The color of oil paintings in the Middle Ages is earthy and monotonous. Impressionism studies the relationship between light and color, which is colorful.

Italy

Mainland: Europe

Approval time: 1995

Approval criteria

1995 and 1999 are listed in the World Heritage List according to the cultural heritage selection criteria C (II) (III) (IV) (V) (VI).

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Ferrara is located in the northeast of Emilia, between Bologna and Padua. It is located in the lower reaches of the Po River Basin and the upper reaches of the huge Po River Delta. Founded in the 6th and 7th centuries BC, Ferrara is the center of culture and art in history and is now the capital of Ferrara province.

Urban history:

The city of Ferrara was built across the Po River, and the Roman Avenue leading to Padua crossed the Po River from the city. In the 8th century, a fortress of Byzantine was built on the north bank of the Po River to protect the archbishop's palace on the south bank from the Huns. This fortress developed along the banks of the Po River. The riverbed changed with the diversion of rivers in the 7th century. /kloc-in the 20th century, Tebar, the feudal Lord of Ferrara Canosa, built a castle on the north bank of the river. Ferrara developed at its two ends, that is, between the fortress and the castle, until its intersection, that is, the cathedral built on the north bank in the12nd century. With the arrival of the Este family rule in 1208, especially in 1332, Ferrara was canonized by the Pope and expanded the city to the north three times in a planned way, each time advancing the city defense. The perspective effect of the city played an important role in the maximum expansion of 1492. Under the rule of the Duke of Esther, Ferrara, as a free city, is the center of humanistic thought and art. etro Benbo, Pieto Della Piero Della Francesca, Ariosto and Tasso all lived here and founded Ferrara Art School. 1598 became a part of the papal state, and the development of Ferrara was hindered. It was successively occupied by France and Austria, and 1859 was merged into the Kingdom of Italy.

Urban structure:

Ferrara is surrounded by uniquely designed fortifications. The vertical axis passes through the city, which provides a basic framework for planning and expansion, indicating that the city is developing in a straight line. According to the design of architect Biagio Rossetti (1465- 15 16), the perspective of the city is built around palaces, churches and gardens. Four contemporary palaces surround the square in the north of the city, perfectly demonstrating the urban planning based on visual perspective. There are many palaces, churches and monasteries in the fortifications. The cathedral was built in12nd century to16th century. It has both Romanesque and Gothic styles, and is surrounded by medieval buildings, including municipal buildings and Este Castle. Among these numerous Renaissance-style palaces, the main architect of Shifanayo architecture, Lodovickermore architecture and Rovere La architecture is Rossetti. Ferrara is a typical Renaissance city with well-preserved urban buildings. The evolution of urban design shown by Ferrara will have a far-reaching impact on urban design in the next few centuries. In the two centuries of fruitful Renaissance, the splendid palace of the Esther family attracted countless famous artists, poets and philosophers, including the new Italian Renaissance writers. Duke estay's residence in the Delta shows the influence of Renaissance culture on the natural landscape in a special way. Delta is a famous planning cultural landscape, which retains its original features to the greatest extent.

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Ferrara was built in a wadable area of the Po River. From the 4th century A.D./KLOC-0 to the 6th century A.D./KLOC-0, Duke Estella carried out land reclamation and architectural planning here. This gives this region a unique condition and makes it closely connected with Ferrara, where the estay family is located. During the period from15th century to16th century, the city gradually developed into a cultural and artistic center, and attracted a group of talented and great people in the Italian Renaissance. Piero Della Piero Della Francesca, Jacob Bei Lini and Mantnia participated in decorating the palace of the estay dynasty. The ideal city built after Biagio Rossetti 1492 according to the new principles of long-term planning has become a reality here. The completion of this plan marks the birth of modern urban design and its future development.

Ancient European civilization is a colorful historical picture. From the 5th century BC to the 7th century, Europe experienced several historical periods, from the slave society represented by ancient Greece and Rome to the feudal society such as the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Baroque. With the changes of society, different political forces have occupied a dominant position, which not only brought about the rise and fall of different cities, but also showed the corresponding urban pattern characteristics.

Cities in ancient Greece and Rome.

Ancient Greece is the birthplace of European civilization. In the 5th century BC, ancient Greece experienced slavery democracy and formed a series of city-states. During the prosperity of ancient Greece, the famous architect Hippocrates put forward the Hippocrates model of urban construction. This model takes the grid road system as the skeleton and the city square as the center, which fully embodies the spirit of democracy and equality. This pattern is fully reflected in the planned Milet city (Figure 2- 1-5): the city has formed an irregular shape and a checkerboard road network. The city center consists of a square and some public buildings, which are mainly used for public gatherings and businesses. There are colonnades around the square for rest and trading.

The ancient Roman era was a prosperous stage in the development of western slavery. In 300 BC, Rome conquered almost all the Mediterranean area and built a large number of camps in the conquered area (Figure 1-2-2). Zhai Ying has a certain planning mode: the plane is square or rectangular, with a cross-shaped street in the middle, and the central square formed by the amphitheater or Colosseum and the official residence buildings near the intersection. The planning concept of Zhai Ying is deeply influenced by the purpose of military control. With the prosperity of the country, the expansion of territory and the accumulation of wealth, cities have developed on a large scale. In addition to urban facilities such as roads, bridges, city walls and aqueducts, a large number of public baths, Colosseum, palaces and other facilities were built for slave owners to enjoy. During the Roman Empire (in 30 BC, Rome and the country's consul Augustus proclaimed themselves emperor), the urban proposal entered its heyday. In addition to continuing to build public baths, Colosseum and palaces, cities have become tools for emperors to publicize their political achievements, and squares, bronze statues, Arc de Triomphe and meritorious columns have become the core and focus of urban space. The ancient Roman city is the most concentrated embodiment. The center of the city is a group of squares formed during the Republic of China and the Empire. There are bronze statues of the emperor, the Arc de Triomphe and memorial columns, as well as public baths and Colosseum scattered all over the city.

2. Medieval European cities

The demise of the Roman Empire marked the entry of Europe into the Middle Ages of feudal society. Due to the southward migration of Germanic agriculture, the center of social life turned to the countryside, handicrafts and commerce were very depressed, cities declined, and the population of ancient Rome decreased to 40 thousand.

In the Middle Ages, Europe was divided into many small feudal kingdoms. Feudal dramas and wars continued, and many castles with defensive functions appeared. The church in medieval Europe was very powerful, and the church occupied the center of the city. The size of the church and the towering spire became the dominant factors in the urban spatial layout and skyline outline, which made the medieval European urban landscape unique.

/kloc-after the 0/0 century, handicrafts and commerce gradually rose. Some cities got rid of the rule of feudal lords and became autonomous cities, and public buildings (such as city hall, customs and trade clubs) occupied the dominant position in urban space. With the continuous prosperity of handicrafts and commerce, many medieval cities finally broke through the closed castles and expanded outward.

3. Renaissance and Baroque Cities

/kloc-The Renaissance after the 0/4th century was the embryonic period of European capitalism, and science, technology and art all developed rapidly. Under the influence of humanism, many medieval cities were rebuilt, and the reconstruction was often concentrated in some local areas, such as square buildings. Italian cities have built many squares and streets with classical style and rigorous composition, such as St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome and St. Kyle's Square in Venice.

/kloc-in the second half of the 0/7th century, the newly born capitalism urgently needs a powerful state machine to provide shelter. The bourgeoisie and the state formed an alliance against feudal separatism and church forces, and established many centralized autocratic monarchies. Influenced by the classical trend of thought in urban construction, we cherish abstract symmetry and coordination, and spare no effort to emphasize axis and master-slave relationship in both plane layout and facade composition. Among them, the reconstruction planning of Paris had the greatest influence, and the streets radiating from the axis (such as the Elysee Palace's pastoral avenue), the magnificent palace gardens (such as Versailles Palace) and public squares (such as Concorde Square) all became the models of urban construction imitation at that time.

Classical painting pays more attention to style and color contrast. It is soft and realistic, depicting objects or scenes on the drawing board.

Impressionism pays attention to color, and the traces left by objective things in people's minds are abstract.

Neoclassical painting came into being on the eve of the French Revolution. The French bourgeoisie respects the classical style and the artistic language, style, theme and style of ancient Greece and Rome, aiming at satirizing the present. Neo-classical painting takes the aesthetics of Renaissance as the guiding ideology, advocates antique, rational and natural, and is characterized by choosing serious themes; Pay attention to shaping and integrity; Emphasize rationality and ignore sensibility; Emphasize sketch and ignore color. The representative figure of neoclassical painting is Louis? Dewitt and Angel.

/kloc-the birth of romanticism in the 0/9th century was a revolution of neoclassicism and academic art at that time. Romanticism is based on the pursuit of freedom, equality, fraternity and individual liberation. Pursue the beauty of fantasy, pay attention to the exchange of feelings, and like the expression of passionate temperament. Romantic art opposes stillness with dynamics and excessive objectivity with strong subjectivity. On the subject matter, he describes his unique personality, exoticism, life tragedy and abnormal events, and often looks for creative themes from some literary works. The pioneer of romanticism was Cirico, and Delacroix made romantic painting reach its peak.

After French Romanticism, there appeared a realistic art movement that praised nature and described the lives of ordinary people. Realistic painting refers to the art of expressing the truth of life, describing what you see by being faithful to the object, and reflecting the essence of things through phenomena. Represented by Koro, Miller, Courbet and Du Miai.

/kloc-in the second half of the 9th century, a group of painters centered on MANET, such as Monet, Sisley, Renoir, Cezanne, Degas, pissarro, etc. Under the slogan of opposing academic art, he carried out artistic innovation with an innovative attitude and entered the French painting world. Impressionism emphasizes the painter's feelings and impressions of objective things, opposes the academic school's conformism and advocates artistic innovation. In painting skills, light and color are discussed, and the method of depicting objects with external light is studied, and this scientific principle is applied to painting. According to observation and direct feeling, it shows subtle color changes. This is a great revolution in the history of painting, and it also has a great influence on later modern art. Post-impressionism appeared after Impressionism. Post-impressionism emphasizes the expression of the author's self-feeling, subjective feeling and emotion. In artistic expression, "post-impressionism" attaches importance to the relationship between form, color and volume, emphasizing that artistic image should be different from the material image of life, objective image should be transformed with the author's subjective feelings, and "subjective objectivity" should be expressed. They respect the achievements of Impressionism in external light and color, but they don't pursue external light and pay attention to the concreteness, stability and internal structure of matter. Post-impressionist painting has a great influence on the development of modern painting school.