Landlord class: launching the Westernization Movement, with the slogan of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth", seeking "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" and "learning from Chinese style to apply western learning", the essence is to learn western science and technology, buy armaments from foreign powers without touching the foundation of feudal rule, but not learning from advanced western social systems and production methods, and it is doomed to failure;

The peasant class-the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and the Boxer Movement, the former put forward the "China Land System", aiming at abolishing feudal landlord ownership and distributing land equally according to population and age. Although the core ideas such as "land to the tiller, cooperation among all people" and "everywhere is uneven, no one is hungry" have made progress, they have not put forward advanced ideas that conform to the social development trend; Later, Hong put forward a "new chapter on senior management", which was the first to study capitalism, but it was not put into practice. The latter did very little and did not put forward the idea of progress.

Bourgeois reformists: They launched the Reform Movement of 1898 and sought to establish a constitutional monarchy. Because they were divorced from the masses and relied only on an emperor who had no real power, and the capitalist economy was not fully developed at that time, their exploration failed;

Bourgeois revolutionaries: They launched a series of riots, especially the Revolution of 1911, which overthrew the decadent rule of the Qing Dynasty and created democratic constitutionalism. Due to the weakness of the bourgeoisie and the limitation of not daring to mobilize the masses, especially the peasants, the revolutionary achievements fell into Yuan Shikai's hands and did not change the situation of the "two halves" society.

National bourgeoisie: seek to establish a constitutional democratic country and replace the dictatorship of the Kuomintang with representative system. However, during the war of liberation, capitalism was on the verge of bankruptcy, and the third way did not work.