the woman refused. There are five "Jiangchengzi" by Ning He and seven "Linjiangxian" by Niu Xiji.
(2) Guci is to sing a story with the same tune continuously, and there is a speech before the song. For example, in the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu wrote eleven poems about picking mulberry seeds and dedicated them to the scenery of Yingzhou West Lake, and twelve poems about December scenery. Drum Ci written by Song people, the most famous one is Zhao Lingzhi's "Drum Ci of Up-regulating Love Flowers", recorded in Backstreet, with a total of 12 * *, which tells the story of Zhen Ji in Tang and Yuan Dynasties.
(3) Turret, also known as the Pagoda and the Great Hall, is a kind of song and dance music in the Song Dynasty. Its system takes a parallel prose as a hook, then writes slogans, then alternates poems with songs, and recites a story with poems. Poetry is mostly seven words and eight sentences, and words are mostly jokes. The first two words of the word overlap with the last two words of the last poem, which means inheritance. Finally, use a poem of seven words and four sentences as a farewell word or farewell word.
Daqu and Faqu of Song people can also be regarded as a kind of couplets, such as Dong Ying's Ten Chapters of Tao Gong Bo Mei, which recites the story of stone; Ceng Bu's "Shuidiao Tou" is seven poems, reciting the story of Yan Feng. Daqu and Faqu were large-scale musicals in Tang and Song Dynasties. There are often dozens of Daqu and Faqu, and their structures are far more rigorous and complicated than the above three categories. Some words have different tone names, but they are actually a tone, that is, a tone has several names. One of them is a real name, the others are aliases. There may be as many as seven or eight aliases. For example, Memory of Jiangnan is also known as Dream of Jiangnan, Looking at Jiangnan, Wangjiang Plum, Good Jiangnan, Dream of Jiangkou, Return of Saibei, Spring Gone and Xie Qiuniang. Nian Nujiao is also known as Hundred Characters Order, Hundred Characters Ballad, River of No Return, Moon on the Yangtze River, Song of Great Jiangxi, Spring in the Pot, Spring in Huaidian, Thinking without Vulgarity and Meeting.
Most of the nicknames of this piece are taken from one of its masterpieces. For example, the symbol of divination, later generations are also named after the sentence of Su Shi's ci that "there is no moon hanging on the tree"; Qin Zhan's ci has the sentence of "a hundred feet of smoke", also known as "a hundred feet building"; The words of monk Jiao are "broken", also known as "Chu Tianyao"; The anonymous words in the second volume of New Knowledge of Zhao Yu have the sentence of "Wrong is not beautiful", which is also called "beautiful seal". In the Song Dynasty, some poets were lucky enough to get new names because of their unconventional words. For example, the words in He Zhu's "Dongshan Ci" were all renamed by the sentences in his ci. But it can also associate the tone name with the content of the word. Some words have the same tone name but different tones, that is, several tones have the same name. This can be divided into the following three categories:
(1) The same phonetic name, whether it is a poem or a slow word, or it is broken, stolen or reduced, often has different lengths. For example, Xijiang Moon has 50 words, and Xijiang Moon Slow has 103 words. Thirty-three words for Complaining about Love and seventy-five words for Complaining about Love; Thirty-three words in Ganzhou Zi and sixty-three words in Ganzhou Times; Seventy-eight words in Ganzhou Preface and ninety-five words in Klang Ganzhou; Magnolia is 56 words, including 52 words, minus 44 words, stealing 50 words, and magnolia is slow 10 1 word.
(2) The aliases of the two tones are the same. For example, "Meet You Huan" and "Tang Jinchun" are all pseudonyms "Crying at Night"; Waves on the sand and Xie Chichun are all pseudonyms "selling flowers".
(3) The alias of a song is the real name of another song. For example, The New Wild Goose Dressing Room is nicknamed "Babel Makeup", and another "Babel Makeup" is very in tune; "Bodhisattva Man" is nicknamed "midnight song", and "midnight song" is the tune on the moon; Iloso is nicknamed Lin Chun, and Lin Chun is in tune. "Mei Wu" is nicknamed "Bai Jiaoyi", while another "Bai Jiaoyi" is in tune; Embroidered with nickname good daughter, good daughter in tune.
In addition, there are some words with different tone names, but not the same tone. Such as a cloud in Wushan, a cloud in Wushan; Wang Xianlou and Wang Xianmen; Shake Qiu Ting, shake Ting Chu; Extremely acacia, cold acacia; Spring in the Garden and Spring with Flowers in the Garden, etc. Although the names of timbres are different, they are completely different and should not be mixed. Some words have several styles in one tone, and there are more than 50 styles at most. They are of the same origin. There are differences in the number of words, sentence reading and rhyme, and some even differ greatly. Both Lexical and Dictionary list different styles of words that can be found under each heading, and choose the one with earlier age or more writers as the correct style of words. For example, in the Book of Songs Iloso, the three pillars of Meiyuan, such as Wu Ming, Lu, Mao Kun, Qin Guan, Chen Fengyi and Ouyang Xiu, said: "This tune is based on Mao Ci, Qin and Europe, and the rest are changes; The style of Mao Ci, especially written by Song people. " Another example is "Youth Tour" and "Ci Pu", which includes 14 poems and eight columns by Yan Shu, Li Jia, Liu Yong and Zhou Mi. Among them, Yan Shu's works are the earliest, and the name adjustment is also named after Yan Shu's word "The Young Elephant", so Yan Shu is regarded as a whole.
Many poets in Tang and Song Dynasties know this melody. They write lyrics by playing the sound of strings, usually following only the sound spectrum rather than the lyrics. Therefore, although it is a homologous work, it will also cause differences in words, syntax and phonology. Although the average poet only fills in the words and sounds of his predecessors' works, he often adds them occasionally because of the need of sentence arts and sciences. In this way, there are many different styles, which provide more choices for lyricists. There are a large number of homonyms in the tone of words, which shows that there is still a certain degree of freedom in word filling, and you don't have to care about the subtle differences in pronunciation and rhyme of words.
Some words and phrases are the same, but the tone of music is different and totally incompatible. They have the same body but different tone. For example, Xie Hong, Jujube and Tao Ren are all five tones; Three words in two sentences, seven words in three sentences and twenty-seven words in * * *. They all bet on flat rhyme, and the flat tone is similar. But their tones are different and cannot be regarded as the same tone. Another example is Jiong Bole, Vaulting Horse, Santai and Segu, all of which are six words and four sentences. Cheng Wei Qu, Ai Nai Qu, Lian Cai Qu, Yang Liuzhi and Ba Pai Man are all seven words and four sentences. "Resentment" and "Health Mistakes" are all five words and eight sentences. They are all the same sentences (Ye Yun and Pingyi are not all the same) but they have different tones, and there is no connection between them.