Before this meeting, the instructions of the Central Rural Work Department on rural work and the summary report made by Deng Zihui at this meeting comprehensively expounded the Party's rural policy. In addition to clearly pointing out that the basic task of rural work is to develop agricultural production, and the central link is to lead farmers to organize and engage in mutual assistance and cooperation, we must proceed from the current situation of small-scale peasant economy. He also put forward many insightful and important ideas on how to gradually guide farmers to take the road of mutual assistance and cooperation on the basis of protecting farmers' enthusiasm for production, and the policy principles that should be emphatically implemented in mutual assistance and cooperation at this stage. There are mainly the following aspects.
First, we should change the private ownership of the means of production and protect it. At this meeting, Deng Zihui conveyed Mao Zedong's suggestion that the task of socialist transformation should be basically completed in the whole country from 10 to 15 or a little longer. He pointed out that the general direction of organizing farmers cannot be doubted or shaken. But it will not be completed in a short time, but it will take 10 years, 15 years or even longer. He discussed how to treat a large number of individual farmers correctly while organizing mutual assistance and cooperation, and proposed that the enthusiasm of individual farmers should be taken care of while developing mutual assistance and cooperation. So: 1. Respect the ownership of farmers' land property and protect farmers' private property from infringement. 2. A relatively fixed burden. 3. Restrict the exploitation of rich peasants and allow them to exist. He believes that the so-called "ensuring private ownership" is wrong, but farmers' land property ownership must be respected and farmers' private property must be protected. We must separate the gradual transformation of farmers' private ownership from the protection of farmers' land property ownership. If we can't figure this out, it will cause panic among the masses. The general direction of transforming farmers' private ownership must not be shaken, but it cannot be said that farmers' land and other private property will be violated casually in the future.
Second, the socialist transformation of farmers should be carried out cautiously and steadily step by step. Deng Zihui pointed out that it is not easy to complete the socialist transformation of the small-scale peasant economy in such a big country with such a large agricultural population, and it will take a long time. It is undoubtedly a great mistake to think that most farmers can accept the collective farm system now. Therefore, mutual assistance and cooperation must be gradually improved from temporary seasonal mutual assistance groups to perennial mutual assistance groups and then to agricultural production cooperatives. Mutual assistance and cooperation is a mass movement, which must be carried out in accordance with the development law of mass movements. From small to large, from point to area, from low to high, we should consolidate and develop step by step, and we must not rush headlong into action in one step. What started in a hubbub dispersed in a hubbub. Mutual assistance and cooperation are related to the fundamental problems of farmers' production and life, and must be promoted cautiously and steadily.
Third, mutual assistance and cooperation is to transform the economy, not a class struggle, and we cannot adopt the method of "everything is subordinate to war."
Deng Zihui pointed out very clearly that it is necessary to distinguish between today's mutual assistance and cooperation and past war mobilization. This is a struggle to transform the economy, and the method of "everything is subordinate to war" cannot be adopted. Mutual cooperation and land reform are also different. Land reform is the relationship between farmers and landlords, and it is a class struggle. Mutual assistance and cooperation is a problem of educating farmers, not a class struggle, and it must never take the form of class struggle. Today, some places enforce orders and force farmers to join groups and cooperatives by threats, restrictions and wearing big hats. This is completely wrong. We must adopt the methods of education and persuasion, and treat the movement of mutual assistance and cooperation according to the principle of voluntariness and mutual benefit. What if I refuse to accept it? Then wait until they realize that they have to take care of both sides voluntarily.
Fourth, we should give consideration to the interests of poor and middle peasants and handle the relationship between them well. Deng Zihui pointed out that in order to run mutual aid groups and cooperatives well, we must properly handle the internal relations between mutual aid groups and cooperatives, mainly the relations between poor peasants and middle peasants. On the one hand, we should take care of the middle peasants and overcome the idea of poor peasants extorting money from them. It is right not to hire landlords to satisfy poor farm labourers as in the land reform. Today, it is wrong to wipe the middle peasants' oil in order to satisfy the poor peasants. Today's poor peasants will become middle peasants in the future. If they are allowed to wipe the middle peasants' oil today and others will wipe his oil later, it will increase the poor peasants' worries about rising, and as a result, neither of them is willing to please. On the other hand, it is also necessary to prevent some middle peasants and well-off middle peasants from trying to overestimate large livestock and farm tools and paying too much dividends to the detriment of poor peasants. When dealing with the relationship between groups and society, we should adhere to the principle of reciprocity and mutual benefit. Of course, this can't be so idealistic and absolute. We must give consideration to both sides and gradually make it more reasonable.
5. Cooperatives must oppose eating from the same pot, because * * * has production and * * * has consumption, which can't be done today.
Deng Zihui believes that the cooperatives held in various places now only regard land as the main means of production, and according to the farmers' willingness, they have changed from private farming by farmers to joint use by cooperatives. As for other means of production, such as farm tools and livestock, they are still privately owned by farmers. If a cooperative wants to use it, it can only be leased or purchased at a fixed price, and it cannot be used for nothing or returned to the public free of charge. He pointed out: "No matter the agricultural production cooperatives now or the collective farms in the future, they can only adopt the personal consumption system of * * *, but not the system of * * leading production and * * leading consumption. This is capitalism, not today, and we must oppose eating the same pot. Persistence is bound to break. On the issue of * * * production, he further pointed out that the slogan of "mutual assistance and cooperation in all things" put forward in some places is inappropriate and unworkable.
6. In the movement of mutual assistance and cooperation, impatience and rashness are the main bias and the main danger.
Deng Zihui pointed out that in the movement of mutual assistance and cooperation, there are two kinds of bias: one is to wait for the arrival of collectivization, and it seems unnecessary to engage in mutual assistance and cooperation at present, until the tractor comes out in the future. This prejudice is caused by ignoring the role of mutual assistance and cooperation today and in the future. The other kind of bias is aggressive, ultra-left bias, greedy planning and blindly demanding advanced forms. The roots of this rash advance and leftism lie in: First, the nature of mutual aid cooperatives is overestimated, and they fail to realize that mutual aid cooperatives have two sides and are transitional forms. Some people may think that they can be completely socialist in this way, but they don't understand that cooperatives are still based on private ownership, and industrialization conditions are needed to realize socialism. Second, I don't understand the process of industrialization and collectivization. Industrialization is not so fast (there will be more than 65,438+0,000 tractors by 65,438+0,959), but our comrades will cooperate in five years. Third, I don't understand that mutual assistance and cooperation is an insurmountable transitional form. Without mutual assistance and cooperation, it is impossible to transition to socialist collectivization. Due to these three ideological reasons, there has been impatience and rashness. Both impatience and laissez-faire exist today, but impatience is the main prejudice and the main danger in the whole country.
At this meeting, Deng Zihui's important thought on agricultural cooperative policy made a unique contribution. It is of great historical and practical significance to correctly guide the road of agricultural cooperation in China.
(China * * * Production Party News Network Information)