1901April 13, Jacques-Marie Emile Lacan was born in a middle-class Catholic family in Paris. His paternal line was once a famous vinegar producer in Orleans, southwest of Paris, and his business moved to Paris with his father. His mother was born in a goldsmith's family in Paris, Lacan was their eldest son, and there was a younger sister and brother.
In his early years, he entered stanislas Middle School, a Catholic school, and fell in love with philosophy. In middle school, he began to read Spinoza's ethics works and became an "atheist". In the future, rebellion against institutions and authority will begin to take shape.
Lacan graduated from high school and entered the medical school of Paris University to study psychiatry. Contact with surrealism, reading Freud's works 193 1 year, changed the research direction.
1900, Freud's Interpretation of Dreams was published, and psychoanalysis was officially born. 1902, the "Wednesday Psychological Society" was established in Vienna, and the technical and theoretical problems of psychoanalysis were discussed in Freud's home every Wednesday. At first, there were only five people, including Freud, and then the followers gradually increased. 19 10, the international psychoanalytic association (IPA) was established. French psychiatry explicitly opposes psychoanalysis. Until 1926, princesse marie, Rudolf lowenstein and others established the Paris Psychoanalysis Society (SPP), which is a local branch of the international association.
From June 65438 to June 0932, Lacan began to accept lowenstein's analysis regularly, which lasted for six years.
1September, 932, Lacan completed the defense of his doctoral thesis entitled "On paranoid psychosis and its relationship with personality", most of which was an analysis of Aimee's case. 193 1 year, Aimee's life was frustrated, and she planned to assassinate the unknown Paris actress Mrs. Z. Lacan explained that Aimee projected her ideal image on Mrs. Z based on Freud's theory of unconsciousness and self, let her play the role of persecutor, and then violently attacked her. In this way, "she avoided facing her tragic reality and denied the object of reality, thus protecting her ideal image". Aimee's paranoia is "self-punishing paranoia". Attacking Mrs. Z made her a criminal and attacked herself.
Rudy Nesco, Lacan's female disciple, defined the relationship between Lacan and Aimee in the original sense.
1934 65438+ 10, Lacan married Mary-Louis Blondin. In May, I started to be an analyst. 1 1 In June, he joined the Paris Psychoanalytic Society.
From 1934 to 1937, Lacan attended the seminar on Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit held by Alexandre Kojève in Paris, which gave him a new angle to restate Freud's theory.
1In August, 936, Lacan attended the 4th annual meeting of the International Psychoanalytic Association held in Mariabad, Czech Republic, and delivered a speech on Mirror Stage. Due to overtime, the speech was interrupted by the chairman of the meeting, ernest jones. Lacan has been worried about this all his life. As a result, he did not submit the abstract of the paper to the conference, and the paper was absent.
1937 1, the first child Caroline of Lacan and Blondin was born. At the end of 1938, he had an affair with the movie star Sylvia Markles, the wife of his good friend georges bataille.
194 1 July, Sylvia gave birth to Lacan's daughter, named Judith, but her father's surname was Ba Taye. In February of the same year, Lacan divorced Blondin. The marriage between Sylvia and Ba Taye was officially dissolved on 1946. 1953, Lacan and Sylvia officially got married.
(1939 September 1, Germany marched into Poland and World War II broke out. On September 23rd, Freud died in exile in England. 1September 2, 945, Japan surrendered and World War II ended. )
1In July, 949, Lacan attended the16th International Psychoanalysis Conference held in Zurich, and submitted a paper "Mirror Stage as the Functional Configuration of" I "Revealed in Psychoanalysis Experience", reinterpreting the version of 1936. This time, he was able to express his thoughts completely, and his speech was not interrupted. At this time, the center of the international psychoanalysis movement shifted to the United States, and self-psychology became the mainstream school, with anna Floyd, Heinz Hartman, Ernst Chris, lowenstein and so on as the representatives.
Paris Psychoanalytic Society is full of contradictions and smoke: there is controversy about the qualification of amateur analysts (non-medical background); Nast, a Saka, immediately reformed the organizational system of the Institute and monopolized the power after he was elected as the president of 1949. Lacan's "flexible time talks" violated international technical rules and was controversial.
1953 65438+1On October 20th, Lacan was elected president of the Paris Psychoanalytic Society. /kloc-in June, 0/6, he was impeached, announced his withdrawal from the Paris Psychoanalytic Society and joined the French Psychoanalytic Association (APF) founded by Daniel lagache and Fran? ois Doldo.
The break with Paris Psychoanalytic Society made Lacan's career brilliant for the first time.
1On July 8th, 953, he gave a speech entitled "Symbol, Imagination and the Real World" at the first scientific meeting of the French Psychoanalytic Society, expounded his "Three Realms Theory" for the first time and put forward the slogan of "Returning to Freud" for the first time.
The so-called return to Freud, "the meaning of returning to Freud is the meaning of returning to Freud." Lacan believes that self-psychology understands Freud unilaterally and brings psychoanalysis into the dark abyss. Freud had two different views on self-concept:
Self-psychology corrects the "true self" and thinks that the self is not the product of the ID, but as primitive as the ID and differentiated from an "undifferentiated matrix". Self-psychology regards self as a kind of defensive function and integration function, and it is a "conflict-free field" (Hartman), and takes strengthening self's defensive function and ability to adapt to reality as the fundamental goal of psychoanalytic therapy.
Lacan inherited the "narcissistic self", thinking that the self is produced by the mirror image of the alien. The so-called self-autonomy is actually the product of mirror identification, which is essentially a misunderstanding, and the self is basically an other. Therefore, the goal of analysis is to let the subject experience his own fantasy, look directly at the truth of his desire, and determine the position of the subject in the language order.
It can be said that Back to Freud has a political plot, which embodies Foucault's "words are power".
On September 26-27 of the same year, Lacan gave an academic report entitled "The Function and Scope of Speech and Language in Psychoanalysis" at the International Conference of Romantic Psychoanalysts held in Rome, commonly known as the "Rome Report", and made a theoretical defense for his flexible time talk.
165438+1On June 8th, he started his famous seminar in Santa Ana Hospital. The seminar is scheduled to be held every Wednesday from February to June every year to commemorate Freud's "Wednesday Psychological Society". During the period of Santa Ana Hospital, Lacan adopted the mode of reading Hegel by Koufu, borrowed the theories of Saussure and Jacobson, and creatively reread Freud's text.
However, the International Psychoanalysis Association does not recognize the French Psychoanalysis Society, and the only one recognized by France is the Paris Psychoanalysis Society. If you leave the Paris Association, you leave the International Association. International associations can tolerate theoretical innovations and differences, and even the resulting division, but they will never tolerate unauthorized deviations in technology. The technical rules of the international association are a symbol of maintaining the unity of this empire. Lacan's "short-term talks" technology has become a major obstacle for French society to apply for membership in international associations.
196310 June 13, French Psychoanalytic Society was forced to remove Lacan from the list of training analysts.
1964 65438+ 10/0/5, seminar 1 1 held in Paris Normal University, with the theme of "four basic concepts of psychoanalysis". Since then, Lacan has surpassed Freud in the name of regression, and explored what Freud did not say or could not say with his own concepts and logic, reinterpreting Lacan, a classic in the period of Santa Ana Hospital.
On June 2 1 of the same year, Lacan announced the establishment of the French psychoanalysis school, which was renamed the Freudian school in Paris three months later. EEP Paris University. The French psychoanalysis movement ushered in the second division.
The break with the French psychoanalytic society once again pushed Lacan's career to the peak.
In June 1966 1 1 published more than 900 pages of works, which greatly improved Lacan's social reputation. The Anthology contains 28 articles written by Lacan in 1936- 1965, but they are not completely arranged in chronological order, but adopt a retrospective construction method. Lacan believed that he was a mature structuralist psychoanalyst as early as 1930s. Taking the mirror stage as an example, Lacan put the version of 1949 in the position of 1936 because the manuscript of 1936 was lost, and systematized his thought in a way of "historical disguise", which made his theory appear premature.
History is strikingly similar. From 65438 to 0967, Lacan put forward the "customs clearance" procedure in school, which reformed the training method of psychoanalysis and caused a lot of dissatisfaction. 1969 1 At the end of the year, Pierre, Valla Briega, Olagainai and others quit the school and set up the "fourth group", also known as the "French psychoanalysis organization", which is the third branch of the French psychoanalysis movement. The focus of the three divisions was the training of psychoanalysis, but this time Lacan was no longer the one who was expelled.
1968, after the May storm in Paris, psychoanalysis became a social phenomenon. The University of Paris VIII, the University of Vinson, was founded, and Foucault became the head of the Department of Philosophy. There is another psychoanalysis department under the philosophy department, which is unprecedented in the history of the establishment of French universities and psychoanalysis. The head of the department is leclerc, who is neglected by Lacan School, and all the teachers are from Lacan School (many analysts from French Society and Paris Society went to the seventh and fifth universities in Paris, but neither of them has a separate psychoanalysis department).
1969 In March, Paris Normal University issued a marching order to Lacan. 1 17126 October, the seminar was moved to the law school opposite the Pantheon, and the time of the seminar was changed to the 2nd and 3rd of each month, but this practice was not strictly observed. During this period, Lacan went straight to "return to Lacan" and completed Freud's "transcendence".
From 65438 to 0972, Jacques Alan Miller began to organize and publish lectures for Lacan. Miller was originally a student of philosophy at Paris Normal University. He was praised for his radical claim that Lacan didn't need to refer to Freud when reading. He wrote an index for the anthology and married Judith on 1966, becoming Lacan's son-in-law. From 65438 to 0974, Miller, who was already the deputy director of the Department of Psychoanalysis of Vinson University, advocated reorganization and seized the leadership, and Lacan became the director of the Scientific Committee of the Department of Psychoanalysis.
With Lacan's connivance and support, Miller monopolized the power, which caused great dissatisfaction within the school and the organization building was crumbling. Structuralism has become a thing of the past, and Lacan has also become a frontier wave, attacked by the outside of the school.
Lacan announced the dissolution of the "Freudian School of Paris" in an open letter to the members of the school on 198015 October. On February 2 1 day, he announced to those who wanted to continue to follow him that he would create "Freud's career". 10 year1October 22nd, "Freudian enterprise" was formally established, and Miller became the designated successor.
198 1 June, Aimee died. She is like a thread of Ariadne, connecting the two endpoints of Lacan's fate as a psychoanalyst. On Wednesday, September 9th, Lacan passed away. The last sentence is: "I am stubborn ... I am disappearing".
1 Wu Qiong: Jacques Lacan, read your symptoms, Renmin University of China Press, 20 1 1.
2 Sean Homer: Introduction to Lacan, translated by Li Xinyu, Chongqing University Press, 20 14.