From 65438 to 1970s, Britain, known as the "factory of the world", produced more coal, iron and cotton than the United States, Germany and France combined. However, 20 years later, in the 1990s, American industrial production ran ahead, ranking first in the world. At the beginning of the 20th century, Germany also surpassed Britain in industrial production, ranking second in the world. 1870, the output of coal, iron and steel produced in Germany was 2 1%, 18% and 26% of the total output of Britain and France respectively. To 19 13, soaring to 57% and 123% respectively.
Before the 1990s, Germany only pursued the "European policy" and concentrated its efforts on hegemony in Europe according to its strength at that time. After 90' s, the "world policy" was carried out, and the requirement of re-dividing colonies was put forward.
At that time, the colonies were mainly seized by imperialist powers such as Britain, Russia and France, among which Britain seized the most. In 19 14, the area occupied by Britain reached 33.5 million square kilometers, which was about 130 times that of Britain. Followed by Russia, 19 14 years, the colonial area occupied by Russia reached17 million square kilometers, about 3.2 times of its native area; The third is France. 19 14 years, the colonial area occupied by France has reached10.6 million square kilometers, which is about 2 1 times the local area. 1884, Germany occupied Togo, Cameroon and southwest Africa in Africa, 1885, and occupied a part of New Guinea and its adjacent islands in the Pacific Ocean. Germany thinks that it has too few colonies and strongly demands to carve up the world again, which has caused sharp contradictions between imperialism.
Before the outbreak of World War I, the main contradiction was:
The contradiction between Britain and Germany. The First World War was the result of the intensification of the contradiction between Britain and Germany. Relying on its own strength, Britain finally defeated Napoleon in 18 15 through competition with the Netherlands and France, established world hegemony, and formed a colonial empire spanning five continents, known as "the sun never sets".
The most competitive place between Germany and Britain is the Middle East and the Near East, which is the transportation hub of Europe, Asia and Africa. In addition, rich oil resources were discovered in the Persian Gulf at the beginning of the 20th century. Britain not only wants to maintain its hegemonic position, but also wants to further seize the colonies of Germany and other countries in Africa and other places and defeat Germany.
The contradiction between Russia and Germany. The regions that Russia and Germany compete for are mainly in the Balkans and Turkey. Russia has always regarded the Balkans and Turkey as its sphere of influence; Germany also wants to establish its own rule here. 1903, Germany signed a treaty with Turkey and won the right to build the Baghdad railway. This Baghdad railway starts from the Bosphorus, enters Mesopotamia via Asia Minor, and reaches the Persian Gulf, connecting Berlin, Constantinople and Baghdad. German military and economic forces can reach the Near East and the Persian Gulf directly, and control the whole of Turkey and Asia Minor. This not only intensified the contradiction between Russia and Germany, but also intensified the contradiction between Britain and Germany, because it threatened Britain's colonial interests in North Africa, West Asia and India.
The contradiction between France and Germany. 187 1 After the Franco-Prussian War, Germany seized Alsace and Lorraine in France through the Frankfurt Peace Treaty, forced France to pay 5 billion francs, and wanted to completely destroy France through war. France, on the other hand, has been preparing for a "revenge" war, to recover Alsace and Lorraine occupied by Germany, and to seize the Saar region of Germany. In addition, Germany's attempt to carve up the world according to its strength also threatened France, because its colonies were second only to Britain and Russia. At the beginning of the 20th century, the focus of the conflict between France and Germany was the struggle for Morocco.
/kloc-In the 1990s of 0/9, when German capitalism was overtaking Britain, the relationship between Britain and Germany suddenly changed greatly. Faced with the severe challenge of Germany and its struggle for world hegemony, Britain tried to form an alliance with other countries. As France has always been a deadly enemy of Germany, Britain turned to France. * * * The same interests and demands made Britain and France bury the hatchet, ended the long-standing feud, and signed an agreement in 1904, which adjusted the contradiction between the two countries on the colonial issue: France gave up its hostile attitude towards the British occupation of Egypt for decades and officially recognized Egypt as a British colony; Britain agreed to the French occupation of Morocco. The agreement between Britain and France eased the struggle between the two countries and urged them to jointly deal with Germany.
From 189 1 to 1893, Russia and France conducted a series of diplomatic consultations and signed military agreements. These consultations and agreements are collectively referred to as the "Russian-French Agreement". In order to fight against Germany, Russia needs to find a stronger ally, Britain, in addition to France's assistance. Britain and Russia concluded an agreement in 1907, which adjusted their spheres of influence in Iran, Afghanistan and China and Tibet. They divided Iran into three parts: Russia in the north, Britain in the south and a buffer zone in the middle. Russia also recognizes Afghanistan as Britain's sphere of influence. With regard to Tibet in China, both Britain and Russia pretend to have the obligation of non-interference, recognize Tibet as a part of China, and negotiate with Tibet through the China government. The signing of the British-Russian agreement marks the final formation of the "three-country agreement" between Britain, France and Russia.
As for the "Allies" group, it was formed as early as 65438+1980s. 1879, in response to Russia's expansion in the Balkans, Germany and Austria isolated France and concluded a military alliance treaty. 188 1 year, Italy lost the battle with France for Tunisia, and with the help of Germany, Italy turned to Germany and Austria. 1882, Germany, Austria and Italy signed an alliance treaty in Vienna. In the tripartite alliance, Germany is the leader and Italy is an unstable temporary ally.
At the beginning of the 20th century, international political crises and local wars continued. For example, the first moroccan crises occurred from 1905 to 1906; Bosnian crisis from 1908 to1909; Second moroccan crises1911; The Italian-Turkish War ranged from 19 1 1 to1912; 1912 ~1913 two balkan wars. This series of crises and wars finally led to the outbreak of world war 19 14.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Balkans became a place where the great powers fought fiercely for hegemony. The Ottoman Turkish Empire still controls a large area of the Balkans. Many Yugoslavs, Bulgarians and Greeks are still under the rule and oppression of Turkish feudal lords, and Albanians are not completely independent. People of all ethnic groups demand the overthrow of Turkish rule and the establishment of their own independent and unified nation-state. Russia tried its best to use the anti-soil struggle of the people of all ethnic groups in the Balkans to expand its power in the Balkans and seize the Bosporus Strait and the Da Daniil Strait. Austria-Hungary was afraid that the Balkan national liberation movement would affect the rule of its multi-ethnic country and resolutely opposed the national liberation movement. Germany blocked the national liberation movement in the Balkans for world hegemony. 1908, Austria-Hungary formally annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina.
19 1 1 year, the competition between Germany and France for Morocco triggered a new war crisis. Britain came forward to support France, and Germany was forced to make temporary concessions. Before moroccan crises passed, a war broke out between Italian and Turkish. Italy fought for Tripoli, Turkey's North African territory. When Britain, Germany and France were involved in moroccan crises, they launched a war against Turkey. The Turks were quickly defeated and forced to cede Tripoli and Planus to Italy.
The smoke of the Italian-Turkish war has not yet dispersed, and the war in the Balkans has started again. Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria won their independence after a long struggle. Independent countries demanded the complete expulsion of Turkish oppressors and formed alliances one after another. 1912 In March, Serbia and Bulgaria established an anti-Turkey alliance. Soon, Greece and Montenegro joined in, formed a four-nation anti-Turkey alliance, and launched a war against Turkey in June 5438+10. Shortly after the war began, the Turkish army was defeated. In mid-February, Turkey was forced to make peace, which was the first Balkan war.
Soon, another conflict broke out within the Balkan Union. 1 965438+On June, 20031day, Serbia and Greece established an anti-Bulgaria alliance, and then Romania joined the alliance. Together with Montenegro and Turkey, the second Balkan War broke out with Bulgaria.
Under the influence of the Ba-Yu War, the national liberation movement in Bosnia and Herzegovina continued to advance, and they urgently demanded to get rid of the rule of Austria-Hungary and merge with Serbia. Austria-Hungary resolutely opposed and strangled Yugoslavia's national reunification movement by annexing Serbia.
After entering the 20th century, several capitalist economic crises appeared one after another, which became the catalyst of the First World War.
1965438+In June 2004, the troops of Austria-Hungary held a military exercise in Bosnia near the Serbian border, taking Serbia as the imaginary enemy. On June 28th, Ferdinand arrived in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, for a visit after watching a three-day military exercise and reviewing the army. Ferdinand and his wife attended the welcoming ceremony held at the city hall. When they drove to the corner of a street, Serbian patriotic youth Princip shot them with a pistol on the spot.
1965438+On July 23, 2004, Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to the Serbian government, demanding that Serbia severely ban all anti-Olympic organizations. Austria-Hungary, determined to go to war, still severed diplomatic relations with Serbia on the pretext of not getting a satisfactory answer, and officially declared war on Serbia on the 28th. Russia came forward to support Serbia, announced the general mobilization of war, and France supported Russia.
1 In August, Germany declared war on Russia. On the 3rd, Germany declared war on France again. On the 4th, the Germans invaded Belgium. On the same day, Britain declared war on Germany on the pretext that Germany violated Belgium's neutrality. Montenegro declared war on Austria-Hungary on the 5th and Germany on the 8th. On 23rd, Japan declared war on Germany, and on 25th, it declared war on Austria-Hungary.
1965438+On August 28th, 2004, the German navy was defeated in a naval battle near Helgolan in the North Sea, and the German fleet was blocked from its naval base. At the same time, the coasts of Germany and Austria-Hungary were also blocked.
After the war broke out, three fronts were formed in the European battlefield: Belgium, northern France and the German-French border formed the Western Front, where the armies of Britain, France and Belgium mainly fought against the Germans; From the south bank of the Baltic Sea to Romania, the eastern line was formed, where the Russian army fought with the German and Austrian troops; Along the Danube and sava river, the Balkan front was formed, where the Austro-Hungarian army fought against the Serbian army. In addition, in the South Caucasus of Asia, Russian and Turkish armies are at war; In the two river basins and Palestine, British and Turkish troops are at war. The main battlefield of World War I was in Europe.
1965438+On August 4th, 2004, the German right wing first launched a surprise attack and invaded neutral Belgium. The German high command originally thought it was easy to capture Belgium, and it only took a week to invade France through Belgium. Unexpectedly, when they met the loyal opposition, the Germans were stuck in the Liege fortress for three days and did not occupy Brussels until the 20th. During this period, the British expeditionary force quickly arrived in France and entered the position on the 22 nd. After the occupation of Brussels, the Germans marched into northern France in five ways. From 22nd to 24th, the German army defeated the British and French troops in the battles of Charleroi and Mons. The French army was completely defeated and the Germans continued to advance to Paris. On September 3rd, the German striker was only 15km away from the French capital. Paris panicked and the French government moved to Bordeaux.
From September 5 to 10, the French and German armies fought a decisive battle in the Marne River, and both sides invested1520,000 troops. The fighting was fierce, with more than 40,000 French casualties/kloc-0 and nearly 2 100 German casualties. On June 5438+00, the Germans were forced to retreat and hold the Ain River, and the two armies confronted each other.
On the eastern front, in order to cooperate with the Allies and contain the Germans, the Russian army sent two army groups, Lenin Kemp and Sason, to attack East Prussia in mid-August. There are about 300,000 German troops in East Prussia, and the number of Russian troops is almost twice that of German troops. At first, both Russian army groups won some victories, but due to the incompetence of commanders and the defects of staff work, the two army groups did not cooperate closely. There is a gap of 1 10 km in the middle. From the intercepted Russian telegrams, the Germans learned about the transfer of Russian troops and quickly counterattacked. At the end of August, in the Tannenburg area, Sason's army was first surrounded and defeated by German troops under the command of Hindenburg and ludendorff. Nearly 30,000 soldiers were killed, drowned in the lake, 90,000 people were captured, and Sason committed suicide. The Germans turned around and surrounded the Camp Lai Ning army, also losing 654.38+045,000 men. Russian troops were forced to retreat to the Neman River, and German troops invaded Russian territory.
In the southwest battlefield of the eastern front, the Russian army defeated the Austro-Hungarian army; German troops from the western front who supported Austria-Hungary were also repelled by Russian troops. Russian troops surrounded the fortress of Przemysil and reached the foot of Carpathian Mountain. 5438+From the end of September to the middle of June, the armies of both sides launched many attacks, but little progress was made. By the end of 65438+February, the eastern front was also in a state of approximate positional warfare. On the Balkan front, the poorly equipped but high-spirited Serbian army bravely fought against the Austro-Hungarian army. From August to 65438+February, the Austro-Hungarian army invaded Serbia three times and occupied Belgrade twice, but both were repelled by the Serbian army. By 65438+February, the Austro-Hungarian army was completely expelled from Serbia. In addition to the above three fronts on the European continent, wars have also taken place in West Asia, Africa and the Far East. After Turkey officially declared war on the Allies in June 5438+0914,65438+10/4, Britain took the opportunity to announce Egypt's secession from Turkey in June 5438+08 and became its own "protectorate". In the following years, Britain invaded Mesopotamia, occupied Baghdad, and marched into Palestine, Syria and other places. In Africa, the British army took the opportunity to capture Germany's African colonies: Togo, Cameroon, southwest Africa and southeast Africa. In the Far East, with the assistance of the British army, the Japanese occupied Shandong, China, and captured Qingdao in165438+1October. During this period, the Japanese army also successively occupied the Marshall Islands, Mariana Islands and Caroline Islands in the Pacific Ocean.
1915 65438+1from October to March, several large-scale battles took place on the eastern front. Russian troops occupied the Carpathian Pass, and 120000 Austro-Hungarian troops stationed in the fortress of Przewalski Miesl surrendered to Russian troops, but when Russian troops attacked East Prussia again, they were defeated by German troops.
In May, Germany and Austria concentrated 18 division and 2000 cannons, under the command of German general Meigensen, launched a 30-kilometer-long attack on the Russian southwest front, breaking through the Russian front. The Russian army was forced to retreat across the board, and it was not until mid-September that the Russian front stabilized. In five months, Russia lost Poland, Lithuania and parts of the Baltic Sea, with 850,000 Russian casualties and 900,000 captured. Tsar Nicholas II dismissed the post of Commander-in-Chief of Grand Duke nikolayevich and became Commander-in-Chief. By the end of September, the Eastern Front had entered a positional war.
In April of the same year, Britain and France also sent an expeditionary force of 80,000 people to land at the southernmost tip of the Daniil Strait, occupying half of the southern tip of gallipoli Island, but the Turkish army under the command of German generals prevented the British and French troops from advancing. In August, Britain sent another 654.38 million troops to land. After occupying a narrow strip with a width of 17 km and a depth of 4 km, the route was blocked by the Turkish army. 19 15 At the end of the year, the British army had to give up its plan to occupy the Da Daniil Strait and withdraw its troops.
Italy fought in the allied forces at the end of May, 19 15. Originally a member of the Allies, it declared neutrality after the war broke out. The Italian ruling class bargained with the warring parties, and after negotiations, the Allies agreed to Italy's demands. On 26 April 2005, Britain, France, Russia and Italy signed a secret agreement in London. According to this agreement, after the war, Italy can get southern Tyrol, Trentino, Trieste, Istrad, Dalmatia and parts of Asia Minor. On May 23rd, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary.
Italy's participation in the war did not have a major impact on the whole war situation. 12 from June 6 to February 23, Italy dispatched 39 divisions and held four attacks on the banks of the Yichongzuo River, losing hundreds of thousands of people, but with no results.
19 15, the two warring countries continued to fight for Bulgaria. The Bulgarian ruling class also took the opportunity to bargain with both sides, demanding Macedonia and Dobrucha, and the allies agreed to their territorial claims. Bulgaria saw the Allied victory on the Eastern Front and thought that Germany and Austria would win. So on September 3, 2005, Bulgaria signed a military agreement with Germany, Austria and Turkey, and decided to join the Allies to jointly fight against the Allies.
After Bulgaria entered the war, at the end of September, the Allies assembled 350,000 German-Austrian troops on the border of Ossetia and 300,000 Bulgarian troops on the border of Bulgaria and Serbia, preparing to strike a fatal blow against Serbia. Only 250,000 troops in Serbia are resisting the armies of Germany, Austria and Bulgaria. 654381October 5, German and Austrian troops attacked from the north, occupied Belgrade, and pressed Serbian troops to the south. 12, Bulgarian troops attacked from the east, cutting off the road for Serbian troops to retreat to Greece.
19 15 At the beginning of this year, the British and French allied forces carried out many attacks according to the plan of Fei Xia, commander-in-chief of the French army, in an attempt to break through the German front, forcing the Germans to retreat to the other side of the Maas River and end the war. As a result, hundreds of thousands of soldiers lost their lives but made no progress. In the Battle of ypres in April, the Germans used poison gas for the first time, and the British and French troops suffered heavy losses. Later, Britain and France also used chemical weapons. This year, German Led Zeppelin began to bomb Britain, which was the first time in history to bomb enemy lines from a distance. At the beginning of the war, the two sides used planes for military purposes, mainly for reconnaissance and commanding artillery firing, and then used them in the war on a large scale.
In order to attack Verdun, the Germans deployed 270,000 troops from 17 Division and more than 400 cannons from various battlefields. The French army has only 65438+ Wan Shoujun and more than 600 cannons in Verdun. 1965438+February 2 1, in 2006, the battle began. The Germans attacked the narrow triangle near Verdun with unprecedented firepower. Throughout the day, intensive shells and incendiary bombs kept bombarding and releasing poison gas. After the German shelling, on the evening of 2 1 and 22/,the main infantry attacked the French army, and the two armies started hand-to-hand combat. On the 25th, the Germans occupied Dumont Highland and took control of Fort Verdun and the whole area. The French front was cut into several sections, and all communication lines with the rear were cut off. In mid-June, the German army had advanced to a place only 6 kilometers away from Verdun, and fought to the death with the French army until the end of the year. Of the 70 divisions of the French National Army, 66 have participated in this battle. Germany invested 46 divisions. Due to the cooperation of the French loyal opposition and other fronts, the pressure on the French army was relieved, and the Germans never captured Verdun. This large-scale bloody conflict caused more than100000 casualties on both sides.
1 in July, the allied forces launched a large-scale offensive on the banks of the somme, with the British army as the main attack direction. This is a huge war of attrition, with casualties on both sides reaching 654.38+0.2 million. In this campaign, a new weapon tank developed by Britain was put into battle for the first time. The battle between Verdun and the Somme continued until the end of 19 16, with nearly 2 million casualties on both sides.
When the battle of Verdun was still in full swing, the German command ordered the navy to attack. From May 3 1 day to June 1 day, the British and German navies launched a fierce battle in the Skagger Strait in northern Europe, which was the Jutland naval battle. Britain dispatched 15 1 warship, and Germany dispatched 10 1 warship. As a result of fierce fighting, Britain lost 14 ships and Germany lost 1 1 ships. The German navy failed to break the passive situation and had to return to the naval base, afraid to go to sea.
On the southern front, the Austro-Hungarian army began to attack the Italian army on May 15. The Italian army suffered heavy losses; The Austro-Hungarian army broke into the Venice Plain, threatening the defense of the Italian army from the rear. Italy asked Russia for emergency help, and the Russian high command ordered Russian troops in Broussy to launch an all-out attack on the southwest front from June 4th. Russian troops broke through the Austria-Hungary front, occupied parts of Bukovina and Galicia, reoccupied the Carpathian mountain pass, and captured more than 400,000 Austrian-Hungarian troops.
The victory of Russian troops in the southwest front attracted Romania to participate in the allied war. 17 In August, Britain, France, Russia, Italy and Romania signed a secret treaty recognizing Romania's post-war merger of Transylvania and Banat. On the 28th, Romania officially declared war on the Allies. In September, Bulgarian troops and German troops invaded Romania respectively; In February 65438, the Germans occupied Bucharest and Romania was defeated. After the German-Austrian Group occupied Romania, it seized the grain and oil they badly needed. Romania's rout extended the eastern front of the allied forces by another 500 kilometers.
19 17, demonstrations and political strikes against the imperialist war broke out in various parts of Russia. 12 In March (February 27th, Russian calendar), at the call of Bolshevik Party, workers and soldiers in Petrograd held an armed uprising and overthrew the Romanov dynasty which had ruled Russia for 300 years. Armed workers and soldiers set up engineers to represent the Soviet Union in the uprising. In February 65438, the United States declared war on Austria-Hungary.
America's participation in the war strengthened the strength of the Allies. Because Germany carried out unrestricted submarine warfare, it invaded many neutral countries and aroused indignation all over the world. The United States seized this opportunity to participate in the war and had great political influence. Many neutral countries sided with the allies, and Cuba and Panama declared war on Germany after the United States. Then, China, Greece, Brazil, Liberia and Siam (Thailand) also declared war on Germany.
After the victory of the Russian bourgeois-democratic revolution in February, the Bolshevik Party, under the leadership of Lenin, put forward the slogan "All political power belongs to the Soviet Union" and called on the people to take advantage of the excellent situation of the domestic revolution to push the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist revolution. After rectification and accumulation of strength,1October 7 (19 1 17), workers and revolutionary soldiers successfully launched an armed uprising, overthrew the bourgeois provisional government and established the first socialist country in human history.
1On the second day after the victory of the socialist revolution in October, that is,19171.8, the second congress of the all-Russian Soviet passed the "Peace Decree" and put forward the proposal of concluding a peace agreement immediately without ceding land or paying compensation.
The allies rejected the peace proposal of the Soviet government. So the Soviet government negotiated with Germany alone and the two sides signed an armistice agreement.
1965438+in March 2008, the Germans began to attack the western front. German input 197 division. British and French investment 167 division. Both sides have nearly 65438+100000 light artillery and 6000 heavy artillery. The Germans have 3000 planes, and Britain and France have 3800. There are 200 tanks in Germany and more than 800 in Britain and France.
Germany * * * held four large-scale attacks. For the first time, from March 2 1 to April 4, the main target of the German attack was Amiens. 500,000 Germans launched an attack on the 90-kilometer-long front, breaking through the British and French defense lines and making the British and French troops lose contact. The Germans advanced 60 kilometers in some places. However, the British army retreated and reinforced at the same time, and finally blocked the gap and stabilized the front line. Germany's strategic goal was not realized.
After this battle, the Allied Forces established the Allied Command in order to strengthen unified command. On April 4th, French general Fauci was appointed commander-in-chief of the Allied Forces, and both Haig, commander of the British Expeditionary Force, and Pershing, commander of the American Army were under his command.
On the 9th, the Germans began their second attack. The Germans attacked the British left wing with 44 divisions, and the fighting continued until the 30th. The Germans pushed 15 20 kilometers, captured some British troops and captured many trophies, but the Germans also suffered140,000 casualties.
From May 27th to June 4th, the Germans launched the third offensive, occupied Soisson, and crossed the Marne River, only 37km away from Paris. Although the Germans can bomb Paris with long-range artillery, they still have not achieved the goal of annihilating the British and French allied forces.
On July 15, the Germans launched the fourth and final offensive, and the front line extended to both sides of Lancaster 100 km, and the Germans attacked south. After only two days of fighting, the Germans were defeated, losing 6.5438+0.6 million people.
In these four offensives, which lasted for four months, the Germans lost 700,000 people, and they were exhausted and desperately short of arms.
On August 8th, Allied Commander-in-Chief Fauci ordered a counterattack to annihilate the German16th Division in Amiens. In September, the allied forces attacked all fronts and quickly broke through hindenburg line.
The difficulties of the allies are getting bigger and bigger. First of all, Bulgaria can't support it anymore. 1965438+ surrendered on September 29th, 2008. Turkey also announced its withdrawal from the war on June+10/October 3 1 day, 65438, and signed a surrender agreement with its allies. The Austro-Hungarian Empire, once a behemoth and a multi-ethnic prison in Central Europe, began to fall apart. Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland and Hungary declared their independence one after another. The frontline soldiers refused to continue fighting, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire could not fight any more. June 3rd 1 1. At this point, only Germany was left in the Allies. Its failure on the battlefield is irreversible; The domestic revolution has become a prairie fire. 1918165438+10. On 9 October, Berlin workers and soldiers, led by Liebknecht, Luxemburg and others, held an armed uprising, overthrew the reactionary rule of the Hohensolen dynasty, and Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to the Netherlands.
In this case, the German monopoly bourgeoisie and the Yong Ke landlords stepped up their collusion with the joint imperialist groups in order to preserve the reactionary regime, hoping to conclude an armistice agreement as soon as possible in order to preserve the reactionary armed forces and suppress the revolutionary movement. The Allies Group also believes that if the German people's revolution is successful, the Allies' attempt to strangle Soviet Russia by using German reactionary forces will not be realized, and the revolution will endanger their own rule. For the same purpose, the imperialist powers also need to stop the war. 19181kloc-0/1at 5 am, the two sides signed an agreement and Germany declared its surrender. According to the terms of the agreement, Germany must withdraw its German troops from France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Alsace, Lorraine and the left bank of the Rhine within 15 days. Germans must also completely withdraw from Turkey, Romania, Austria-Hungary and African colonies. According to the agreement, Germany must hand over 5,000 cannons, 30,000 machine guns, 3,000 mortars, 2,000 planes, 5,000 locomotives, 6,543,805 carriages and 6,543,800 trucks. Germany must also hand over the 160 submarine and more than 70 various warships.
The signing of the Compiegne Armistice Agreement marked the official end of the First World War.