I. May 4th Movement
1. Outbreak conditions and fuses
After the initial victory.
3. Historical significance
Second, the birth of China * * * production party
1. Historical conditions
2. The establishment and significance of "First National Congress" in China
3.* * * "Two Big"
Three. China's Cooperation with the Northern Expedition War
1.* * * "Big Three"
2. The "First Congress of the Kuomintang"
3. Establishment of the National Government
4. Northern Expedition War
5. The failure of the national revolution
Focus: the historical background and significance of the May 4th Movement, the birth of China, Sino-US cooperation and war.
Difficulties: the historical significance of the May 4th Movement and the failure of the national revolution.
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Say the content
I. May 4th Movement
1. Outbreak conditions and fuses
How did the May 4th Movement break out? Let's watch a video first to understand the background of the May 4th Movement. Put on the prepared video and guide students to think about politics, economy, class relations, ideology and culture from the international and domestic perspectives during the video screening. )
1. International conditions:
What is the international background of the May 4th Movement? (Student: International: influenced by the October Revolution and the First World War) The October Revolution pointed out the direction of the liberation struggle for the people of China; World War I had a great influence on China. During World War I, Japanese aggression made the anti-imperialist sentiment of China people increasingly high.
2. Domestic conditions:
After the video, please ask the students to answer from four aspects: politics, economy, class relations and ideology and culture, and then the teacher summarizes (at home: politically, the dark rule of Beiyang warlords deepened the class contradiction in China; Economically, national capitalism has further developed and the ranks of the proletariat have grown. In terms of ideology and culture, the New Culture Movement has played a driving role. It was these developments after the May 4th Movement that eventually led to the May 4th Movement, which was the domestic background of the May 4th Movement.
3. The fuse: What meeting did the victors of imperialism hold in France after World War I 19 19? (Student: Paris Peace Conference) It was this peace conference that triggered the May 4th Movement in China. Why did the Paris Peace Conference directly lead to the May 4th Movement? After the students answered, the teacher pointed out that the Paris Peace Conference rejected the just demands of the people of China, and China's diplomacy failed.
The news of China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference reached China, and patriotic students in Beijing rushed to tell it. On May 3rd, they gathered in the auditorium of Peking University Law Department. Shao Piaoping, a progressive journalist, gave a speech on China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference. The speaker "cried" and the audience "hid their faces and wept". After listening to this, the students were filled with grief and indignation and burst into tears. A student tore off his skirt on the spot, bit his middle finger and wrote the words "Give me back Qingdao" in blood. The patriotic enthusiasm of the students was aroused, and an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary storm broke out.
After the initial victory.
1. Outbreak:1965438+May 4, 2009
Let us always remember this day-1965438+On May 4th, 2009, students from various universities in Beijing gathered in Tiananmen Square and held a large-scale demonstration. They shouted slogans such as "Fighting for state power outside, punishing traitors inside", "Abolishing Article 21" and "Refusing to sign the Paris Peace Treaty" (the students collectively answered), and rushed to Zhao Jialou to burn the traitor Cao Rulin's house. As soon as the news came out, students from all over the country responded in succession, while the Beiyang warlord government sent military police into the city and arrested a large number of students. This perverse behavior made the whole people angry. The volcano erupted.
New stage:
Since the beginning of June, the struggle has entered a new stage. What made the May 4th Movement enter a new stage? What does this "new" mean? First of all, it means that the center is new, and the center of sports has moved from Beijing to Shanghai. Second, it means that the main force is new, and the working class in China has stepped onto the political stage with an independent attitude and become the main force of the movement. The petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie also participated. In this situation, the May 4th Movement achieved initial results.
3. Preliminary results:
What was the performance of victory in the early May 4th Movement? (Student A: The Beiyang warlord government was forced to release the captured students and dismiss Cao Rulin and He Lu. Representatives of the China government attending the Paris Peace Conference did not sign the Peace Treaty. What goals were achieved in the early May 4th Movement? (There were three traitors punished; Refuse to sign a peace treaty.
The realization of the direct struggle goal of the May 4th Movement has fully demonstrated the great strength of the people, and its significance and influence are far-reaching.
3. Historical significance
Q: What is the nature of the May 4th Movement?
The May 4th Movement was a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary struggle in the modern history of China.
Question: The May 4th Movement has a broad mass character. What is the specific performance?
Standing at the forefront of the movement are young students, who have played a pioneering role. The working class in China played a major role in this movement. The May 4th Movement made the advanced intellectuals in China realize the importance of strengthening ties with the working class from their powerful strength, and promoted the spread of Marxism.
Q: Why do you say that the great achievement of the May 4th Movement lies in "inspiring the broad masses of people and preparing to unite revolutionary forces"? This is mainly due to the May 4th Movement, which made the advanced intellectuals in China more aware of the reactionary nature of imperialism and northern warlords, and promoted the new awakening of the people in China. It promoted the spread of Marxism and laid the ideological foundation for the establishment of China Producers' Party.
When was the China Revolution before the May 4th Movement called the old democratic revolution? As, what is the beginning? (1840 Opium War); The leader of the old democratic revolution is the bourgeoisie; The guiding ideology is old democracy. The leader of the new democratic revolution is the proletariat. The guiding ideology is Marxism. It was during the May 4th Movement that the working class in China began to enter the political arena with an independent attitude. It was during this period that Marxism began to spread in China. The May 4th Movement is a part of the world proletarian revolution. This is an epoch-making event in the modern history of China. The May 4th Movement marked the great beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.
Second, the birth of China * * * production party
1. Historical conditions
(1) ideological basis-the spread of Marxism;
After the May 4th Movement, the spread of Marxism became the mainstream of new thoughts. After the May 4th Movement broke out, Li Dazhao published My View on Marxism, which introduced Marxism comprehensively and systematically, thus marking Li Dazhao's transformation to a Marxist. Li Dazhao is a pioneer in spreading Marxism in China. Lu Xun later praised these articles as "the heritage of pioneers and a monument in the revolutionary history". When talking about Li Dazhao, Mao Zedong said: We are students of their generation. "His transformation not only made New Youth gradually become the propaganda position of Marxism, but also played an important role in promoting a group of advanced intellectuals to accept Marxism.
19 19 At the end of this year, Mao Zedong came to Beijing again, not only having closer contact with Li Dazhao and others, but also learning Marxism more extensively. Later, in Edgar Smith's "Red Star over China", also known as "Red Star Shines on China", Mao Zedong recalled this history and said: "1920 summer, in theory,
4. Organizational basis-* * Establish producer groups.
Q: When, where and by whom was the first * * * production team established? (1autumn of 920, Shanghai, Chen Duxiu). The establishment of Shanghai Group has promoted the establishment of local production groups. In the same year, Li Dazhao and others set up a * * * production team in Beijing, with Li Dazhao as the secretary. The Beijing Group promoted the establishment of the northern Party organizations. Soon, Hankou, Changsha and other places have set up * * production teams.
Q: What is the purpose of establishing local production teams? (Publicize Marxism in a planned and organized way)
13. the combination of Marxism and the workers' movement in China.
After the establishment of local production groups, Marxism was spread in a planned and organized way, and propaganda and organization work was carried out among workers. The activities of * * * production groups further promoted the combination of Marxism and China workers' movement, and laid a class foundation for the establishment of * * * production party in China.
The establishment of local faction groups makes the establishment of a unified political party organization a historical necessity.
2. The establishment and significance of "First National Congress" in China
1921July 23rd, lasting 8 days; Venue: It will be held at the home of Li Shucheng, the younger brother of Lu Li, the French Concession in Shanghai. Due to the attention of spies and foreign patrols, the last day of the meeting was transferred to a cruise ship in Nanhu, Jiaxing, Zhejiang. Official representatives of various production groups, Dong et al. 12 people, representing more than 50 party member and Bao Huisheng in China at that time. As there was no censor at that time, it was said that they only attended the meeting as non-voting delegates, and Ma Lin, the international representative of * *, also attended the meeting. (The original materials about "One University" are all in the former Soviet Union; 1957 Soviet Union and 1989 Gorbachev ceded part to China during their visit to China. Therefore, the documents recorded in Russian have become precious historical materials about this meeting. Previously, because all parties didn't realize the influence of this meeting on the future history of China, later meetings were only based on the memories of Dong. )
China * * * production party was just born, party member's situation is more complicated. For example, the 12 representative who attended the * * * "First Congress" was later divided. Most of them have always adhered to the belief of socialism and * * * production and the revolutionary cause of China, and some of them have given their precious lives for it. People like Chen Gongbo and Zhou Fohai were expelled from the Party shortly after the founding of the Party, and later they followed Wang Jingwei and became big shots. Zhang also betrayed the revolution. China Revolution is like a melting pot, refining real gold and removing dross.
Questioning students can be summarized into four aspects: ① The name of the party concerned is "China * * * Production Party"; (2) formulated the party's program, set socialism and * * * productism as its own goals, and insisted on overthrowing the bourgeois regime by revolutionary means to achieve this goal. Was this program appropriate at that time? Why? (no; Because there was a lack of correct understanding of the nature and tasks of the China revolution at that time) ③ It was determined that the central task after the founding of the Party was to organize the working class and lead the workers' movement; (4) the election of the party's central leading body, C.O., with Chen Duxiu as the secretary and Li Da and Zhang responsible for propaganda and organization.
Chen Duxiu didn't attend the First University. Why was he elected secretary? One thing is: he founded "New Youth" and launched the new culture movement, which has a high reputation; And guided and promoted the May 4th Movement; He was the earliest initiator of the * * * production group and Marxism. Another said: Lenin's opinion, he thinks that the secretary of the CPC Central Committee should find someone with prestige and appeal. Stimulate students' interest in exploring doubts, and interested students can study after class.
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3.* * * "Two Big"
1922 in July, China * * * production party held its second national congress in Shanghai. The central task of the congress is to formulate the party's democratic revolutionary program.
Q: What is the basis for formulating the Party's democratic revolutionary program?
The Congress pointed out that China society is semi-colonial and semi-feudal, the enemies of China revolution are imperialism and feudal warlords, and the nature of China revolution is democratic revolution. The motive force of the democratic revolution is the working class, peasants, petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie.
The congress stipulates that the party's highest program is to realize capitalism; The party's minimum program, that is, the program of democratic revolution, is to overthrow the warlords, overthrow the oppression of international imperialism, and unify China into a true democratic republic. The Party's program of democratic revolution embodies the initial combination of Marxist principles and China's revolutionary reality. According to the universal principles of Marxism and the reality of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China, the Party's Second National Congress put forward the program of democratic revolution. Although this combination is preliminary, it is a good start, which lays a foundation for the Party to continue to explore the unique development path of the China Revolution. The Congress also decided that the China * * * Production Party should join the * * * Production International.
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Three. China's Cooperation with the Northern Expedition War
1.* * * "Big Three"
1923, China * * * production party held its third national congress in Guangzhou. What is its main content? (Officially decided to cooperate with China Kuomintang led by Sun Yat-sen to establish a revolutionary United front) The decision of the third congress of the China * * * Production Party has great historical achievements. What is the specific performance? Formulated correct policies and strategies, and promoted the rapid realization of cooperation between countries.
2. The "First Congress of the Kuomintang"
With the help of * * * Production Party and * * Production International, the first national congress of the Chinese Kuomintang was held in Guangzhou in early 1924. (The following questions can be asked in the form of questions. (1) Central topic: Mainly discuss the reorganization of the Kuomintang. The Congress adopted the Declaration of the First National Congress of the Chinese Nationalist Party. Results: The declaration accepted the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal proposition of China's * * * production party. Develop the old Three People's Principles into the new Three People's Principles to adapt to the spirit of the times. This has actually determined the three major policies of "joining Russia and joining agriculture and industry". Why did the New Three People's Principles become the political basis for the cooperation between the two parties? The New Three People's Principles are consistent with some basic principles of the democratic revolutionary program of the Producers' Party of China. (3) The General Assembly agreed that party member, a * * *, would join the Kuomintang in his personal capacity.
The first national congress of the Kuomintang marked the realization of cooperation between the two parties and the formal establishment of the revolutionary United front. After the first National Congress of the Kuomintang, the national revolutionary movement against imperialism and feudalism developed rapidly.
3. Establishment of the National Government
After the "First National Congress" of the Kuomintang, the national revolutionary movement against imperialism and feudalism developed rapidly. The May 30th anti-imperialist patriotic movement reached its climax in 2005. In the same year, the National Government was established in Guangzhou, with Wang Jingwei as its chairman. The national government unified its troops into the national revolutionary army and unified the Guangdong revolutionary base area.
4. Northern Expedition War
Conversations and videos can be used to tell the following.
⑴ Purpose: In order to overthrow imperialism, overthrow warlord rule and unify China, 1926, the National Government decided to make a northern expedition.
⑵ Object: The main objects of the Northern Expedition were Wu, Sun and Zhang.
(3) As a result, in the spring of 1927, the Northern Expeditionary Army moved eastward along the Yangtze River, occupied Nanjing and settled in Shanghai. During the nearly 10 months from the swearing-in of Guangzhou to the capture of Nanjing, the revolutionary forces pushed from the Pearl River basin to the Yangtze River basin, which was a great shock to the whole country. At the beginning of 1927, the national government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan, which became the focus of the national revolution.
The Northern Expedition was strongly supported by the workers and peasants movement led by China's * * * production party. The victory of the Northern Expedition also promoted the upsurge of the workers and peasants' movement. A vigorous revolution took place in the countryside where the Northern Expedition troops passed. The peasant movement in Hunan Province has developed the fastest. The peasants there rose up to overthrow local tyrants and evil gentry and illegal landlords, overthrow the landlord's regime and armed forces, establish peasant regime and armed forces, and realize "all power belongs to the peasant association" Farmers' associations organized farmers to replace the Northern Expedition.
The situation in the early and middle stages of the Great Revolution was good. 1926 The Northern Expedition, which started from Guangdong in early July, won a great victory in a short time. By the spring of 1927, the revolutionary forces had spread from the Pearl River basin to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River basin. However, at the critical moment when the revolution is about to reach its climax, the crisis that has been lurking inside the United front has become increasingly serious, leading to the failure of the national revolution.
5. The failure of the national revolution
The victorious March of the Northern Expedition has seriously shaken the imperialist colonial rule in China. Imperialism, while intervening in China's revolution by force, is also spying on the inside story of the revolutionary camp and looking for new agents. The ruling Chiang Kai-shek has become the focus of attention of Japan, Britain, the United States and other invading powers. With the victory of the Northern Expedition, Chiang Kai-shek's counter-revolutionary face was further exposed. He quickly colluded with Japan, British and American imperialism and various reactionary forces and launched the "April 12th" counter-revolution.
Wang Jingwei, chairman of Wuhan National Government, is another conspirator hidden in the revolutionary camp .. On July 15, Wang Jingwei held a meeting of the Kuomintang Central Committee in Wuhan, officially breaking with China's * * * production party. Wang Ching-wei and others, under the slogan "It is better to kill thousands of people in vain than to let a fish slip through the net", gave birth to party member and gave birth to the revolution. The vigorous Great Revolution failed. Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei completely abandoned Sun Yat-sen's three major policies and became the core figures in opposing the democratic revolution. China's Kuomintang has also changed from an alliance of revolutionary classes to a reactionary party representing the interests of the comprador bourgeoisie and the landlord class.
The May 4th Movement is an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary struggle with a broad mass base. As the main pioneers of the movement, young students launched the movement with a high sense of national crisis and social responsibility. Their patriotism has been inspiring and urging us for more than 80 years. As the main force of this movement, the working class showed great strength and quickly rose to the leading class of the China revolution. After the establishment of China * * * Production Party, China's revolution took on a new look. The Second National Congress formulated the Party's highest program and lowest program, initially made clear the problem that China's revolution was divided into two steps, and pointed out the direction for China's revolution. The climax of the May 30th anti-imperialist patriotic movement and the two Crusades made Guangdong a revolutionary base. This laid the foundation for the smooth development of the national revolution and created favorable conditions for the arrival of the Northern Expedition, the climax of the national revolution. With the victory of the Northern Expedition, the ambitious Chiang Kai-shek, who was hidden inside the revolution, further exposed his counter-revolutionary features and launched a counter-revolutionary coup, which quickly failed the national revolution. The young producers of China * * * have gradually grown up from the experience and lessons of this revolution.