The cause of the war and the military preparations for the Japanese invasion of China have been planned for a long time. As early as 1868 (the seventh year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty), Emperor Meiji of Japan strongly advocated militarism at the beginning of his reign, and made foreign expansion a basic national policy. From the very beginning, he targeted aggression at neighboring North Korea and China. Meiji government paid close attention to the reform of military system, promoted modern military education and training, and actively expanded its troops to prepare for war. Before the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Japanese army had built six field divisions and 1 guards divisions, with an active force of123,000. During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan actually mobilized 2,40616 people, of whom 1740 17 people participated in the war abroad. Before the war, the Japanese navy had 32 warships and 24 torpedo boats with a displacement of over 62,000 tons. A large number of agents were sent to China and North Korea to collect military intelligence and draw detailed military maps.
The Qing government was well aware of Japan's aggressive ambition, and Li Hongzhang, the minister of Beiyang, once pointed out that Japan would be a "disaster in China". 1874 After Japan invaded Taiwan Province Province, especially after the Sino-French War, the Qing government strengthened the coastal defense construction, focusing on Beiyang, the gateway of the capital, with Japan as the main defense target. 1888, Beiyang navy was formally trained into an army, with 25 ships and 4000 officers and men. Before the Sino-Japanese War, beiyang fleet's Dagu, Ahava (now Weihai, Shandong) and Lushun (now Dalian, Liaoning) bases were built one after another. However, the political corruption and military reform in Qing dynasty basically stayed at the low stage of improving weapons and equipment. Although Lu Haijun has a total force of more than 800,000, its system is not smooth, its establishment is backward, its management is chaotic, its training is slack and its combat effectiveness is low.
1In the spring of 894, the peasant uprising of "Dongxue Party" broke out in North Korea, and the North Korean government requested the Qing government to send troops to help suppress it on June 3. The first troops of the Qing army arrived in North Korea on June 8. As early as June 2, the Japanese cabinet made a decision to invade North Korea and then go to war directly with the Qing army. The Japanese army first lured the Qing army into the DPRK by deception, and then dispatched a large number of Japanese troops to North Korea under the pretext of the Qing army's entry into the DPRK, and quickly seized the strategic location from Incheon to Seoul. At the same time, the wartime base camp was established as the highest institution to command the war of aggression. 19 In July, the Japanese ambassador to the DPRK, Keisuke, forced the DPRK government to abolish the Sino-DPRK trade treaty and expel the Qing army from the country according to the instructions of his Foreign Minister Luo Ozongguang. On the 23rd, the Japanese army brazenly captured the Korean Palace and set up a puppet government headed by Li Yunying, the monarch of the big courtyard. On the 25th, Big Bird ordered Dayuan Army to abolish all commercial agreements between China and North Korea, and "authorized" the Japanese army to expel the Qing army stationed in Yashan. On the same day, the Japanese joint fleet launched a naval battle in Toyota, and only launched a surprise attack on China troop carriers and escort ships in the waters near Toyota. The 9th Brigade of the 5th Division of the Japanese Army also launched an attack on Ye Zhichao, where the Qing army moved from Yashan to the city ring, on 29th, and the Qing army retreated to Pyongyang. /kloc-in August, the Qing government was forced to declare war on Japan. On the same day, Emperor Meiji also declared war.
Interviewee: hxj 22 1 1- Assistant Level 3 5-2 19:30.
There is no answer to this question. The first two answers are too detailed. Go away.
Responder: unforgettable memory-trainee magician level 2 5-2 2 1:09
Little Japan is shameless
Respondent: Sun Yang Boy-Scholar 3 5-3 09:52
In terms of the Qing army, there was no clear strategic policy and operational plan before the war.
Because the ruling group has different opinions on the main battle, the main battle and the main battle, and they are constrained by each other, there is no special operational command organization in advance and no strategic guidance for overall planning. He first hoped for the "mediation" of Russia, Britain and other countries, and then hastily declared war when the land and sea had already started, and ordered Li Hongzhang, the minister of Beiyang, to "strictly send troops from all walks of life to suppress it" and "attack the Japanese ships head-on when they enter the ports along the Yangtze River and catch the gang". ("Historical Materials on the Negotiations between Guangxu and Asahi in Qing Dynasty", Volume 16) is actually the operational policy of defending the sea and attacking the land. Accordingly, the Qing court decided to send more troops to North Korea, first focusing on Pyongyang, and then expelling the Japanese army from southern Korea; With the naval fleet guarding Haikou in their respective defense zones, beiyang fleet assembled in the northern part of the Yellow Sea to guard the Bohai Strait, ensure the security of the gateway of Gyeonggi, and cooperate with the Qing army to fight in the DPRK.
The whole war lasted for nearly nine months, and it was roughly divided into three stages according to the changes in the battlefield and the fighting situation between the two sides.
In the first stage, the Qing army retreated from Pyongyang to the Yalu River, and the Japanese navy gained the right to control the Yellow Sea. At the beginning of August, more than 10,000 people, including Wei, Zuo and Deputy Commanders of the Qing Army, arrived in Pyongyang successively. At that time, the Japanese army occupying Seoul was a mixed ninth brigade with more than 8,000 people.
In mid-August, it was difficult to predict the time of the main naval battle in Japan's base camp, and it was impossible to carry out the decisive battle in Zhili Plain during the year. Therefore, the first phase of its "business policy" was revised. In addition to sending the rest of the fifth division outside, the third division was also sent to participate in the war, and the two divisions were co-edited as 1 army. The army's containment action in North Korea was changed to offensive action. 1 Army fought in Pyongyang and attacked Fengtian (now Shenyang) with cameras. At the same time, it was decided to form the second army and take Liaodong Peninsula on standby to establish a forward base for the decisive battle in Zhili Plain.
At the beginning of September, the 5th and 3rd divisions of the Japanese army set out from Seoul and other places and advanced to Pyongyang in four ways, surrounding the Qing army in Pyongyang. Ye Zhichao, the magistrate who was recently defeated by Cheng Huan, was ordered by the ministries of President Pyongyang to clear the army. Due to his inability to defend the war, the ministries were divided. /kloc-in September of 0/5, the Japanese army attacked Pyongyang in three ways, and the fighting was fierce. In the afternoon, Xuanwu Gate fell. After nightfall, Ye Zhichao and others abandoned the city and fled. By 26th, they all retreated to China, north of the Yalu River.
While the army was fighting for the Korean Peninsula, the Japanese naval joint fleet also went to the western part of the Yellow Sea, and even rushed to Ahava and Lushun military port to challenge, in an attempt to find an opportunity to fight a decisive battle with beiyang fleet. After the Battle of Toyoshima, beiyang fleet was ordered to "protect the ship against the enemy", mainly cruising between Weihai and Lushun, and ceded the sea control right of the Yellow Sea to the Japanese navy. In early September, in view of the war in Pyongyang, the Qing court planned to send troops to help at sea quickly, and beiyang fleet was ordered to escort. On September 17, beiyang fleet was preparing to return from Dadonggoukou after completing the escort mission, when he suddenly encountered a Japanese joint fleet that was searching for progress, and then the famous Yellow Sea naval battle broke out. The fighting lasted more than five hours. Beiyang fleet sank five ships and injured four, and the Japanese joint fleet injured five.
In the first stage of the operation, the Japanese army adjusted its operational plan in time and attacked both land and sea. The battle of Pyongyang not only defeated the Qing army in North Korea, but also pushed the front to the Yalu River in one fell swoop, which directly threatened China. Due to the rapid retreat of Pyongyang, the Qing army not only failed in its overall plan of "defending the sea and attacking the land", but also had no time to organize a solid defense line in the Yalu River, so it was still passive in the second stage of operations. In the naval battle, beiyang fleet's strength was severely weakened, and the Japanese joint fleet achieved the goal of controlling the sea power in the Yellow Sea, which made the subsequent war situation develop in the direction of the first situation of its second-stage battle plan.
In the second stage, the Japanese army broke through the Yalu River defense line of the Qing army in the battle of Pyongyang and the naval battle of the Yellow Sea. After landing at Huayuankou, in order to implement the decisive battle plan of Zhili Plain in the "operational policy", Japan decided to land in Liaodong Peninsula of China with the second army and break through the gateway of Bohai Bay. Army 1 Army launched an attack on the defense line of the Qing army in Yalu River, which caused great pressure on the ancestral graves of the Qing army and covered the second army's landing operations. The Qing court, on the other hand, adopted Li Hongzhang's suggestion and implemented the policy of "guarding against the Bohai Sea to consolidate the barrier of capital city and protect the inheritance of the eastern province" (78th draft of Li Wenzhong Public Power Letter). In the actual deployment of troops, due to the misjudgment of the main attack direction of the Japanese army and the excessive care for the ancestral graves, heavy troops were concentrated between the Yalu River and Fengtian and Liaoyang. At the same time, in order to defend Beijing, the provinces were sent to station troops between Shanhaiguan and Qinhuangdao, as well as Tianjin, Dagu and Tongzhou (now Tongxian County, Beijing). As a result, the Liaodong Peninsula, located at the front of the Bohai Sea gateway, is short of troops, and most of them are temporary defense forces. In addition, the sea control right of the Yellow Sea has been obtained by the Japanese army, the naval cover has been lost, and the defense is extremely empty.
The Yalu River Defence War began in 654381October 24th. There are about 30,000 people in the 82nd battalion of the Qing army, stationed on the north bank of the Yalu River, with Song Qing, the prefect of Sichuan, as the commander. The defense line is divided into three sections: middle, east and west, with Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area as the main defensive position. The troops are deployed in a line, and there is a lack of coordination between the ministries and a strong reserve in depth. Japanese 1 troops successfully broke through the Anping River estuary in the upper reaches of Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area, and then built a pontoon bridge on the Yalu River near Hushan to capture Hushan. Other ministries of the Qing army heard that Hushan had fallen and fled without fighting. On 26th, the Japanese army occupied Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area and Anton (now Dandong) without resistance. The Qing army's Yalu River defense line collapsed.
On the same day that the Japanese army 1 attacked the Qing army's Yalu River defense line, General ōyama Iwao commanded 25,000 Japanese troops from the 2nd Army to land at Huayuankou, the back road of Lushun, under the cover of Japanese ships. The Japanese landing activities lasted for more than ten days, and the Qing army actually sat idly by. 165438+1On October 6th, Japanese troops captured Jinzhou (now Dalian). On the 7th, we attacked Dalian Bay in three ways, and found that the Qing army had broken up and easily got Dalian Bay. 17, the Japanese army began to advance to Lushunkou. The seven commanders of the Qing army stationed in Lushunkou area were not subordinate to each other, and1.4000 officers and men were distracted. 18, the Japanese striker invaded Tuchengzi, and only the company commander Xu Bangdao commanded Gong Weijun to fight bravely. On the 22nd, the Japanese army fell into Lushunkou and wiped out the whole city.
In the second stage of the war, the Qing army was losing ground.
The idea of harmony within the Qing court gradually prevailed. After the fall of Lushunkou, the Japanese navy gained an important forward base in Bohai Bay. Since then, the portal of Bohai Bay has been opened, and beiyang fleet has hidden into Ahava Port, and the war situation has taken a turn for the worse.
In the third stage, after the Qing army completely defeated the Japanese army in the battlefields of Shandong Peninsula and Liaodong, and captured Lushun, the base camp was frozen in Bohai Bay in winter, so it was difficult to land, so it decided to temporarily shelve the plan of decisive battle in Zhili Plain, and replace it with a new plan of attacking Ahava and destroying beiyang fleet, so as to further provide guarantee for the decisive battle in Zhili Plain. Therefore, on the basis of the Second Army of the Army, the "Shandong Combat Army" was established, with General ōyama Iwao as the commander-in-chief and more than 25,000 troops. In addition, the joint fleet cooperated with the Shandong combat army, and the army 1 army pretended to attack the Liaodong battlefield, which continued to attract the main force of the Qing army.
The Qing court once again misjudged the main direction of the Japanese army, thinking that the Japanese army 1 and the 2 nd Army would attack Fengtian together, open the Jinzhou Corridor with their main force, advance on Shanhaiguan, and then attack Beijing with the troops landing in Bohai Bay. Therefore, with heavy troops stationed in Fengtian, Liaoyang and the line from Tianjin to Shanhaiguan, the total strength inside and outside Shanhaiguan reached more than 6.5438 million, while in Shandong Peninsula, the main attack direction of the Japanese army, only 30,000 officers and men were deployed, of which Rongcheng (now Rongcheng) only had 6.5438+0.40 million. As for beiyang fleet, according to Li Hongzhang's defense policy of "land and water depend on each other", he retreated to Ahava Port.
1895 65438+1On October 20th, the Japanese Army "Shandong Combat Army" landed on Longxu Island in Rongcheng and occupied Rongcheng. Immediately from Weihai Nanbangbao, it was copied from the north and south roads. On the 30th, Nanbangbao fell. 1 February, Japanese troops occupied Weihai Acropolis. Since then, the Japanese army has cooperated with land and water to attack Liu Gongdao and beiyang fleet in Hong Kong. Beiyang fleet prefect Ding committed suicide. 17, Ahava naval base fell, and beiyang fleet fell (see the Battle of Weihaiwei).
The battle of Liaodong lasted for a long time. Since the Japanese army broke through the Yalu River defense line of the Qing army, it has successively occupied Fenghuang (now Fengcheng, Liaoning), Xiuyan, Haicheng and other places. The Qing government transferred Liu Kunyi, the governor of Liangjiang, as an imperial envoy, with full command of the military inside and outside Shanhaiguan, and appointed Wu Dacheng and Song Qing, the governors of Hunan, as ambassadors in order to save the decline. From1895 65438+1October 17, the Qing army made several large-scale counterattacks on Haicheng, all of which were defeated (see the Battle of Haicheng). On February 28th, the Japanese army attacked from Haicheng, occupied Niuzhuang (northwest of Haicheng today) on March 4th, captured Yingkou on the 7th, and fell into Tianzhuangtai (south of Dawa today) on the 9th. /kloc-within 0/0 days, more than 60,000 people from more than 0/00 battalions of the Qing army fled Liaodong.
As early as the Japanese occupation of Liaodong Peninsula, the Qing court began to make peace with Japan through diplomatic channels. After the fall of Ahava, the Qing court was more eager for peace, so it sent Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary minister and went to Japan to make peace. 17 April, China, Japan and treaty of shimonoseki signed, and the Sino-Japanese War ended. The Japanese army reached the expected goal of aggression without a decisive battle in Zhili Plain.
Since then, the Japanese people have waged a resolute struggle against treaty of shimonoseki. Under the leadership of Liu Yongfu and others, the military and civilians in Taiwan Province Province spontaneously organized themselves to resist the Japanese occupation of Taiwan Province Province, which made the Japanese aggressors pay a heavy price (see War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression of Japanese Army and People in Taiwan Province Province).
The Sino-Japanese War had a far-reaching impact on the strategic pattern of the Far East. The Japanese not only occupied Taiwan Province Province, but also won 230 million taels of war reparations. Its capitalist economy took this opportunity to develop more rapidly, and further expanded its troops to prepare for war, and began to become the main source of the Far East War. The rise of Japan has changed the original pattern of confrontation and hegemony between Britain and Russia in the Far East. The increasingly fierce competition among big countries in the Far East indicates the arrival of a more turbulent era.
The failure of China in the Sino-Japanese War further accelerated the speed of semi-colonization and deepened the national crisis. At the same time, it also prompted the Chinese nation to wake up day by day, and the bourgeois reform movement and the boxer anti-imperialist patriotic movement rose rapidly. Under more difficult circumstances, the Qing government began to reform the military system, and China's modern military reform began to enter a substantive stage.
Respondent: a high-level layman-Hanlin Wensheng 18 Grade 3- 12 19:20.
1894 In February, a peasant uprising broke out in North Korea and reached Seoul. The North Korean government requested the Qing government to send troops to help suppress it. At the request of the Korean government, the Qing government sent troops to Korea and stationed in Asan, and notified Japan according to the provisions of the Tianjin Treaty. As early as the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government decided to use North Korea as a springboard to annex the whole of China and Asia. At this time, it sent troops into North Korea under the pretext of protecting embassies and expatriates. The North Korean government only realized the seriousness of the situation when it saw the Japanese army entering the DPRK, hoping to put down the uprising as soon as possible and let China and Japan withdraw their troops. 10 in June, the insurgents and the government reached a Quanzhou peace treaty, and Seoul was calm. At this point, the Qing government suggested that China and Japan jointly withdraw their troops, but Japan refused. Japan's deliberate attempt to create trouble and provoke war has become clear. On July 25th, Japan sank China's troop carrier "Goldman Sachs" off Phoenix Island in the Yellow Sea. At the same time, the Japanese army launched an attack on China troops stationed in Asan, which provoked the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 against China.
Responder: Blue Glory-Doorman Level 2 5-3 09:58
Cause: 1: Direct Cause: East Korea Party Uprising `The North Korean government requested the Qing government to send troops to help suppress it.
2. The root cause: the needs of Japan's own capitalist economic development.
Results: After the battles of Toyota, Pyongyang, Yellow Sea, Liaodong and Ahava, China's army was defeated, and finally China and signed the Sino-Japanese treaty of shimonoseki.
Respondent: wqq 25933255- Assistant II 5-3 12:24
alas ....
More detailed than the textbook ~ ~ ~
Responder: Butterfly-Trainee Magician Level 3 5-3 23:43
. . . Well, yes, it's more detailed than the textbook. Don't answer it. It's a monster !
Respondent: wlc 880 13 1- the probation period is 5-4 05:22.
I also come to answer:
Answer will get 2 points, if the answer is accepted, you will get bonus points and 20 points. Integral rule
The number of words to answer is within 10000 words.