Stage characteristics
Since the reform and opening up, the growth of farmers' income in China can be roughly divided into five stages. In 1980s and the first half of 1990s, farmers' income increased rapidly, and farmers got more benefits. Income growth in other stages is relatively slow.
The first stage: 1978 ~ 1984. This is a stage of rapid growth of farmers' income. During this period, the per capita net income of farmers increased from 133.57 yuan to 355.33 yuan, with an average annual increase of 17.7% (after deducting the price effect, it still reached 15.9%), and the net cash income increased by 23.9% annually. The implementation of the household contract responsibility system has mobilized the enthusiasm of hundreds of millions of farmers, increased the total amount of agricultural products, greatly increased the prices of bulk agricultural products, and directly increased farmers' income.
The second stage: 1985 ~ 1988. This is a stage of slow growth of farmers' income. At this stage, due to inflation, although the nominal growth rate of farmers' per capita net income is not low, the real growth rate of farmers' per capita net income is only 1.9% after deducting the impact of rising prices. From 65438 to 0984, it was difficult to sell agricultural products for the first time. Adjusting rural industrial structure, developing diversified economy and developing township enterprises have become the main factors for farmers' income growth.
The third stage: 1989 ~ 199 1 year. This is the stagnant stage of farmers' income. During this period, the per capita net income of farmers actually increased by 0.7%. During this period, the nominal growth rate of farmers' per capita net income was not high, and the per capita net income actually increased very little. 1989 nominal growth of per capita net income of farmers 10.38%, real growth-10.6%. This is the only negative growth of farmers' net income after the reform and opening up.
The fourth stage: 1992 ~ 1996. This is the stage of farmers' income recovery growth, during which the per capita net income of farmers actually increased by 5.6% and cash increased by 24.4%. At this stage, the prices of agricultural products, especially grain, were raised twice, and at the same time, the state increased its investment in agriculture, which promoted the increase of farmers' income.
The fifth stage: from 1997, the growth rate of farmers' income continued to decline. From 65438 to 0997, the agricultural development in China entered a new stage. Although the total amount of agricultural products has increased, farmers' income from selling agricultural products has decreased due to price factors. At the same time, the income of farmers in township enterprises has not increased much, the income of labor services entering cities and going out to work has decreased, and the income of non-agricultural industries has declined. Although farmers' income has recovered from 200 1, it remains to be seen whether a new round of growth has begun.
Industrial characteristics
Output of agricultural products. In the early days of reform and opening up, the output of agricultural products made an important contribution to increasing farmers' income. From 1978 to 1984, China's grain output increased by 4.9% annually, and other agricultural products were generally harvested. Most of the increase in farmers' income comes from the increase in agricultural output. Agricultural bumper harvest also played an important role during 1992 ~ 1996. It is estimated that the increase in grain output alone directly contributed 22% to the increase in farmers' income.
Agricultural product prices. 1979, the state also raised the purchase price of 18 kinds of agricultural and sideline products, with an average price increase of 24.8%, from which farmers benefited greatly. 1994 and 1996, the state twice raised the purchase price of agricultural and sideline products by 40%. It is estimated that 40% of the increase in farmers' income from 1992 to 1996 comes from the increase in agricultural product prices. In recent years, the sustained low prices of agricultural products are the main reason for the decrease in agricultural income. After the reform and opening up, the price ratio of industrial and agricultural products in China has been developing in the direction of benefiting agricultural products. 1978, the comprehensive price ratio of industrial and agricultural products was 100, and 1996, the comprehensive price ratio index of industrial and agricultural products dropped to 53.0%. After the agricultural development entered a new stage, the price comparison of industrial and agricultural products changed in the opposite direction. By 2000, the comprehensive price index of industrial and agricultural commodities rose to 67.8, and the terms of exchange of agricultural products deteriorated again. This restricts the growth of farmers' income.
Income from migrant workers. Migrant workers are the main source of farmers' income growth in recent years. 1999 In the case that the remuneration of migrant workers decreased by more than 3%, the income of migrant workers still increased by 1 1.7% due to the increase of migrant workers. Under the circumstance that agricultural income cannot be increased, non-agricultural employment opportunities have increased under the impetus of macro policies, which has become the most important source of farmers' income. In 2000, the per capita income of farmers who went out to work and do business reached 72 yuan, which made an important contribution to increasing farmers' income.
local color
In 2000, the per capita net income of farmers in the eastern region was about 3,000 yuan, nearly 1000 yuan higher than that in the central region, and about twice as much as that in the western region. There was a big gap in farmers' income between regions. Although the income gap between farmers in the east, middle and west has a long history, in the 1990s, the regional differences became more obvious.
The regional characteristics of rural residents' income growth in China are directly related to the specific industrial structure. The income of farmers in the main producing areas of staple crops such as grain and cotton has declined for several consecutive years.
1999, the number of provinces with negative growth of farmers' net income increased from 2 in 1998 to 5, that is, the per capita income of Shanxi decreased by 4.6% compared with the previous year; 79 yuan per capita in Liaoning decreased by 3.1%compared with the previous year; Jilin's per capita income decreased by 123 yuan, down by 5.2% over the previous year; 87 yuan per capita in Heilongjiang decreased by 3.9% over the previous year; The per capita income in Xinjiang decreased by 127 yuan, down by 7.9% over the previous year. In 2000, the per capita net income of farmers in three northeastern provinces, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Guangxi showed negative growth.
It is worth noting that in recent years, with the implementation of the western development strategy, the income growth of farmers in the western region has been relatively accelerated.
In 2000, the income of farmers in 12 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities 16 15 yuan increased by 2.3%, which was higher than the national average of10.95% and even higher than the growth rate of per capita net income of farmers in major grain producing areas in central China (10.2%).
As for why these achievements can be achieved ~ ~ ~
1. First of all, China's reform and opening up has always been guided by very strong leaders, and China has adopted a gradual approach, with pilot projects first and then comprehensive promotion and gradual development. Through economic reform, China has improved the incentive mechanism and improved the collective and individual welfare.
2. Secondly, China's reform has always adhered to the principle of seeking truth from facts, and "emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts" is the essence of Deng Xiaoping Theory. According to the new problems and situations encountered in the reform and opening up, China has constantly summed up its experience and formed a development model suitable for China's national conditions. At the same time, China has actively helped other developing countries get rid of poverty and made positive contributions to the prosperity of the world.
3. The slogan "Science is the first productive force" put forward by Deng Xiaoping encouraged and promoted the development of science and technology in China.
4。 The hard work of the working people is also an indispensable factor.
5。 Attach importance to the cultivation of talents and increase investment in education, such as implementing nine-year compulsory education, so as to improve the quality and skills of workers.
6。 Opening to the outside world and introducing advanced technology; International cooperation has been strengthened.
7 correct policies and leadership
A relatively safe international environment.
China is rich in resources.
Interviewee: Wizard Entry Level 2 6- 10 16: 18
Analysis of China's Modernization Process since Reform and Opening-up.
1978 The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of communist party, China marked that the people of China began to truly and consciously understand modernization, formulated a series of correct lines, principles and policies, reopened the mechanism of socialist modernization, made clear the urgency of socialist modernization in China, and created a new situation of fully realizing socialist modernization.
First, put forward the idea of "taking the road of China modernization"
In order to completely correct the wrong line of the ten-year "Cultural Revolution" and set things right, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party decided to shift the focus of the Party's work to socialist modernization. After the shift of the focus of the Party's work is completed, the central task of how to build a socialist modern country is prominently placed in front of the whole Party and the people of the whole country. 1March, 979, Deng Xiaoping clearly stated: "Now, the construction should also be suitable for China's national conditions and embark on a Chinese-style modernization road." [1](P 163) He also analyzed two important features that China must pay attention to in its modernization drive, namely, a weak foundation, a large population and less arable land. At the 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Deng Xiaoping put forward the scientific conclusion of "Building Socialism with Chinese characteristics" and the basic direction of modernization on the basis of summing up China's revolution and construction experience. 1984 10 Deng Xiaoping emphasized that "both revolution and construction should go their own way" and that "the success of the China revolution is that Comrade Mao Zedong combined Marxism-Leninism with the reality of China and went his own way. Now that China is engaged in construction, it is also necessary to combine the main meaning of Marxism-Leninism with the reality of China and take its own path. " [2] (P94 ~ 95) 1987 In August, Deng Xiaoping particularly emphasized: "The Thirteenth National Congress of our Party should clarify that China's socialism is in the primary stage, which is the primary stage of socialism. Socialism itself is the primary stage of socialism, and we in China are in the primary stage of socialism, that is, the underdeveloped stage. Everything must proceed from this reality and make plans according to this reality. " [2](P225) At this point, the idea of "taking the road of modernization in China" has matured and become the fundamental guiding ideology for formulating various principles and policies and carrying out various tasks.
The core of the theory of "China's Modernization Road" is the idea of overall modernization. Compared with the previous thought of "China's road to industrialization", it not only emphasizes the importance of industrialization, but also emphasizes that China's modernization should be the unity of industrialization, political democratization and ideological and cultural modernization. In the concrete practice, we should not only pay attention to one of them, which will lead to various imbalances in the modernization process. Chinese-style modernization is an all-round modernization, which is expressed in the report of the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of China as: building China into a prosperous, strong, democratic and civilized socialist modern country. This expression has been used by the 14th and 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and has been fixed, which has become the goal of the whole party and the people of the whole country.
Two, "two civilizations" construction has become the main content of China's modernization process.
The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party completely brought order out of chaos, and the focus of the Party's work shifted to economic construction, which reflected the transformation from one-sided modernization to comprehensive modernization. The process of socialist modernization with the construction of material civilization and spiritual civilization as the main content will start again. After the start, we first paid attention to agricultural and rural work and implemented the household contract responsibility system, which made the agricultural landscape change obviously. By adjusting the industrial structure and solving the problem of imbalance between light and heavy industries, socialist modernization has embarked on the right road and created a new situation in socialist modernization.
1982, the 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of China defined the general task of the Party in the new historical period: unite the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country, work hard, gradually realize the modernization of industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology, and build China into a highly civilized and democratic socialist country. At that time, it was expounded in detail that socialist spiritual civilization and socialist material civilization are two inseparable and important features of socialism. In the actual process, on the one hand, because the reform and opening up has broken through the rigid economic system, the socialist commodity economy has flourished with an irresistible trend. Coastal areas, from south to north, have formed a vast border open zone. The development of high-tech industries not only promotes the coordinated development of the three major industries, but also promotes the growth of the entire national economy. On the other hand, ideal education, moral education and legal education are widely carried out in the whole society, and people's thoughts have broken through the shackles of old ideas. Pursue change, be brave in development, pursue practical results and form a trend. In practice, we have a further understanding of our historical stage and basic tasks. The 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of China formally put forward the theory of the primary stage of socialism, clearly pointing out that the basic task of the primary stage of socialism is to realize the industrialization, commercialization, socialization and modernization of production realized by many other countries under capitalist conditions. Established a "three-step" development strategy for China's economic construction. At that time and thereafter, although the international and domestic situation was complicated and changeable, domestic social stability, political stability and economic development ensured the continuation of reform, opening up and modernization. From the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China 1992, under the guidance of the idea of "accelerating the pace of reform, opening up and modernization and winning greater victories in Socialism with Chinese characteristics", it not only further accelerated the pace of modernization, but also broke through the shackles of "capital" and "society" ideologically and put forward the idea of establishing a socialist market economic system. Since then, the pace of socialist material civilization and spiritual civilization has accelerated, and the gross domestic product has increased year after year. The improvement of national quality and the development of human resources have greatly adapted to the rapid development of science and technology and the fierce competition of comprehensive national strength.
The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which is of great significance, established the party's basic program in the primary stage of socialism, and summed up the fundamental reasons for the success of reform, opening up and modernization in the past 20 years-overcoming the wrong thinking of surpassing the stage and resisting the wrong thinking of giving up the basic socialist system. It has comprehensively planned the strategic goal facing the 2 1 century, and put forward the great idea of economic industrialization, socialization, marketization and modernization.
Third, the basic experience of modernization in this period.
1. The development and application of science and technology is the key to realize socialist modernization. Over the past 20 years, the successful experience of modernization tells us that it is a very arduous historical task to realize socialist modernization in a big country with a large population, a weak foundation, a low overall level of culture, science and technology, and a per capita gross national product that still lags behind the world. It not only undertakes the task of completing traditional industrialization, but also undertakes the task of carrying out new industrial revolution. Under the situation of fierce competition between international economy and science and technology, science and technology is the key factor to change the backward face of China's productive forces as soon as possible and realize socialist modernization, and it is also the breakthrough for China to develop productive forces today.
In today's world, modern science and technology are advancing by leaps and bounds, and are being applied to production at an unprecedented scale and speed, making the face of all fields of social life change with each passing day. In this situation, if we want to realize the "four modernizations", we must pay more attention to relying on scientific and technological progress and improving the quality of workers than before. In agriculture, if we want to feed 22% of the world's population with 7% of the world's land, we must rely on science and technology, especially high-tech and scientific management methods such as biotechnology, computer technology and nuclear technology to transform traditional agriculture and develop new agriculture. In industry, we should use electronic information and automation technology, new energy and new material technology to transform traditional industries, use them in new product development, improve product quality and market competitiveness, realize the fundamental change of economic growth mode, and get out of the old road of "high input, high consumption and low efficiency". As for the modernization of national defense, it is even more inseparable from science and technology. In addition, the autonomy and scientificity of decision-making, the construction of socialist spiritual civilization and the all-round progress of society are also inseparable from science and technology.
2. Reform and opening up is the driving force to realize socialist modernization. More than 20 years ago, Deng Xiaoping profoundly pointed out that the "four modernizations" was a "great revolution". "Since this revolution is to greatly change the backward productive forces, it is necessary to change the relations of production, change the superstructure, and change the management mode of industrial and agricultural enterprises and the state's management mode of industrial and agricultural enterprises to meet the needs of a modern big economy. All economic fields need not only major technological reforms, but also major institutional and organizational reforms. Carrying out these reforms is the long-term interest of the people of the whole country. Otherwise, we can't get rid of the backward state of current production technology and production management. " [1] (p135 ~136) Here, Deng Xiaoping first revealed the internal relationship between reform and modernization: modernization itself is a revolution, and modernization can only be achieved through reform. Twenty years' practice has further deepened our understanding of these conclusions. Reforming the old system has adapted to the objective requirements of the development of productive forces, cleared the obstacles and opened the way for China's modernization. The reform has completed the transformation from traditional civilization to modern civilization, from economic politics to ideological culture, from production mode and lifestyle to behavior mode and thinking mode. Comprehensive reform promotes the continuous development of socialist modernization and creates conditions for the realization of comprehensive modernization.
Opening to the outside world not only adapts to the objective situation and development trend of the world economy, but also promotes the development of socialist modernization. China's modernization is increasingly inseparable from opening to the outside world. Opening to the outside world has strengthened exchanges and cooperation with other countries in the fields of trade, science and technology and culture. , promoting the development of productive forces, promoting the establishment of a socialist market economic system, improving China's economic management and scientific and technological level, expanding foreign trade and making up for the shortage of domestic construction funds. These are the direct driving forces of modernization. Continuing to deepen reform and open wider to the outside world is a lasting motive force for socialist modernization. Practice has also proved that reform and opening up is the only way for Socialism with Chinese characteristics's modernization.
3. Political stability is the guarantee to realize socialist modernization. It is a great undertaking to carry out social modernization in a big country with a population of nearly 654.38+0.3 billion. We have many favorable conditions and advantages, but there are also many unfavorable factors and difficulties, such as large population, relative shortage of resources, tight traffic, great employment pressure and deterioration of the ecological environment. Under such national conditions, if the whole people and Qi Xin work together for modernization, we can turn unfavorable factors into favorable ones and give full play to our advantages. On the other hand, if there is political instability, social unrest and division among the people, it will not only aggravate the original contradictions and difficulties, but also lose our favorable conditions and advantages, and modernization will not be realized. In this sense, maintaining political stability is an important guarantee for realizing modernization. In the words of Comrade Deng Xiaoping: "The overriding problem in China is the need for stability. Without a stable environment, nothing can be done and the achievements already made will be lost. " [2](P284) To this end, all the design of China's modernization should put social stability in the first place, and all the principles, policies and programs related to modernization should obey the most fundamental overall situation of stability.
Modernization and sustainable development must be unified. In the process of modernization, we must regard sustainable development as a major strategy. It is the consistent thought of Marxism to realize the harmonious development of man, society and nature. For China, a country with a large population and relatively insufficient resources, it is of special importance and urgency to implement the strategy of sustainable development and realize the unity of modernization and sustainable development internally. Put population control, resource conservation and environmental protection in an important position, adapt population growth to the development of social productive forces, coordinate economic construction with resources and environment, and realize a virtuous circle. We should not only do a good job in the current reform and modernization, but also think about our future generations. We must never eat the food of our ancestors, cut off the future of future generations, and never waste resources, polluting first and then treating it. We can't seek temporary development at the expense of long-term interests.
In a word, since the reform and opening up, China's socialist modernization has been based on the reality of China, absorbed and used for reference the modernization of the world and China, found a real way to build Socialism with Chinese characteristics's modernization, and realized the all-round development of economic, political and ideological and cultural modernization.