Topic 1: The Evolution of China's Mainstream Thought of Traditional Culture.

First, a hundred schools of thought contend.

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Confucius was a famous thinker and educator in the Spring and Autumn Period. He initiated the Confucian school, put forward the theories of "benevolence" and "propriety", and advocated the coordination of rights and obligations and the harmony of interpersonal relationships. He initiated the wind of giving lectures in ancient private schools, and advocated that "there is no class in teaching", and cultivated students from six aspects: etiquette, music, shooting, royal, calligraphy and mathematics, and paid attention to the all-round development of people. (Other meaningful things can also be done)

1 1, (1) material 1: advocating the rule of virtue; Confucian "material 2: advocating universal love and non-aggression; Mohist material 3: advocating inaction; Taoism, material 4: advocate severe punishment and strict law, and strengthen the power of the monarch; Legalists. (2) The central problem: how to govern the country and consolidate the rule; How to be strong and unify the world. (3) The formation of a hundred schools of thought contended during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period became an important condition for China's ideological and cultural progress; It provides rich and precious ideological and cultural heritage for the Chinese nation and enriches the ideological and cultural treasure house of mankind.

Second, the rise of Confucianism.

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6.( 1) From a hundred schools of thought to ideological unity. (2) to oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone; Enlighten and establish imperial academy. (3) Purpose: Strengthen ideological control and consolidate the unified political situation. Influence: A hundred schools of thought contend and respect Confucianism alone, which ended the situation of equal competition among various schools of academic thought and curbed the free development of academic thought. Confucianism became the orthodox thought and mainstream thought in ancient China, which contributed to the formation of the same culture of the Chinese nation and promoted the development of China's history and culture.

Third, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties.

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7. Neo-Confucianism, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhu, etc. Wang Liu Xuexin, Lu Jiuyuan, Wang Shouren, etc.

Reason is the source of all things, which exists before qi; Tian Li is the floorboard of Yi; If you want to govern the country, you must cultivate your self-cultivation and sincerity. Zhu's academic thought was later regarded as the official proof of Confucianism, which influenced the later generations for six or seven hundred years and played an important role in maintaining the autocratic political system.

9. It is wrong to say that Wang Shouren is a "master of Neo-Confucianism in Zhu Cheng". He is a master of mind, not a philosopher in Zhu Cheng. Second, the statement that "nothing in the world is reasonable" is wrong. Psychologists advocate that "mind is reason", and Wang Yangming thinks that "there is nothing outside the heart, nothing outside the heart, and unreasonable outside the heart". "Everything in heaven and earth is unreasonable" should be the ideological proposition of Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism.

Fourth, the ideological activities in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

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8. Main idea: put forward that "dressing and eating is the physics of interpersonal relationship"; The words of "saints" cannot be used as a criterion for judging right and wrong; Confucian classics are not "the supreme theory throughout the ages"; Mention Hu Hu's "childlike innocence" and oppose the hypocrisy of ethics and the fraud of officialdom; Advocating "honesty" in writing. Ideological characteristics: challenging orthodoxy; Advocating individuality; Pursue "sincerity"

9.( 1) Criticize the autocratic monarchy, and put forward the idea of equality and limit the monarch; Take the school as the highest institution to decide right and wrong. (2) It provided a powerful ideological weapon for China's modern anti-authoritarian thinkers; The orthodox position of Confucianism has been impacted, but it has not fundamentally shaken its position as a cultural leader.

Special exercises

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1 1, (1) people value the monarch. Implement "benevolent government", reduce penalties and collect taxes lightly. (2) Ideological proposition: criticizing absolute monarchy and advocating "pluralistic co-governance". Viewpoint: His thought does not have the modern consciousness of "civil rights", but he has a strong desire to get rid of the old and set things right, and his thought advocates the spirit of enlightenment.

12, a emphasizes that Confucius is an educator in ancient China or some educational thoughts of Confucius still have practical significance. Second, Confucius was the founder of Confucianism, and Confucian culture was the mainstream culture in ancient China, with far-reaching influence. C's statement also has some truth. Confucius advocated "benevolence" and Mencius advocated "the people are more important than the monarch", but it is essentially different from the concept of "human rights" put forward by western enlightenment thinkers (as long as it is reasonable)

Topic 2 Science, technology and culture in ancient China.

china ancient achievements in science and technology

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The auxiliary compass is used for navigation; The invention of gunpowder weapons; The invention and improvement of printing (block printing or movable type printing). Function: The invention and application of the compass provided technical support for Gollum's voyage to discover America and Magellan's voyage around the world; Printing prepared the conditions for the dark Middle Ages and Renaissance in Europe.

9. The mistake is that the Diamond Sutra is printed by block printing instead of movable type. Correction: It was not Shen Kuo, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, who created movable type printing, but Bi Sheng, a commoner in the Song Dynasty. "The delay proves that the Germans started printing books with metal movable type because they were influenced by China movable type printing instead of block printing.

Second, the ancient art of China

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8. Figure 1 is an official script, and Figure 2 is a cursive script. Features: balanced and symmetrical, clean and safe. Cursive script: Give full play to the freehand brushwork of China's calligraphy, with rich changes and unrestrained movements, which can best express and express the feelings of calligraphers.

9. The description content is mainly natural scenery; Pay attention to layout and composition, which is generally characterized by grandeur and far-reaching artistic conception; Pay attention to convey subjective feelings and charm with pictures, and don't stick to the realistic imitation of the natural scenery of kiln scenes.

Third, the characteristics of China's classical literature.

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9.( 1) Du Fu's military vehicle store, two roads, the two sides of the Yellow River recovered by the imperial army, the history of Xin 'an, Tongguan, Shi Haoshi, newly married, resigned, homeless, etc. (2) dignified and gloomy style. The formation of this poetic style is because he was in the age of prosperity and decline in the Tang Dynasty, and he experienced many dislocations and wanderings every day.

10, Guan Hanqing. The founder of yuan zaju. Exposing the dark rule at that time and describing the miserable life of the broad masses of people under cruel oppression have strong realistic criticism.

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1 1, (1) identify the direction; Northern Song Dynasty (or Song Dynasty). (2) Guide Columbus to "discover" America and broaden the horizons of Europeans; Guide the European bourgeoisie to explore overseas markets and integrate into the world.

12, (1) Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a native of Chu during the Warring States Period. At that time, the traitors in Chu were in power and were exiled repeatedly, and their political ideals could not be realized. (2) Li Sao is a masterpiece of Chu Ci, which is called "Sao Style". In the history of literature, it is often called "wind" (referring to the Book of Songs and Lisao), which has a great influence on later literature.

Topic 3 Ideological Emancipation Trend in Contemporary China

First, "conform to the world trend"

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7.( 1) "Atlas of the Ocean" "Learn from foreigners to control foreigners"; The stimulus of the defeat of the Opium War. (2) Learn from the strengths of the West; Resist western aggression and defeat the enemy.

8. I disagree. Kang Youwei, under the banner of Confucius, wanted to carry out reform and political reform, and he also demonstrated that constitutional monarchy was in line with the social development trend from the perspective of evolution. Therefore, Kang Youwei was the representative of progressive bourgeois reform thought at that time, not the representative of stubborn conservatism.

Second, the new culture movement.

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8.( 1) feudal autocracy (or feudal autocracy and respecting Confucius). (2) New Culture Movement.

9.( 1) Advocate new literature and oppose old literature. (2) advocate the improvement of literature from form to content (or require the use of vernacular Chinese instead of classical Chinese, advocate overthrowing the old literature that is carved, stale and difficult, and build simple, fresh and popular new literature).

Third, the spread of Marxism in China.

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6.( 1) A new era of socialist revolution; Socialism. (2) Socialism is a brand-new social system, which is bound to be obstructed and destroyed by reactionary forces; Socialism represents the direction of historical development and the interests of the overwhelming majority of people, so it is irresistible. It makes sense)

7.( 1) 1 the influence of the revolution; The failure of diplomacy in Paris Peace Conference; Patriotic feelings. (2) Li Dazhao. Express my views on Marxism and introduce the basic principles of Marxism. (Other examples are acceptable.)

Special exercises

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12, (1) "learn from foreigners to control foreigners" (or advocate learning from the strengths of the west, resisting western aggression and defeating the enemy). (2) "Learning from foreigners to control foreigners" became the slogan for modern China to learn from the West, which also challenged the traditional mentality for thousands of years and took the first step for modern China to learn from both sides.

13, Democracy and Science. Imperialist aggression and the dark rule of northern warlords. New culture movement.

Topic 4 Main theoretical achievements of China Thought since the 20th century.

I. Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles

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9. Before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, it was the thought of reform, which advocated that China should embark on the road of prosperity through reform (or establish a constitutional monarchy).

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, according to the main revolutionary ideas, he advocated violently overthrowing the Qing government and practicing democracy.

10 and (1) the new three people's principles clearly set the goal of "opposing imperialism", advocated universal and equal civil rights, and added the content of "controlling capital" in people's livelihood. These are all things that the old Three People's Principles did not have. (2) It laid the political foundation for the first cooperation between countries.

Second, the formation and development of Mao Zedong Thought

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7. Decline 1: "Mao Zedong Thought was created by him alone". 7. Mao Zedong Thought is the crystallization of the collective wisdom of China's * * * production party. Mao Zedong himself made the greatest contribution, but he didn't create it alone. Delay 2: Mao Zedong Thought's "formation symbol is that the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China established Mao Zedong Thought's guiding position in the whole party". 7. The formation of Mao Zedong Thought is marked by the rural areas surrounding the cities and the military seizing power.

Chaos (1) Chiang Kai-shek and Shan Jingwei successively staged the April 12th coup and the private July 15th coup, and the national revolution failed. (2) The revolutionary road of encircling cities from rural areas and seizing political power by armed forces. This revolutionary road, which has not been taken by predecessors, has become the road to victory of the China revolution, marking the formation of Mao Zedong Thought.

Three. Theory of building socialism with China characteristics

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7. Combine the universal truth of Marxism with the concrete reality of our country, take our own road and build socialism with China characteristics.

8. One thing is incorrect. Deng Xiaoping's talk in the south is another declaration of emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, pushing the reform, opening up and modernization to a new stage, and it is one of the symbols of the formation of a complete system in Deng Xiaoping Theory. It is the producers in China, represented by Mao Zedong, who have opened up the correct path of the new-democratic revolution.

Special exercises

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10, (1) Sun Yat-sen. Nationalism, civil rights and people's livelihood. (4) Promulgating the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China formulated by the Provisional Senate and launching the "Second Revolution"; Organizing the Revolutionary Party of China; He published "Begging for Yuan" and "Begging for Yuan", held high the banner of protecting the law and sent troops to the Northern Expedition. Just write two, or give other examples that meet the meaning of the question. (3) In terms of nationalism, the goal of opposing imperialism was put forward; In terms of civil rights, it advocates the right of universal equality; In terms of people's livelihood, it is proposed to control capital and "land to the tiller" to improve the lives of workers and farmers. It shows Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary quality of conforming to the trend of the times and advancing with the times.

Seven of 1 1, and fourteen of * * *. (2) This is a revolutionary road that no one has ever taken. China * * * party member, represented by Mao Zedong, insisted on proceeding from the reality of China revolution and explored this road with revolutionary initiative and great theoretical courage, which set an example for armed uprisings in various places and provided relatively complete experience, and became the road to victory of China's new-democratic revolution. (3) Deng Xiaoping's speech "Emancipating the Mind, Seeking Truth from Facts, Uniting and Looking Forward" actually became the theme report of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee; Strategic decision of reform and opening up; The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly pointed out that the goal of China's economic system reform is to establish a socialist market economic system. The Concept of "One Country, Two Systems" and the Return of Hong Kong and Macao: Yes, War.

The scientific judgment of peace has become the basic basis for China's foreign policy adjustment in the new period; Establish special economic zones, etc. (Two pieces are enough, if you give other examples that meet the meaning of the question)

Topic 5 Culture and Technology in Modern China

First, the tortuous development of cultural undertakings

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7.( 1) The flourishing situation of literary and artistic undertakings. (2) At that time, the Central Committee began to set things right and implement the intellectual policy. "

. (2) Materials: 1: 1956 Three major transformations have been completed, and China will soon start building socialism in an all-round way; The literary and artistic work is full of vitality, which has produced a large number of works that occupy an important position in the field of literature and art in New China. Material 2: after the reform and opening up, China's literary and artistic creation has made brilliant achievements; In order to sum up historical experience and lessons, Li Ruihuan made this speech, which further promoted the development of socialist literature and art in China. (2) Everyone advocates letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend; Absorb and utilize the advanced civilization achievements created by all countries in the world, including developed capitalist countries, and develop socialism.

Second, develop people's education.

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8.( 1) Opening the door for the children of workers and peasants is one of the important contents of the new China education policy. In all kinds of schools, children of workers and peasants receive education first. (2) basically popularizing nine-year compulsory education is conducive to improving the cultural quality of the whole nation. (3) "Project Hope".

9.( 1) both emphasize the importance of education and point out the important strategic position of education, that is, "the rise and fall of a country depends on education".

(2) It promotes the development of education, helps to improve the cultural quality of the whole nation, enhances China's comprehensive national strength, and accelerates the process of China's modernization.

Third, the development and achievements of science and technology.

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7.( 1) 1960s and 1970s. (2) The successful development of atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs and artificial earth satellites has greatly improved China.

China's international status reflects the creativity of the people and is a symbol of the prosperity of the Chinese nation. "

8. (1)1950-1958, science and technology are developing rapidly; From 65438 to 0966, science and technology developed slowly. After 1976, science and technology developed rapidly. (2) 1966- 1975, due to the influence of the "cultural revolution", China's scientific and technological undertakings suffered serious setbacks. After 1976, the "Cultural Revolution" ended, and the Party and government attached great importance to scientific and technological work, proceeding from the reality of China, and carried out step-by-step scientific and technological system reform. Deng Xiaoping repeatedly put forward the incisive conclusions that "science and technology are productive forces" and "science and technology are the primary productive forces", which became the theoretical basis for China to implement the strategy of "grasping education to promote failure".

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8.( 1) The resumption of the college entrance examination system has brought great social repercussions; The central government has realized the importance of science and technology. (2) It reflects the basic characteristics of scientific and technological development and social development, and is a theoretical summary of the transformative role of science and technology in contemporary productivity and social development.

9. Correct me: the synthesis of crystalline bovine insulin is a major breakthrough in the field of medicine in China. Correction 2: After the Cultural Revolution, Deng Xiaoping put forward the conclusion that "science and technology are productive forces" at the National Science Conference. Correction 2: Yang Liwei is the first astronaut in China's space history.

Topic 6 the origin and development of western humanistic spirit

First of all, "man is the measure of everything"

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7.( 1) School of the Wise. Put people at the center of the world and society, and promote the awakening of human self-awareness. (2) sugar approved the bottom.

Respect reason and pursue freedom of thought. (3) In the material 1, man is only an individual perceptual person, while in the material 2, man becomes a general rational thinking person, which is an improvement.

Second, the recovery of human nature

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7. They all fully affirmed human nature. However, Thin Cangue Mountain mainly focuses on human nature and opposes the hierarchical concept of feudal nobles. Shakespeare preached the nobility and dignity of human nature, and advocated human rationality more, which opened a precedent for the Enlightenment.

8.( 1) Shakespeare's plays and Leonardo da Vinci's paintings. (2) There are contradictions, because in the second material, it is said that in the16th century, people only understood the word Renaissance as the restoration of ancient traditions, while in the first material, it was considered as spiritual rebirth.

Third, the enlightenment of reason and freedom.

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7. Humans can realize their existence, and individuals can have the courage and determination to use their own rationality and the freedom to use it.

8.( 1) Equality and freedom. Rousseau. (2) The principle of separation of powers. Montesquieu. (3) Voltaire strongly opposed Catholicism and was the leader of the French Enlightenment. His thoughts had a great influence on Europe in the18th century, so Hugo used "that was a whole era" to evaluate his historical position. (4) Judge everything with reason rather than external authority, fear the truth and respect the original value of human rights. (only makes sense)

Fourth, the political enlightenment of sovereignty in the people.

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7. The main works "On Social Contract" and "On the Origin and Foundation of Human Inequality". Advocacy: all power should belong to the people; The expression and application of power must reflect the will of the people; When people's power is usurped and used to oppress and enslave people, people have the right to overthrow it by violent means.

8.( 1) Freedom and equality are inherent human rights. It played a progressive role in opposing feudal absolutism. (2) the "restriction and balance" of power. It established a set of political ideas for capitalism and played a positive role in the legislative norms of the bourgeoisie. (3) Material 1 emphasizes freedom, equality and natural human rights; The second material focuses on how to defend freedom and human rights.

Special exercises

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9. Figure II. Because the image of the Virgin in Figure 1 is solemn and sacred, slightly dull, with strong religious color, the image of the Virgin in Figure 2 is not strong religious color, but a gentle and elegant woman full of human feelings and maternal love, thus better embodying the humanistic spirit of the Renaissance.

10, (1) separation of powers theory; Restriction and balance of power. (2) advocating freedom. (3) Enlightenment is the inheritance and development of humanism, and humanism is the origin of enlightenment thought.

Topic 7 the glory of science and technology since modern times

First of all, the founders and revolutionaries of modern physics

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8.( 1) The time when the classical mechanical system was established. Einstein thought Newton was "a man with the highest thinking ability and creativity", and his theory still plays a guiding role in modern physics. This view is incorrect. Newtonian mechanics system systematically and reasonably explains the mechanical phenomena in nature, thus completing the first theoretical synthesis in the history of human understanding of nature, playing a great role in the movement of European enlightenment thinkers advocating science and opposing feudal theology, and classical physics represented by Newtonian mechanics ushered in a brand-new scientific era. Relativity is developed on the basis of classical physics, and the relationship between them is inheritance and development rather than mutual exclusion.

9. Scientific theory has a great impetus to the development of science and technology, but science and technology itself is a double-edged sword. Science and technology can benefit mankind and promote the improvement of productivity, but if it is used improperly, it will also harm mankind. Therefore, when we treat and apply science and technology, we must promote the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages, so that it can benefit mankind.

Second, pursue the origin of life.

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8.( 1) co-founded the system of calculus and Newtonian mechanics with others. Calculus makes accurate measurement and variable calculation possible; Newton's mechanical system gives a systematic and reasonable explanation of mechanical phenomena in nature, thus completing the first theoretical synthesis of human understanding of natural history. (2) Biological evolution, survival of the fittest. Darwin's theory of biological evolution regards variation and natural selection as the primary factors of the origin of new species, proving that "the creator-God is absolutely unnecessary", expelling "God" from the research field of life phenomena, and finally completing the task of expelling God.

Third, the engine of human civilization.

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7.( 1) The industrial revolution has promoted the development of science, and the development of the industrial revolution depends on the progress of science. (2) The invention and widespread use of the steam engine is an industrial power revolution with far-reaching influence; The steam engine became the "universal prime mover" of all production departments and transportation departments at that time, which led to the emergence of a large number of factories, the invention of steamboats and trains, the initiation of a new era of transportation, and the introduction of mankind into the "age of steam". (3) During the first industrial revolution, science and technology were not really integrated; During the second industrial revolution, the new development of natural science was closely combined with industrial production, which promoted the rapid development of social productive forces.

Fourth, challenge the "distance"

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7.( 1) The invention and development of network technology have greatly narrowed the global space distance, made it possible for human beings to exchange and share information with each other, made the "global village" gradually become a reality, and greatly promoted the process of human civilization. (2) Western developed countries have mastered the right of network control and information release by using their advanced information technology, and have infiltrated the culture of developing countries. The application of network technology has had a great revolutionary impact on all aspects of human society, but there are also many problems, such as alienation of interpersonal relationship, disappearance of personality, intrusion of all kinds of information garbage (especially for teenagers who lack the ability of discrimination and self-control) and so on. In this regard, we must keep a clear understanding.

Special exercises

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1 1, (1) Newton, Einstein, Darwin. (2) Newton put forward the three laws of mechanical motion of objects and the law of universal gravitation, and Newton's mechanical system completed the first theoretical synthesis of human understanding of natural history; Einstein's theory of relativity is a fundamental change in the history of human thought development, one of the basic theoretical frameworks of modern physics, and marks the beginning of modern science and technology. Darwin established the theory of evolution, which is a great achievement of modern life science and seems to be a fatal blow to God's creation of The Theory of Everything.

12, (1) Figure 1: Britain during the First Industrial Revolution. Figure 2: America during the Second Industrial Revolution. (2) The steam engine brought human society into the "age of steam". The wide application of electric power has brought human society into the electrical age. (3) The age of information civilization. "Information superhighway"; Computer-aided instruction, etc. (only makes sense)

Special topic 8/kloc-literature and art since the 0 th and 9 th centuries

First, the romantic feelings in the era of industrial revolution

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10, (1) England: Romantic poets represented by Byron and Shelley wrote a lot of poems with democratic ideas and rebellious spirit. Germany: Beethoven, a German music master, is a masterpiece of classical music, which pioneered romantic music. France: There are romantic literary masters represented by Hugo, including Les Miserables and Notre Dame de Paris.

(2) Influenced by the Enlightenment and the French bourgeois revolution, Beethoven's music works have a strong anti-feudal democratic spirit, full of heroism and optimism. The era of change has made him innovate in music creation, combining vocal music with instrumental music, creating a new symphony form, and successfully endowing instrumental music with the function of reflecting major social themes.

Second, collision and conflict.

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8.( 1) Because Balzac's novels show the social life of France in the early19th century, especially in exposing the evil of money in capitalist society, his masterpiece "Human Comedy" is called "social encyclopedia". (2) Because Balzac's Human Comedy consists of more than 90 novels, it is a magnificent monument in the history of European and even world literature.

Third, break the isolated ice.

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8.( 1) Poetry Collection "Chittaglia", Tagore. Roman, Roland, Hemingway (other words are reasonable). (2) The industrial revolution has brought the countries in the world closer together. After fierce collision, the cultures of various countries and regions in the world gradually broke the ice of isolation and achieved common development. The third scientific and technological revolution, the two world wars, the formation of monopoly capitalism and the victory of the October Revolution in Russia have profoundly affected people's way of life and thinking and changed people's spiritual life.

Fourth, literature and art that keeps pace with the times.

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9.( 1) Agreed. The appearance of film is the inevitable result of the second industrial revolution; The original film simply copied life and was regarded as the entertainment of ordinary people; Mature films pursue commercial interests, such as Hollywood films, and maintain a strong commercial nature. If you have other opinions to answer this question, it makes sense. (2) Television is increasingly becoming an indispensable part of people's daily life, which has an important impact on people's daily life and the politics, economy and culture of the country and even the world.

Special exercises

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10, agreed. This is a lyric poem by Shelley. /kloc-at the end of 0/8, romantic literary thoughts rose in Europe. Its main characteristics are: first, it opposes advocating rationality and emphasizes praising people's instinctive feelings; Second, we should oppose the fetters of formalism in classical literature, and use exaggeration in our creation, which is full of fantasy and legend. In the poem, the decadent and dark social situation is compared with the cold winter, the bright and warm and vibrant future and the bright and beautiful future, and the simple thing of winter leaving and spring coming is used to inspire people to see the light from the darkness and the vitality from the decay. This poem is full of high-spirited optimism and reveals the inevitability of the historical progress of the lake, so it has inspiring power.

Comprehensive exercise 1

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18. Currency: Euro. Significance: effectively eliminate the exchange rate risk of intra-regional trade and capital circulation, reduce the transaction cost in the region, and make the exchange of goods, capital, personnel and services more efficient, which is conducive to the economic development of euro zone countries and the European Union; Weakening the concept of European territory and country and promoting the union of European countries are conducive to deepening European economic integration and promoting European political integration.

19, delayed 1: "Visited the exhibition of realistic painter Picasso". Reason: Picasso is a cubist painter. Cubism is a modern art school that rose after the 20th century, and it can't appear in Beethoven's life. Delay 2: "Got a call from a French friend". Reason: It was impossible to have a telephone at that time, and the telephone did not appear until after the 1970s of 19.

20? (1) function: it is conducive to strengthening centralization; It constitutes the code of conduct of bureaucratic groups; Make the government pay attention to people's livelihood and status: Since the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Confucianism has become the orthodox thought (or mainstream thought) in China's traditional society. "(2) The old ethics in Confucianism hindered the realization of democratic science and maintained the autocratic monarchy system; Old morality must be destroyed.

(3) Using some Confucian viewpoints as a weapon against absolute monarchy; Confucius paid attention to influencing others with morality; Draw nutrition from the ancient culture of China for the French Enlightenment. (4) take its essence and discard its dross; We should draw wisdom and enlightenment from Confucianism which is beneficial to the progress and development of human civilization.

Comprehensive exercise 2

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18. For developing countries, economic globalization is both an opportunity and a challenge, with both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are: it is conducive to economic complementarity among countries, attracting foreign investment, technology and advanced management experience, and opening up the international market. The disadvantage is that developing countries are at a disadvantage in economic competition due to lack of development funds, heavy debts, deteriorating terms of trade, increased financial risks and backward technical level, and national sovereignty and economic security are facing unprecedented pressures and challenges. The globalization of the world economy is a historical trend that is independent of human will. Developing countries must formulate reasonable countermeasures, seek advantages and avoid disadvantages in active participation and seek development. Agree with Party A or Party B, or put forward both positive and negative views, as long as the reasons are sufficient and auspicious. )

19, ism: the guarantee of political democracy and people's freedom is the separation of powers. The power of a country is divided into legislative power, administrative power and judicial power. Legislative power should belong to the people's representatives; Executive power should be concentrated in temporary institutions elected by the people, not in permanent committees; Judicial power should be independent of administrative power. The three are independent and supervise each other. Historical significance: the theory of separation of powers is the development of political theory in ancient Greece and Rome, which embodies the principle of people's sovereignty and lays a theoretical foundation for the establishment of political system in modern capitalist countries.

20\( 1) Compass: It plays an important role in military practice and economic life, especially in the development of navigation. It provided technical support for Zheng He's voyages to the West and the opening of new sea routes in Ming Dynasty. Movable type printing: It promotes the spread of world culture in an economical and convenient way. After printing spread to Europe, it prepared conditions for the emergence of what Europe called the dark Middle Ages and Renaissance. C gunpowder: gunpowder spread to Europe, shattered the "riding ten" in the middle ages, and became a weapon for the modern western bourgeoisie to defeat autocratic rule. (Answer only two of them)

(2) Watts. The general steam engine is widely used in production, which promotes the revolution of fuel industry, machinery manufacturing industry, metallurgical industry and material industry. Human dependence on animal power, wind power and water power has ended, and the appearance of steamboats and fireworks powered by steam has greatly promoted the development of human transportation. Make mankind enter the "age of steam" and become a symbol of the industrial revolution.

(I hope it helps you)

(3) the sixties and seventies. Results: The atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb exploded successfully. The satellite foot was successfully launched. (4) Einstein: put forward special relativity and general relativity. The establishment of the theory of relativity is a major breakthrough in the theoretical framework of modern physics and a fundamental change in the history of human thought development, which has had a far-reaching impact on the whole natural science and philosophy department. Innovative spirit of daring to explore; The scientific spirit of persistent pursuit.