The chairman's meeting began the Brezhnev period of 18. The Soviet Union in this period was roughly divided into two parts.
A stage. In the first stage, a new round of economic reform was carried out from 1964 to the early 1970s. "Neoclassicism?
After the introduction of the economic system, the economic reform has achieved certain results, the scale of economic development has expanded, and the comprehensive national strength of the Soviet Union has been enhanced.
Strong. In the second stage, from the early 1970s to the early 1980s, the pace of economic reform slowed down and stayed in the past.
There is no innovation in the adjustment and restoration of leather, and the economic development is stagnant and declining. Only this part
The economic reform and related problems in this period were investigated.
First, Brezhnev's theory of economic reform
(A) the combination of planned leadership and material incentives
During Khrushchev's period, the theoretical results of the discussion and experiment on "Li beermann's proposal" promoted
Brezhnev-kosygin's "new economic system" came out.
1962 On September 9, Yeli beermann, a professor at Kharkov School of Engineering Economics, published it in Pravda.
The newspaper published an article entitled "Plan, Profit and Bonus". The content of this paper involves the following economic theories.
The first problem is to use "economic means", including profits, bonuses, prices, currencies, etc. Rather than "administrative means."
In order to stimulate the production of enterprises, bonuses are directly linked to the operating conditions of enterprises, and enterprises are assessed according to the profit rate.
Work, "the higher the profit rate, the more bonuses." Second, the article advocates simplifying and improving enterprise plans.
Work, the state only gives enterprises the output, variety, delivery date and other indicators, and expands enterprises to make plans.
The authority and right to extract the reward fund from the profits. Third, stipulate the principles and principles of flexible pricing of new products.
Procedures to ensure profitability.
Beermann's article aroused strong reaction from Soviet economists. Pravda and Izvestia,
National journals such as Economic News, Economic Issues and Planned Economy published a large number of discussion articles.
The discussion starts with how to make enterprises care about the maximum production effect, and goes deep into the planned economy and material stimulation.
Planning indicators and how enterprises use production funds, economic incentives for enterprise activities and ways to reward employees.
At the same time, it also puts forward some problems in the social economy of the Soviet Union, such as profit rate, cost and labor productivity.
Many new ideas.
The discussion on "Li beermann's proposal" lasted for more than a year in China, and it didn't come to an end until the end of 1963.
Paragraph. 1964 1 month, the academic Committee of economic accounting and material stimulation, which was produced by the Soviet Academy of Sciences, was influenced by the Soviet Union.
* * * Entrusted by the Central Committee, this discussion was summarized. The purpose of this discussion is to "improve the effectiveness of planning work,
Create indicators that can often promote enterprises to exert their maximum production potential, thus speeding up the development of China.
System and stimulus system "this kind of centralized planning and leadership, is to achieve business results and play the height of the main business.
Motivation, planning and stimulation are inseparable, and the profits of the whole enterprise are resolutely improved.
The role of economic life, improve the practical significance of bonuses, and make more effective use of prices for material stimulation. "
The comprehensive report puts forward nine suggestions, including: improving the plan and evaluating the price index that stimulates the work of enterprises.
Standard and physical index system; Improve the planned leadership system of enterprises; The work of improving profits in the economic life of enterprises
Use; Improve the form and method of bonus fund and enhance the role of bonus; Strengthen the creation and accelerated adoption of new technologies,
Scientific achievements, the stimulation of various advanced new products, and so on. The comprehensive report affirmed that profit refers to the quality of work.
Standards, production development and sources of stimulus funds.
To sum up, the essence of "Li beermann's proposal" is to establish management combining planned leadership with material stimulation.
Management system. The presentation and discussion of "Lee beermann's Proposal" is of great significance to economic theory and the development of the Soviet Union.
The practice of economic reform has had a certain impact.
"Developed Socialism" Theory
Brezhnev and Soviet theorists believe that socialism is not a short-term stage, but a capitalist society.
A long historical period in the development chain. In the past, people thought that the transition period from capitalism to socialism was over.
Liang, the view that after the establishment of a socialist society, you can immediately start a direct transition to * * * socialism is incorrect.
Yes After socialism is completed, it will take a long time to give full play to the role of socialist production.
The potential of the relationship, to establish the material basis of * * * socialism. Therefore, socialism has different stages.
This is absolutely necessary. 1967165438+1October 4th, Brezhnev was commemorating the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution.
In his speech, he said, "The developed socialist society built in China is originally the principle of' from each according to his ability, to each according to his work'.
This is a dominant society. This is the first time that he proposed that Soviet society is currently in the stage of "developed socialism".
Duan. Later, he asked that this theory be written into the party program as the basis for the party and the state to formulate policies. this
The theory was of great significance to the socialist construction of the Soviet Union at that time. First of all, this theory is completely negative.
Khrushchev's theory of "transition to * * * productism" is of great significance for dealing with and correcting the problems brought about by the Soviet Union's super-stage theory.
All kinds of wrong theoretical and practical problems provide theoretical basis. Secondly, although this theory is in many aspects.
There is a gap with the reality of Soviet society, and it has a super-stage color, but it has been a country for a long time.
The basis for formulating strategies and policies is objectively conducive to the steady development of the Soviet economy and will not be ups and downs.
It was also conducive to the stable implementation of economic reform measures, so it had a positive effect at that time.
Second, the practice of economic reform in Brezhnev period
"new economic system"
After Brezhnev came to power, he basically held a positive attitude towards the discussion and experiment of "Biermann Proposal".
1965 adopted three resolutions on reform: "on improving industrial management, perfecting planned work and increasing"
Resolution on strengthening economic stimulus of industrial production, resolution on improving planning work and strengthening economic stimulus of industrial production
Resolution and conditions of state-owned production enterprises. Under the guidance of these three documents, the Soviet Union officially implemented them in 1966.
"New economic system". The main contents of the new economic system are: (1) expanding enterprise autonomy. increase
The scientificity and accuracy of the national plan in the preparation process, and reduce the mandatory plan indicators issued to enterprises; On tiptoe
The industry can determine the organization and establishment of the enterprise according to the national standards, and has the right to recruit or dismiss employees independently;
Expand the authority of enterprises to control profits, and enterprises can decide the form of wages and incentives; Enterprises have the right to deal with layoffs.
Equipment, tools and instruments. (2) Implement a "complete economic accounting system". Pay attention to profits and strengthen rights
Economic stimulus to enterprises, increase the proportion of retained profits of enterprises, and change the profit commission to "fund payment" and "
"Fixed payment" and "idle profit balance", and strive to mobilize the enthusiasm of enterprises in production and operation, the state, enterprises
The interests of the industry and employees are well combined. (3) the implementation of a comprehensive reform of the wholesale price of industrial products, change a.
The phenomenon of low prices of some products makes the prices as close as possible to the socially necessary labor of the products, thus achieving normal production.
Enterprises can get the necessary profits. (4) Strengthen the role of bank credit. Promote enterprises to save investment and make rational use of it
Shorten the construction period and improve efficiency with funds.
The new economic system was implemented in stages and in batches, which was the result of various reforms carried out by the Soviet Union after the mid-1960s.
Foundation. Some reform measures adopted by Brezhnev in his later period are also the continuation and development of this reform. Xinjing
In the first few years of the implementation of the economic system, it achieved remarkable results and played a certain role in the economic development of the Soviet Union.
Use. From 1966 to 1970, the national income, industrial labor productivity and enterprise profit rate of the Soviet Union are all there.
Greater growth. However, there are also some problems that cannot be ignored in the implementation of the new economic system, such as enterprise behavior.
Pursuing profits, ignoring economic development and people's needs, ignoring product quality and technological progress; Blindly emphasize material thorn
Incentives, indiscriminate bonuses, so that the growth rate of wages exceeds the growth rate of labor productivity and so on.
From the early 1970s, Brezhnev decided to make some repairs to the "new economic system", and the main measures were as follows.
First, reform the organizational structure of industry management and promote the establishment of joint companies. Although the joint company was led by Khrushchev,
Created, but not fully promoted. 1973 March, adopted by the Central Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union.
After the adoption of the Resolution on Several Measures to Further Strengthen Industrial Management, it was decided to carry out industrial rectification nationwide.
The management organization has brought economic reform to a new height. Its main content is to merge enterprises and establish joint production.
The company, the second is to cancel the multi-level system in the management of industrial departments, cancel the general bureaus of various ministries, and make management close to production.
According to calculations, the productivity of large specialized enterprises is much higher than that of small enterprises, so joint companies may solve this problem.
Solve the problem of low efficiency of small and medium-sized enterprises; Joint companies are also conducive to scientific research to serve production more directly and improve enterprises.
Industrial specialization and cooperation level. In addition, while establishing the joint company, the management organization was also reformed. Pass the link
Joint companies can not only strengthen the management of small and medium-sized enterprises, but also reduce the management level and replace the general bureaus of various ministries.
As an intermediate link of department management, the original four-level or five-level management has been changed to two-level or three-level management, that is, departments-
-production joint companies or enterprises, or departments-provincial industrial joint companies-production joint companies or enterprises, open.
Started to change the industrial management system.
After the end of 1970s, the Soviet Union carried out many reform experiments, especially in July of 1979.
The Central Committee adopted a resolution on further improving the economic system and the tasks of the Party and state organs. These resolutions are of great significance
A series of measures have been stipulated in planning work, capital construction and economic stimulus, which is considered as a perfect economic mechanism.
It has entered a "new stage". The purpose of this new stage is: "Let all management and planning put on work clothes."
We should improve production efficiency and work quality, realize the final national economic achievements and fully meet the growing demand.
Social and personal needs. "The characteristics of this resolution show that the Soviet economy was strengthened in the 1970s.
In the transformation, the shortage of human and material resources needs to be solved by developing science and technology and improving product quality and labor productivity;
In addition, it also puts forward a comprehensive economic index of social and economic development, rather than the simple health mentioned before.
Yield index. On improving planning work and strengthening economic mechanism to improve production efficiency, 1979 was adopted in July.
Rate and quality of work, focusing on accelerating the development of science and technology, intensive production and improvement.
In terms of efficiency and quality, this resolution occupies an important position in the history of Soviet economic reform. But compared with "new"
There has been no fundamental breakthrough in the economic system.
(2) Agricultural reform
Brezhnev took a cautious but differentiated attitude towards Khrushchev's agricultural reform measures.
Some have been criticized and corrected because of the mistakes of "subjectivism and voluntarism"; Others protect it and create it.
Its perfection does not deny the necessity of reform, but emphasizes overcoming the chaotic state.
1In March, 965, the Central Plenary Session of the Soviet Union adopted "It is urgent to further develop Soviet agriculture."
Measures "resolution, adopted a series of measures to develop agriculture.
Straighten out the agricultural management system. Khrushchev divided regional party committees into industrial party committees and agricultural party committees in charge of industry.
The industrial agricultural Party committee caused confusion in management, and Brezhnev was reunified into a unified country and border areas.
The Party Committee placed collective farms and state-owned farms under the leadership of the district Party Committee and restored the power originally delegated to the local government.
Under the Ministry of Agriculture, the Minister of Agriculture dismissed by Khrushchev was reinstated.
Substantially increase investment in agriculture. Only in 1966- 1980, the total agricultural investment was 383 billion land.
Cloth is 2.5 times higher than the agricultural investment in the 40 years after the October Revolution. 1965 ——1982 agriculture
The total investment of the industry reached 470.8 billion rubles.
Manage agriculture by economic means. State farms implement a complete economic accounting system; Collective farms are guaranteed.
Starting from 1966, collective farms, like state-owned farms, implement a monthly salary system.
Improve the status and treatment of farmers on collective farms; Adopt a stable encouragement policy for personal sideline.
Raise the purchase price of agricultural products. Change the past practice of formulating and implementing an agricultural product acquisition plan once a year. "
Fixed purchase, oversold reward system, agricultural products purchase plan must remain unchanged for 5 years. From 1965 to 1
1979 The purchase price of agricultural products rose by 7 times, and the price index rose by more than 60%.
Implement the policy of agricultural intensive development. Attach importance to the specialization of agricultural production and strengthen agricultural scientific research work and personnel.
To cultivate. Some efforts have been made in agricultural mechanization, chemistry, electrification, water conservancy and soil improvement.
Strengthen the material and technical foundation of developing agriculture.
Experiment on the agro-industrial complex. With the development of agricultural intensification, agricultural workers began to appear in the Soviet Union in 1970s.
The trend of integration, the formation of cross-industry and agricultural enterprises or joint companies-agricultural and industrial complexes. The main mode of its operation
There are buildings, building materials production, agricultural and livestock products production, agricultural products processing and compound feed production, social service industry and so on.
Industry. The agro-industrial complex has the conditions to concentrate on the use of funds and talents from all units, adopt advanced technology, and improve
High production efficiency. 1976 In May, the Central Committee of the Soviet Union passed a resolution that the development of agro-industrial complex was the progress of the Soviet Union.
The main direction of further developing agriculture. That year, there were more than 7,000 agro-industrial complexes in the Soviet Union.
Third, the evaluation of Brezhnev's economic reform.
During the Brezhnev period, the economic reform of the Soviet Union never stopped. This reform covers a wide range, making the Soviet Union
Many changes have taken place in the economic management system of the United Nations. The reform in this period was mainly to reduce the central mandatory plan.
Indicators, reform the management system, improve management methods, expand enterprise autonomy, and emphasize the impact of profits on enterprise leaders and employees.
People's material stimulation. Its essence is to make limited use of market mechanism within the framework of planned economy; By management
Means are the main means, supplemented by economic means to manage the economy. At that time, this reform achieved remarkable results and was popularized.
With the development of Soviet economy, the national strength and international influence of the Soviet Union reached in Brezhnev period.
In its heyday.
The economy of Brezhnev period was developing in general, especially the eighth five-year plan of the Soviet Union.
The successful completion of (1966— 1970) stopped the economic growth during the first three five-year plans.
The trend of continuous decline. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan of the Soviet Union, the average annual growth rate of social GDP reached 7.4%.
%, although the average annual growth rate decreased during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period (197 1- 1975),
But it still reached 6.4%. The development of production gradually narrowed the gap between the Soviet Union and the United States.
1975 the total industrial output value of the Soviet union has reached more than 80% of the total industrial output value of the United States, while the total agricultural output value
It reached 85%. Thus, the Soviet Union became the first economic power in Europe and the second in the world. Late 1960s
Moreover, in the early 1970 s, the living standards of the Soviet people also improved greatly: prices were stable for a long time, whether it was
Both nominal and real wages have gone up; Per capita consumption of meat, milk, eggs, fish, bread, fruits and vegetables.
The number of televisions, watches, cameras, refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaners and self-propelled appliances owned by each 100 household.
The number of high-end durable consumer goods such as automobiles, motorcycles and small cars has increased; Rent and transportation are low and refundable.
Hugh gold can basically meet the needs of life; Living conditions have improved and so on. However, the economic life of the Soviet Union
It is still difficult for Chinese residents to buy high-quality goods. Whether it is a member of a collective farm, a worker or a post.
Staff, the cost of wine should account for 4-5% of their total consumption expenditure; The housing problem of most residents has not been solved.
To the fundamental solution; A series of problems that cannot be ignored, such as the increasing burden of state financial subsidies.
The economic reform in Brezhnev period was a highly centralized planned economy in the Soviet Union for a long time.
The economic management system has not been fundamentally touched, and it has not solved the substantive problem of how the Soviet economy continues to grow.
In the second half of 1970s, the economic growth rate of the Soviet Union slowed down, and the economic system of the Soviet Union did not adapt to the development of productive forces.
The disadvantages of exhibition demand are increasingly exposed. The reasons are as follows: First, theoretically speaking, under socialist conditions,
Lack of understanding of the role of market mechanism in regulating economy. In the later period of Brezhnev's administration, he also organized meetings with Eastern European countries.
Social market economy "theory, which hinders the further exploration of the new socialist economic system. that
Second, in practice, due to the implementation of the "new economic system", the product quality is neglected in the face of one-sided pursuit of profit.
Quantity, blindly indiscriminate bonuses, regardless of the long-term interests of the country and the people, and so on, failed to find an effective solution.
Law, afraid that reform will trigger new social contradictions, affect social stability and shake its power base, so reform one by one.
Step contraction, the introduction of reform measures was cancelled, resulting in the economic system reform halfway.