Paris commune problem

March 18

187 1 In the early spring, there was no breath of spring in Paris, the French capital surrounded by Prussian troops, and people were gloomy and anxious. They are all worried about the future of their motherland. This is an important moment in French history. Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte, the emperor of the second French Empire, foolishly launched a war and was defeated. He himself became a prisoner in Pu Jun. The empire collapsed and the regime fell into the hands of the bourgeoisie. The provisional government publicly surrendered to Prussia and the French regular army was disarmed. Soon, the National Assembly elected thiers as the Prime Minister of the Cabinet. As soon as the counter-revolutionary veteran who slaughtered the uprising masses several times came to power, he signed a peace treaty with Prussia, ceding a large area of French land to Prussia and paying compensation of 5 billion francs. When the motherland faced an unprecedented crisis, the workers and working people in Paris stepped forward, automatically organized their own political organizations and set up the National Guard. At the peak, there were 65,438+094 battalions with about 300,000 people. When there were not enough weapons, they raised funds to buy them and cast 400 cannons themselves. Because the National Guard stuck to Paris, Pu Jun could not enter Paris. In order to please Pu Jun, thiers ordered the National Guard to hand over its weapons and banned resistance activities. The workers simply ignored this order, so thiers concentrated 30,000 troops and prepared to disarm the National Guard by force.

On the night of March 17, 2007, thiers called government ministers and generals to hold a secret military meeting. Vinua, the mayor of Paris and commander of government forces, proudly announced the military action plan: first, the artillery and ammunition of the National Guard were collected, and then the door-to-door search was carried out to arrest the leaders of the National Guard. Immediately after the meeting, he ordered the army to occupy all pavilions, artillery fields, workers' residential areas, strategic strongholds and traffic arteries overnight.

18 At 3: 00 am on March 3rd, a government army led by General leconte quietly touched the Mont martel Highland where the garde nationale parked its artillery, where more than 70 cannons were parked. Several guards guarding the cannon had no time to shoot the police, so they were killed by the gendarmerie with bayonets. When leconte ordered the soldiers to tow away the cannon, they were found by the residents nearby, and they immediately shouted. Someone was still sitting on the road to stop the cannon from being towed away. A few young people simply grabbed a cannon and fired three shells in a row to alert the whole city. "Tick-tock" alarm and "knock-knock" drums soon resounded through the city, and people poured into the highlands of martel. Several women grabbed the reins of the government cavalry and pointed to the soldiers' noses and asked, "Isn't it enough for you to give the Prussians two thousand cannons?" Aren't you ashamed to give them our cannon? " The soldiers flushed and bowed their heads. Anxious and scared, leconte ordered the shooting four times in a row, but the soldiers all put down their guns and ignored him. At this time, a few people came out of the crowd and tied leconte up. The crowd began to gather with the soldiers and the cannon was dragged back to its original position. Martel's alarm woke the whole Paris. In the afternoon, the Central Committee of garde nationale decided to lead the people to launch an uprising, immediately occupied the government organs such as the War Department and the City Hall, and issued an uprising declaration: "The Parisian proletariat has witnessed the betrayal of the government. It is time for us to lead and manage this country to save the situation. " On this day, thiers waited for good news in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from the early hours of the morning, but the bad news followed: "Mon Toetter Highland was recaptured by thugs, and the cannon dragged down the hillside was stopped by women!" "The soldiers laid down their weapons and gathered with the thugs!" "The mob attacked the War Department and the City Hall!" Thiers was on pins and needles. At 3 o'clock in the afternoon, several guards came to report: "General leconte was shot by workers!" After a while, people from the War Department, covered in blood, came in from the door and shouted, "That was close! I almost got caught by them in the Bastille Square. I'm afraid I'll never see you again if the adjutant didn't bring someone to save me. "At half past three in the afternoon, two guards rushed into the door and reported," Hurry! Come on! A large number of mobs flocked to the Foreign Ministry building, demanding that Mr. thiers leave here quickly. Thiers couldn't sit still any longer and repeatedly said, "Go at once, go at once." "Say that finish, he fled to Versailles in the western suburbs of Paris. That night, three teams led by Valin, Bozhe and Arnold met in Heping Street. Then, various self-defense forces broke into Wangdom Square and launched a final attack on the City Hall. Guns rumbled and flags fluttered, and the National Guard poured into the city hall. Two soldiers climbed onto the roof and planted a bright red flag on the roof of the city hall building. People in the square cheered in an instant. March 18, the uprising won! This is a great feat for the working class and working people in Paris to seize the bourgeois regime! Marx enthusiastically praised: "The heroic March 8th Movement is the dawn of the great social revolution that mankind was liberated from class society forever. "

On March 28th, 200,000 people gathered in the spacious square in front of the Paris City Hall to cheer the official establishment of the Paris Commune. This is the first time that the proletariat has established its own political power.

[Edit this paragraph] The birth of the commune

1On September 2, 870, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte was defeated and surrendered in the Franco-Prussian War. The people of Paris set off the 94 Revolution and overthrew the Second Empire. The fruits of victory fell into the hands of the bourgeoisie, the right wing and the Orleans Empire, and a "national defense government" was established. 187 1 07 February 17, L.-A. thiers became the head of the French government. On 28th, the Franco-German peace treaty was signed, and France ceded Alsace and Lorraine to Germany, and paid 5 billion francs in compensation. The humiliation of the thiers government aroused great indignation among the people. The people of Paris demanded the establishment of communes to supervise the government. On March 15, representatives of the 25 1 Battalion of the National Guard elected the Central Committee. 18 In the early morning of March, the government of thiers sent troops to attack Mon martel and Somon Heights in an attempt to seize 4 17 cannons of the National Guard and arrest members of the Central Committee of the National Guard, thus triggering an armed uprising. That night, the National Guard took control of all government agencies and bridges on the Seine. Members of thiers's government and its troops, police and officials fled Versailles in panic. Elections were held in Paris on March 26th, and the Paris Commune was formally established on March 28th.

[Edit this paragraph] System form

The dictatorship of the proletariat represented by the Paris Commune

Freedom lies in transforming the state from an organ above society into an organ that completely obeys society.

_ _ _ _ _ _ Marx's Criticism of the Gotha Program

political system

65,438+00 committees (administrative, military, financial, judicial, public safety, labor and communication, food, education, social services and external liaison) have been set up as new organs of political power. Implement universal suffrage, organize the broad masses of the people to manage society, implement various measures to benefit the people, and implement democratic elections for government personnel.

Commune councils and local councils usually pursue their own goals under the guidance of local workers. The revolutionary tendency is represented by proudhon, Bronkinism and more liberal factions. It shows the diversity of political trends, a high degree of worker control and close cooperation between different revolutionary factions.

Reform the dictatorship commune, remove the bourgeois standing army, ban the old police institutions, fundamentally reform the judicial organs, and implement the judge election system.

The Commune for Abolishing Bureaucracy passed a resolution that all public officials need to be elected before they can be appointed, and issued a decree abolishing the high salary of state organs, stipulating that the maximum annual salary is 6,000 francs, which is equivalent to the salary level of a skilled worker, in order to prevent state organs from becoming public servants and masters of society.

economic system

Commune has carried out some socialist reforms in ownership, distribution, management and labor legislation.

Workers' cooperatives changed the disparity of wages and incomes by changing the workshops abandoned by fleeing owners into workers' cooperative law, implemented a labor remuneration system that maintained reasonable differences, and began an experiment in which workers directly participated in enterprise management.

The labor and social security commune has also formulated many labor laws to protect the direct interests of workers, such as prohibiting the night shift system in bakeries, arbitrary fines and wage deduction. In order to safeguard the people's vital interests, the commune has passed a number of decrees to reduce the burden on the people and solve the difficulties in life.

Debt relief includes the law that all debts are postponed to be repaid in batches within three years without interest, the law that low-grade pawns with a pawn amount of less than 20 francs are returned free of charge, and the law that rents are free for three quarters.

Cultural and social system

Separation of church and state promulgated the decree of separation of church and state, which turned all church property into public property and removed religious education from schools; After the failure of the Paris Commune, the Third Republic of France did not re-implement this law until the Jules Ferry Law of 1880-8 1 year and the French Law of 1905, thus establishing the principle of separation of church and state in France. The commune allows the church to continue to engage in religious activities, but only if the church is open to public political gatherings at night. Together with streets and coffee shops, churches have become another major political center shared by communes-the contextualism movement will not forget this expression in its architectural proposition.

Education Reform Other planned legislation also includes education reform, which will open future education and technical training to all free of charge.

feminist movement

Some women organized the feminist movement, which continued the political views of 1789 and 1848. In this way, Nathaniel lemerre, a socialist bookbinder, and Elizabeth Dmitrieff, a young Russian exile and Karl Marx's partner, established the Alliance for Defending Paris and Caring for the Wounded Women on April 187 1. In view of their belief that the struggle against male chauvinism can only be realized in the global struggle against capitalism, the alliance demands gender equality, wage equality, women's right to divorce voluntarily, secular guidance (non-priests) and girls' right to receive professional education. Demands to suppress the differences between legitimate wives and mistresses, between children born in wedlock and children born out of wedlock, and abolish prostitutes-realize the closure of maisons de tolérance (a legal official brothel). The Women's Union has participated in several municipal committees and organized cooperative factories. Famous images such as LouiseMichel, the Red Virgin of Mont martel, joined the National Self-Defense Force and were sent to New Caledonia, symbolizing the active participation of a few women in the uprising. During the crackdown, a women's battalion of the National Guard defended Blanche Square.

non-governmental organization (NGO)

The work burden of commune leaders is very heavy. People expect members of parliament (they are not "representatives", but appointed, and theoretically they can be disqualified by voters at any time) to propose a series of administrative and military decrees similar to legislation. During the siege, a large number of informal organizations (canteens, first aid stations) established to meet the needs of communities in various regions continued to flourish and cooperated closely with communities.

The heritage of the commune is rich, and committees, non-governmental organizations, women's movements and the civil service system have had a far-reaching impact on future generations. It is a model of a highly democratic system, so that democratic socialism can not be compared with it so far. Even if there are some policy mistakes, it is undoubtedly amazing that the commune can achieve such achievements under the condition of being closely surrounded, as long as we think about its environment.

It is absurd to think that social functions cannot be exercised without centralized state; It is absurd to think that administration is a mysterious thing and an unattainable duty, which can only be entrusted to a well-trained special class, that is, national parasites, snobs with high salaries and idlers. The Paris Commune shows the basic principles of the dictatorship of the proletariat, namely-

-separation of powers, autonomy, people's supervision and freedom of thought.

The commune regards its struggle as an international cause and declares that "the flag of the commune is the flag of the world and the country". Commune united expatriates from many countries and fought side by side with the cause of * * *. Poles, Italians and Belgians form the diaspora. As many as 500 ~ 600 Poles took part in the battle to defend the commune, including General J. dombrowski and General W. Froub levski. On May 6th, the commune demolished the memorial column of Vendome symbolizing chauvinism and national oppression, and renamed Wangdom Square as International Plaza.

[Edit this paragraph] The failure of the commune and its reasons

From April 2, commune soldiers and Versailles government forces fought fiercely in the suburbs of Paris. Since Germany released more than 65438+ 10,000 prisoners of war in April to supplement the French army, by mid-May, the Versailles government had been able to mobilize130,000 troops to attack Paris. In contrast, the total strength of the first-line combat troops in the commune is only 18000. On May 8, the Versailles army began shelling the Yugoslav capital fortifications in Paris. 10 In May, France and Germany formally signed the Treaty of Frankfurt, and reached a secret agreement, allowing Versailles troops to attack Paris across the German lines, and the Germans blocked Paris and cut off food supplies. On the same day, the leader of the new jacobins, L.-C. de Lecru, was appointed as the military representative of the community. Commune soldiers fought tenaciously and took the initiative to attack many times. On May 17 ~ 20, the Versailles army concentrated 300 naval guns and siege guns and stormed the gates of the western part of Paris. On May 2 1, the troops of Versailles led by traitors invaded the city of Paris from the ruins of the gate of San Cleopatra. On 23rd, the Versailles army surrounded martel by the German defense line in front of the "neutral" zone and occupied the area. Commune fighters fought against roadblocks district by district. On 25th, De Le Kluin died in the line of duty, and E Waling succeeded as the military representative. On the 28th, members of the commune, such as Walin and C.T. Ferret, led the commune fighters to make a final resistance. According to statistics, 29,804 people were killed, 7,294 people were killed, and 6,097 people were imprisoned or exiled.

The failure of commune revolution is determined by many factors. At that time, the objective historical conditions for France to replace the capitalist system with the socialist system were far from mature. Class forces at home and abroad are unfavorable to the proletariat. At the specific historical moment when the Franco-Prussian War failed, the French bourgeoisie was extremely weak, thus a revolutionary situation emerged and the uprising won. Once Germany and France make peace, Bismarck government supports thiers government to suppress commune, and the balance of power will change fundamentally. The commune revolution failed to win the strong cooperation of revolutionary movements in other provinces and the support of the broad masses of peasants, and it was in a single-handed situation, which would inevitably lead to failure in the case of disparity in strength. Subjective factors, due to the historical limitations of the French proletariat itself, have made some serious mistakes, such as failing to seize the shaky opportunity of the enemy to March into Versailles in time, failing to confiscate the French bank with 3 billion assets and allowing it to provide funds to the Versailles government. At the critical juncture of the battle, there are great differences within the commune Committee on the grim situation it faces and the emergency measures it should take. Majority and minority emerged around the establishment of the National Salvation Council and its powers, and were once on the verge of division in mid-May. This shows that without the strong leadership and clear guiding ideology of a mature proletarian revolutionary party, it is impossible to closely unite the revolutionary ranks and adopt correct struggle strategies to win.

The Paris Commune Revolution is a spontaneous revolution of the French proletariat. The first international did not directly promote the birth of the commune with any action, but gave birth to the commune revolution with its thoughts and influence. More than half of the 40 members of the Central Committee of the National Guard are international members. Among the 8 1 commune members elected, there are 36 international members. Except for some major mistakes, the main measures taken by the commune, especially socio-economic measures, are in line with international principles.

/kloc-in March of 0/9, K. Marx and F. Engles learned of the uprising in Paris and warmly praised the revolutionary pioneering work of the proletarians in Paris. During the commune revolution, the International General Committee held seven meetings, mainly discussing commune issues. Marx also established correspondence with commune members frankl Leo and Valin. After the failure of the commune, the international community and its branches strongly protested the suppression of the commune by the reactionaries, condemned the atrocities of the thiers government, and launched activities to rescue, support and relieve the exiles of the commune. The Paris Commune Revolution has tested Marxist thoughts on proletarian revolution and dictatorship, and accumulated extremely valuable historical experience. It is in the process of summing up the historical experience of the Paris Commune that Marx and Engels enriched and developed the theory of scientific socialism.

Although the Paris Commune lasted only 72 days, it provided extremely valuable experience and lessons for the proletarian revolutionary movement. This is the first great attempt of the proletariat to overthrow bourgeois rule and establish proletarian dictatorship. The heroic sons and daughters of the commune defend the fearless revolutionary spirit of the new regime with their lives and blood, and will always inspire the people to fight for freedom and liberation.

[Edit this paragraph] Meaning

1. The proletarian regime established by Paris workers after the 187 1 March 18 revolution. The first attempt to overthrow bourgeois rule and implement proletarian dictatorship in world history.

[Edit this paragraph] 1792 ~ 1794 French Revolution

2. 1792 ~ 1794 Paris-level autonomous institutions during the French Revolution. 1789 On the eve of the July Revolution, some voters in Paris formed a committee to maintain the order of the municipal government, organized a vigilante group, and appointed J.S. Beye as the mayor. After the victory of the Great Revolution, a 32-member municipal committee was established, with 1 procurator and 2 deputy procurators. The militia was renamed the National Guard, with M.-J.-P.-Y.- R.de Lafayette as its commander. 179 1 year, after the constitutional monarchists in Mars School shot and killed the assembly crowd, Bayi was dismissed and J. Petion became the mayor. 1792 On the eve of the people's uprising in Paris in August, representatives of 28 districts seized the power of the municipal government, which was then called the revolutionary commune. The number of commune committees increased to 288. The permanent body is an extraordinary committee, consisting of 15 members. Petion, the former mayor of Gironde Province, remained in office, but the actual leader was Justice Minister Manell. Commune played an important role in the election of the National Association, the execution of prisoners, the trial of Louis XVI, and the fight against foreign interference. Fully support the struggle between jacobins and gironde and become a political force coexisting with the Legislative Assembly. In 65438+February, P.-G. Chaumette was appointed as the attorney general, J.-R. Ebbell as the deputy attorney general, and J. N. Pash as the mayor. 1793 in may, m. deshangbang was elected mayor and f. hanlio was appointed commander of the national guard. The commune played an important role in the uprising that finally overthrew gironde on June 2nd. The commune took part in the mass demonstration on 4-5 September 1793, urging the government of jacobins to implement the reign of terror. However, the commune launched a non-Christian movement, demanding the expansion of terrorist activities, which caused dissatisfaction with the National Salvation Committee. 1794 In March, the Ebel faction was suppressed for launching an uprising against the robespierre government, and the commune members were purged. Since then, the commune has been completely under the control of the National Salvation Committee. The commune was dissolved after the hot moon coup.

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[Edit this paragraph] Western authoritative monograph "Marxist Dictionary" entry

Paris Commune

187 1 The analysis of the Paris Commune occupies a very important position in various works of Marx. For example, several declarations that constitute the French civil war (and the introduction written by Engels in 189 1); The same is true of Lenin's works, especially The State and Revolution (19 17). Kaucki's "Terrorism and * * * Productism" (19 19) and Trotsky's preface to Taller's "Paris Commune" (192 1) all give some controversial explanations to the Paris Commune.

The Paris Commune, which lasted for two months, was not the product of any planned action, nor was it the leader of any individual or organization with a clear program. But what is important is that 1/3 of the winners are manual workers, and most of them are activists of the French branch of First International. The members of this government were elected by Paris voters in a special election arranged by the Central Committee of the Paris National Guard one week after the unexpected seizure of state power. This happened on March 18, 2008, when the French interim government hastily evacuated the capital after some of its troops and people held a party.

Marx thought, "Commune, with its prudent and moderate measures, can only be suitable for the situation of besieged cities. ..... Some special measures it has taken can only show the development direction of the people's management system realized by the people themselves "(Selected Works of Marx and Engels, vol. 2, pp. 382-383). Give it to Domela? In a letter from Newwenhus (1881February 22), he reiterated that the commune is only "an uprising in a city under special conditions, and most people in the commune are not socialists at all, nor can they be socialists." (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 4, page 422). Although the commune is not a socialist revolution, Marx still emphasizes that its "great social measure is its own existence" (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 2, page 382). In Marx's view, the commune should never be regarded as a dogmatic model or a plan of the future revolutionary government. Commune is "a highly flexible political form, and all the old forms of government are oppressive in nature" (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 2, page 378). Lenin insisted on Marx's viewpoint and emphasized that the commune made preliminary preparations for the "dictatorship of the proletariat" in this way; This dictatorship, as demonstrated by the Paris Commune, is a country that enables most voters (such as workers) to exercise unprecedented control over all institutions, including compulsory institutions, and is the most suitable country for building socialism and realizing labor liberation.

Since the early 1920s, Marx and Lenin's concern about the basic democratic nature of the Paris Commune has been the most important development in the study of Marxist works. In particular, it is a basic part of Marxist criticism of the strict one-party state in the Soviet Union under Stalin. (See Monty? Johnstone: "Commune and Marx's Concepts about Proletarian Dictatorship and the Role of Political Parties", in "Bibliography". In recent years, J? Brois's regime and state in 187 1, Social Movement, No.79 (1April-June, 1972). For the main anthology of Marxist classics, please refer to Shurkinde's works (see "Bibliography" (3)). Recent debates on historical issues, including the elaboration of Marxism, are included in the works compiled by Li Si (see "Bibliography").

(ES)

Bibliography:

① J.A. Lisi: the image of the commune, English version 1978.

② J. Roggeri: 187 1 year, French version 1972.

3 Eugene? Schulkind: Paris Commune-Left Viewpoint, English version 1972.

(4) Blua, daughtry and Telson: 187 1 year commune, French version 1970.

[Edit this paragraph] Paris Commune Education

Ba Li gong she education

Paris commune education

187 1 08 March 18, the workers in Paris revolted and the first Paris commune under the dictatorship of the proletariat was established in human history. After the establishment of the commune, major political measures were taken to completely liberate the working people, and the reform of national education was one of them. On March 29th, the commune set up an education committee equivalent to the level of government departments and began to reform education. The committee drafted a draft law on free popularization of secular education. On April 20th, the Board of Education was reorganized, which was chaired by the first international member, Dr. Engineer ... Sister. Because the commune existed for a short time, it was too late to issue a programmatic document to formally clarify the education policy. However, when meeting with representatives of the mass organization New Education Society, the commune committee made it clear that the commune fully agreed that schools and churches should be separated, education should be conducted according to scientific principles, and free and compulsory education should be implemented for the people in this spirit.

Church power is an important pillar of the Second Empire of France, and it is a spiritual shackle that enslaves people's hearts. At that time, French schools were controlled by the Catholic Church and were full of religious flavor. On April 2, the commune issued an order to separate politics from religion, gradually taking over the school and secularizing education. This measure was resolutely opposed by the priests. They refused to hand over the school and then left the school under the threat of force. Then, the commune eliminated the objects of religious worship in the school, and stipulated that the school should replace all religious inscriptions with slogans such as "freedom, equality, fraternity, justice, * * and the country", cancel the catechism and hymn classes, and replace the pastor teachers with secular teachers. The Paris Commune strives to popularize free and compulsory education, making education a right that every child can enjoy and an obligation of parents, guardians and society, emphasizing that education should be run by the state.

The commune hopes to carry out "scientific and complete education" and "vocational education" for the next generation. A scientific and complete education is to teach the next generation what everyone needs, so that they can "give full play to all their talents, not only by working with their hands, but also by thinking with their brains". Vocational education is to let young people have a good craft to make a living and guide them to embark on the road of labor rationally. To this end, the Paris Commune called on all workers over 40 who are willing to perform arts to register with the district government. And call on teachers of modern Chinese, science, painting, history and other disciplines to help this new type of teaching and do a good job in labor education. The commune attaches great importance to the moral education of the next generation and requires them to be trained as "good citizens" who love the motherland and devote themselves heroically to the cause of the motherland. In addition, young commune members should be educated to be as loyal, brave and hate oppression as their parents.

187 1 year, the annual salary of most teachers in Paris is only 700 ~ 850 francs, and that of teacher assistants is only 400 ~ 550 francs. Female teachers are even worse, not exceeding 650 francs; The assistant only has 350 ~ 400 francs. The commune noticed that teachers' salaries were too low, and thought that they shouldered the heavy responsibility of cultivating talents and should be respected by the society. 18 in may, the board of education decided to raise teachers' salaries, stipulating that the minimum wage for teachers is 2000 francs per year and that for assistant teachers is 1500 francs. Male and female teachers receive equal pay for equal work. In addition, the commune also attaches great importance to preschool education and off-campus education. Unfortunately, due to the short existence of the commune, there is no time to reform higher education.

Although the Paris Commune only existed for 72 days, it carried out great reforms in education under the difficult conditions of the war, leaving valuable experience for future generations. K Marx once spoke highly of the education of the Paris Commune during the French Civil War (187 1).

[Edit this paragraph] commune female warrior

The newspaper reported at that time:1871On May 25th, when the soldiers of the National Guard abandoned the barricade on Shuibao Street, suddenly a group of women rushed out to take their place. They held their guns tightly and shouted, "Long live the commune!" There are many young girls in the team, including a 19-year-old girl, who fought bravely and was later shot through her forehead. Finally, surrounded by Versailles' troops, they all died heroically.

[Edit this paragraph] What is a commune?

In France, the earliest name of commune can be traced back to the middle Middle Ages. Businessmen and citizens in some cities automatically joined forces to oppose the oppression of city lords, formed autonomous groups, established the control of feudal lords, and armed themselves with self-defense forces to protect their own interests. This kind of city for self-knowledge is called "commune". Commune still recognized some rights of feudal owners, continued to pay taxes and undertake labor according to regulations, and feudal owners had to recognize the autonomy of commune.

[Edit this paragraph] Internationale

After the failure of the Paris Commune, under the cover of the masses, he hid in the attic of the house of martel Kit and survived. On this sad day, he can't be calm. On May 30th, he wrote a magnificent poem-"International" that shocked the whole world with a fighting pen, and officially declared "fire" to the enemy.

1887, he died in poverty, and the people of Paris held a grand funeral for him. In the second year after his death, Bill Degeyter, a French worker composer, wrote a tune for The International with passion. Since then, it has become the favorite song of proletarians all over the world. From France to Qianshan, it has spread all over the world. The Spanish version of The Internationale appeared in 1890, translated into Norwegian in 1899, German, English and Italian in 190 1. Party member Coates, the Russian Bolshevik Party who translated this song, chose only one, two or six of the six lyrics. 1923, Qu Qiubai translated it from Russian into Chinese, so the Internationale sung in China was only three paragraphs.

Lenin wrote in Eugè ne poitier, an article commemorating the 25th anniversary of poitier's death: "No matter which country he came to, no matter where fate threw him, no matter how he felt that he was a foreigner, unable to speak, unaccompanied and far away from the motherland, he could find his comrades and friends through the familiar tune of The Internationale."

The Internationale is cadenced, impassioned, emotional and profound. The Internationale represents a rebellious spirit of the people at the bottom of society, a spirit of resisting oppression, tyranny and exploitation. Where there is oppression, tyranny and exploitation, there is the voice of the Internationale!

Fallon portal's words, Faber Degate's music.

Get up, hungry slaves, get up, people suffering all over the world!

Full of blood is boiling, fighting for truth!

The old world is out of water, and slaves are up!

Don't say that we have nothing, we want to be masters of the world!

There has never been a savior, nor does it rely on the immortal emperor.

Creating human happiness depends on ourselves!

We should recapture the fruits of labor and let our thoughts break through the cage.

Let that stove burn red quickly, and you can succeed while the iron is hot!

Who created the human world? It's us working people.

Everything belongs to workers, how can we tolerate parasites!

I hate those poisonous snakes and beasts, they have eaten up our flesh and blood.