The starting point of China's modern history was determined by historians as AD 1840. Because a great event happened this year-the Opium War. The British invaders drove 48 ships, threatened by force, forcibly promoted opium and demanded compensation from the Qing government. It is said that if you don't agree to its request, you will "fight endlessly." The Opium War lasted for two years, from 2 1,1June 840 to1August 29, 842, when the first unequal treaty "treaty of nanking" was signed in China's modern history.
(1) The prelude to the burning of Yuanmingyuan in China's modern history was forcibly dispersed by the invaders' gunfire. What followed was the slaughter of ignorant and weak bodies, the bloody air saturated with innocence and helplessness, the charcoal of creatures under the butcher's knife, and the liberation of civilization in the fire. From 65438 to 0856, the arrogance of foreign invaders was stimulated by the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government and became more unscrupulous. In order to further open China's market and gain more privileges, the invaders deliberately provoked the Second Opium War. It was in this war that Yuanmingyuan was looted and destroyed by fire. The war ended when a series of unequal treaties were forced to be signed. Britain, France, Russia, the United States and other countries gained more benefits by exposing the cruel forces of the executioner, and China society was further pushed into the semi-colonial abyss.
An Englishman who witnessed the British and French invaders burning Yuanmingyuan once said, "When the roofs collapsed one by one, the flames in all directions gradually suffocated and spewed huge billowing smoke. ..... This is a sad sign for the fate of this ancient empire. Its internal foundation is to destroy the remnants of the self-destructive civil war ... and as a result, there is no place to ask for help. Finally, it spit out a thick smoke, surrendered and disappeared into its former ashes. "
1June, 860, 200 British and French ships and more than 6,000 people from the invading army/kloc-0 came to Dagukou, Tianjin. This is a well-planned aggression, under the pretext of escorting the British and French ministers to Beijing to exchange the ratification documents of the Tianjin Treaty signed in 1858. Its purpose was to threaten the Qing government by force and "give a direct blow to the China government". In September of the same year, the British and French allied forces pushed Tongzhou. At this time, Emperor Wen Zong of the Qing Dynasty (Emperor Xianfeng) had taken refuge in Yuanmingyuan, where he ordered the interception of British Ambassador Parkes and others. On September 2 1 day, the British and French allied forces attacked Baliqiao in three ways, which is known as the "Battle of Baliqiao" in history. The Battle of Baliqiao was the last battle between the Qing army and the British and French invaders in the Second Opium War. In this campaign, the Qing army fought a decisive battle with the invading army with 70 thousand men, and was finally defeated. The next day, in the early morning of September 22, Emperor Xianfeng, who had ordered the whole country to kill the enemy heroically, heard the news of the defeat in the Battle of Baliqiao and fled in haste and came to Jehol. According to historical records, Xianfeng's escape was extremely embarrassing. "I am unprepared, there are not many followers, and there are few cars and horses."
Xianfeng ran away. Xianfeng's younger brother Yi.
Set up an office in Yuanmingyuan to preside over the lottery.
On June 6th, 1860, 10, the British and French invaders entered Beijing from Deshengmen and Andingmen. At this time, the Qing army was already in chaos and collapsed without fighting. The invading army followed the Qing soldiers back to Yuanmingyuan. Imperial envoy yi
He saw it and ran away. The invading army marched straight into the Yuanmingyuan. Facing the invasion of the invading army, the emperor of the king of a country ran away, the imperial envoys ran away, the Qing army guarding the capital ran away, and the guards guarding the garden ran away. When the invading army was complacent, what they didn't expect was that they met with heroic resistance from more than 20 China heroes in Demen of Yuanmingyuan. In the face of vicious invaders, more than 20 men could not escape the fate of being killed, but they used their bodies to fight the enemy to make the invaders feel scared. Ren Liang, the leader of Bapin, took the lead in fighting the invaders. More than 20 men were "technically brave" eunuchs in Yuanmingyuan. "Skill and courage" is the duty of patrol guards near the imperial queen's bedroom in the park. These eunuchs with special status are licensed to walk in the park with weapons. Ren Liang and others' heroic acts against the enemy were engraved by their colleagues to show future generations. This tombstone was unearthed in 1983. History has witnessed this heroic feat and the indomitable spirit of the Chinese nation.
Yuanmingyuan, a garden of thousands of gardens that embodies the high wisdom and sweat of the Chinese nation, is a grand artistic masterpiece that has gone through 150 years and concentrated on foreign architectural art. As one of the treasures of human culture, this cultural carrier was looted and burned unprecedentedly from June 6 to 8, 1960. Yuanmingyuan fell in the arrogance of the invaders. Three days later, the northwest of Beijing is still filled with smoke, counting the atrocities of the invaders to destroy civilization and dehumanize; A feudal building collapsed, leaving a stone residue that could not be burned by fire. It survived the fierce ravages and was witnessed by history. We don't need to go into details about the burning of Yuanmingyuan, which is an unforgettable page for the people of China. Here, we refer to the words recorded in historical materials to see the faces and actions of the invaders: "When the crimson flames are reflected on the faces of the troops engaged in arson, they look like demons. Although they have destroyed what they can't recover, they are complacent and feel very glorious. " Hugo, a great French writer, once wrote these words with his sharp pen: "One day, two robbers broke into Yuanmingyuan. One robbed, the other set fire. It seems that if you win the war, you can engage in robbery. Holding hands, they returned to Europe with a smile. This is the history of two robbers. We Europeans call ourselves civilized people. In our eyes, China people are barbarians, but look, what civilized people have done to barbarians! " He also said, "In the face of history, these two robbers were called France and England."
(II) The Reform Movement of 1898 The development of human society follows the laws of nature-the evolutionary principle that backwardness is replaced by advanced and ignorance is eliminated by civilization. China's modern romance is a history of the decline of feudal society, and it is also a history of getting rid of ignorance and pursuing brightness. Due to the decay of feudal rule, China was in a state of being carved up and humiliated in the historical development of modern world. But this does not mean that the Chinese nation has lost its blood and fighting spirit. The national spirit of self-improvement, self-reliance, shame-awareness and courage supports this troubled nation everywhere. The Reform Movement of 1898, which took place at the end of 19, was a reform movement in which the bourgeoisie demanded political reform, resisted foreign aggression and developed capitalism in the late Qing Dynasty.
The so-called Reform Movement of 1898 refers to the bourgeois reform movement in China marked by the Reform Movement of 1898. Because 1898 was the year of the Reform Movement of 1898 in China, it was also called the Reform Movement of 1898. This political reform movement, initiated by the China bourgeoisie, aimed at resisting foreign aggression, rejuvenating the nation and developing capitalism, was launched in Beijing from beginning to end. Therefore, it has a direct relationship with the social and historical development of Beijing.
After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, foreign powers plundered and carved up China, which led to an unprecedented national crisis in China. However, at that time, the post-Party headed by Empress Dowager Cixi of the Qing government adhered to the conservative policy of traitorous, which was in sharp contradiction with the reformist imperial party represented by Emperor Guangxu. The bourgeois reformists, led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, wanted to reform and change the status quo of China with the support of the Imperial Party, which laid the foundation for the failure of the political reform movement. Emperor Guangxu supported the reform and political reform, although there were factors influenced by the reform thought, fundamentally speaking, Emperor Guangxu's purpose was to consolidate his leading position in the struggle against the post-party power through political reform. This is invisible to reformers.
Kang Youwei came to Beijing twice for an exam in 1882 and 1888. He witnessed everything the capital saw and the corruption of the ruling group. So in 1888, Kang Youwei wrote directly to Emperor Guangxu as a "cloth" (the first book of Emperor Shangqing, Kang Youwei wrote to Emperor Guangxu seven times). In his letter, he talked frankly about the crisis of the current situation and put forward the idea of "turning it into law, understanding the situation and being cautious". At that time, writing letters with cloth was risky, and Kang Youwei dismissed it. Of the seven books, Kang Youwei's third book reached the hands of Emperor Guangxu. In fact, Emperor Guangxu was more or less influenced by the reform thought. He studied English and read some works of reformist thinkers. Facing the situation that the Qing Dynasty was mired in internal troubles and foreign invasion, he asked the Prime Minister's yamen to give him western books and new books for the purpose of maintaining feudal rule and maintaining the ruling power in the struggle with the post-Party. Facing the national humiliation and the situation of Empress Dowager Cixi in the ruling and opposition, Emperor Guangxu gradually tended to reform from the perspective of power struggle. As a representative of the reformists, Kang Youwei's name was very influential in the capital at that time, because he dared to write books and criticize the current abuses. From 65438 to 0889, Kang Youwei met Zhang Jian, the adviser of Weng Tonghe, the teacher of Emperor Guangxu, in Beijing, and thus had indirect contact with Weng Tonghe, the leader of the imperial party. At the same time, Kang Youwei also made friends with some bureaucrats and scholars in the capital, many of whom were imperialists. Therefore, Kang Youwei and others advocated political reform and reform, which had a great influence on the ruling group and capital society at that time.
/kloc-The end of 0/9 is undoubtedly the darkest period in China's modern history. Internal troubles and foreign invasion have continuously accelerated the contradictions and struggles within the ruling class and intensified ethnic contradictions. 1895, the news of the signing of "treaty of shimonoseki" came, and the whole country was in an uproar, and the voice of denouncing "traitor" Li Hongzhang was endless. At that time, someone wrote, "Long life is boundless, and the whole world will celebrate; On the wall of the imperial city, there is a couplet of "governing by doing nothing, cutting land for security", which shows great resentment against the Qing government's behavior of betraying the country and seeking glory. 1in the spring of 895, people from all provinces gathered in Beijing to take the exam. Kang Youwei and his student Liang Qichao also came to Beijing to take the exam. The news of the signing of "treaty of shimonoseki" came, and the provinces that took the exam were filled with indignation. Kang Youwei and a group of people from 18 provinces gathered in Song Jun Temple (the site is located at Dazhiqiao Hutong 12 outside Xuanwu Gate, which was the former residence of Yang Jisheng, a scholar, famous writer and calligrapher during the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty) to discuss and jointly write a letter to the emperor. Kang Youwei was elected to draft the paper on his behalf. It took him more than a day to draft a book of thousands of words, which was signed by more than 600 people. This is the famous book on the bus in modern history.
In this book of several thousand words, Kang Youwei lamented the harm of treaty of shimonoseki and strongly advocated "rejecting peace and moving the capital to reform". He suggested that the emperor "write a letter to drum up the spirit of the world, move the capital to set the foundation of the world, train troops to strengthen the trend of the world, and reform into the rule of the world." This book is regarded as a programmatic document of bourgeois reformist political movement, which contains the economic requirements of developing capitalism and the political requirements of constitutional monarchy. Although Wan Yan Shu was rejected by the inspector group before it was sent to Emperor Guangxu, its full text was handed down and widely spread. At that time, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other places also specially printed this book on buses, and the provincial juren who took the exam also got the reform ideas spread in this province. For this reason, the letter on the bus is considered as the starting point of the reform movement. Kang Youwei has also become a national leader of reformists. In the same year, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao founded World Bulletin in Beijing, which was later renamed Chinese and Foreign Summary. At the same time, Kang Youwei initiated the establishment of the first political group "Strong Society" in Beijing and published the Journal of Strong Society. The following year, Qiangshe was blocked by the die-hards, and the reformists founded Time. The Times played a great role in the political reform movement at that time, and the main contributor was Liang Qichao, a student of Kang Youwei. 1897, Germany used the "Juye religious case" as an excuse to send warships to forcibly occupy Jiaozhou Bay, forcing the Qing government to conclude the Jiaoao Concession Treaty, which included Shandong in its sphere of influence. At this time, Kang Youwei wrote to Emperor Guangxu for the fifth time, demanding that France, Russia and Japan be adopted to determine the country. 1898 65438+1On October 29th, Kang Youwei wrote the sixth book to Emperor Guangxu, and a few days later he wrote the seventh.
Under the rising situation of the Reform Movement, Emperor Guangxu, forced by the deteriorating political situation, made up his mind to seize power from the post-Party through reform with the help of the reformists. Influenced by the climax of reform, some officials who are inclined to reform have also written to reform, which has strengthened the determination of Emperor Guangxu. 1898, Kang Youwei drafted the memorial for the Emperor Party, played by Yang Shenxiu, Xu Zhijing and others. Kang Youwei also submitted "Please tell Tianzu to swear to the ministers for political reform." Therefore,1June, 898, Emperor Guangxu promulgated the country as an imperial edict, pointing out: "If the country of Victoria is undecided, it will not work." In September of February1year, in just over three months, Emperor Guangxu issued a series of imperial edicts, covering political, economic, military and cultural aspects. Emperor Guangxu also made an exception and summoned Kang Youwei in June of 16. Emperor Guangxu intended to reuse Kang Youwei and other reformists, but due to the obstruction of the die-hards after the party, he only arranged Kang Youwei to be the prime minister, and Zhang Jing walked around.
1June, 898 to1June, Emperor Guangxu issued a letter to carry out the New Deal. On September 2 1 day of the same year, Empress Dowager Cixi staged a coup and imprisoned Emperor Guangxu in Yingtai, which led to the failure of the New Deal, *** 103 days. History is called "Hundred Days Reform". The post-party die-hards headed by Empress Dowager Cixi were extremely frightened and resentful when they saw the combination of the reformists and the imperial party and pushed the reform movement to a climax. Empress dowager cixi was forced by the situation, on the one hand, she allowed Emperor Guangxu to promulgate the New Deal on her own; On the other hand, we stepped up planning to undermine the New Deal and took the opportunity to launch a coup. On the fourth day after Emperor Guangxu issued the imperial edict, Empress Dowager Cixi forced Emperor Guangxu to issue three orders one after another: dismissing Emperor Guangxu's mentor and leader of the imperial party Weng Tonghe and driving him back to his hometown; It is clearly stipulated that ministers with more than two products must thank Empress Dowager Cixi after granting new posts; Rong Lu was appointed governor of Zhili, commanding Gan Jun, Wu Yijun and the new army. In September of 2 1 year, Cixi staged a coup and ordered the killing of reformist leaders and reformists. Kang Youwei survived because he left Beijing on September 20th and went to Hong Kong by boat. Liang Qichao left the tiger's mouth when he sailed to Japan on the 22nd. Tan Sitong,,, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi and Kang were arrested successively. After being arrested, Tan Sitong and other six people were detained in the prison of the Ministry of Justice. They were originally scheduled to be interrogated by the military minister in conjunction with the Ministry of Punishment and the Inspectorate on September 26th, but this procedure never took place. On September 28th, six people without trial were directly taken to Caishikou execution ground for execution. The six reformers were upright on the execution ground. In the face of the executioner, Tan Sitong showed his dauntless heroism with his heroic words of "intentional killing of thieves, inability to return to heaven, a fair death, and quick death". When the party and government changed, Tan Sitong was advised to take refuge and flee, but he declined. He said, "Without walkers, who will plan the future?": Without the dead, who will boost morale? Since ancient times, all ethnic groups on the earth have shed blood for the people's political reform. In the past 200 years in our country, no one has shed blood for civil reform. Please start bleeding from Tan Sitong. " On the execution ground, six people with lofty ideals regarded death as death, and the lofty spirit permeated Changhong.
1898 The reform movement failed. On the darkest night in China's modern history, the afterglow of feudal rule showed a ferocious smile in the storm of history. Six people with lofty ideals, such as Tan Sitong, witnessed history with blood and gave their lives for the reform and reform. They were honored as "six gentlemen of the 1898 Movement" by later generations.
(3) The Boxer Rebellion failed in the reform movement of the bourgeois reformists in Beijing. However, its influence on feudal rule was enormous.
Less than two years after the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, 1900, an anti-imperialist patriotic movement with farmers as the main body rose, and Beijing became the center of this massive anti-imperialist struggle. The Boxer Rebellion consists of private secret societies such as the Boxer Rebellion, Plum Blossom Boxing, Broadsword Club and Bai Lianhua, a secret religion. Boxers are mainly farmers, craftsmen, toenails, sailors, fishermen and other working people. /kloc-At the end of 0/9th century, the Boxer Rebellion organized by the lower people in China formed a powerful force and merged into a mass anti-imperialist patriotic movement under the situation of deepening ethnic contradictions.
The Boxer Rebellion has no unified organization and unified leadership. It is organized according to China's Eight Diagrams: Eight Basic Images for Divination in Zhouyi. Yi Zhuan, written at the end of the Warring States Period, explains divinatory symbols by means of analysis, reasoning and logical argumentation, and discusses the general laws of the origin of all things and the movement of the material world. It is believed that everything such as heaven and earth, thunder wind, fire and water, mountains and rivers are opposed and interact with each other, and the opposition of yin and yang is the fundamental reason for the development of things, which embodies the simple materialist dialectical view. Therefore, gossip not only has a great influence in the history of China's philosophy, but also gives people a lot of enlightenment in today's philosophy, social science and natural science research. It is divided into eight systems, and each system is divided into an altar and an altar. The leaders of the altar are called Big Brother and Second Brother respectively. Women have red lanterns, blue lanterns and other organizations. Altars are independent of each other and do not belong to each other. The activity slogan of the Boxer Rebellion is "Help the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries", and the target of the attack is directed at foreign aggression forces such as the church. From 65438 to 0900, the boxer movement developed rapidly in North China and Northeast China, and formed a strong momentum in Beijing, Tianjin and Baoding. According to statistics, there were over 800 altar factories in Beijing at that time.
The emergence of the Boxer Rebellion was not accidental. It is the product of the masses' struggle against foreign religions under the unprecedented sharp ethnic contradictions in modern China. Since the reign of Kangxi and Yongzheng, the Qing Dynasty began to implement the policy of banning religion. Except for western Catholic priests living in Beijing, foreign priests were not allowed to preach in China. However, since the Opium War, foreign influence in China has been expanding. 1844 The Huangpu Treaty signed by China and France restored five French missionaries. 1842 In August, representatives of Qing government, Ihrig and British representative Pu Dinghui signed the Sino-British Jiangning Treaty (namely "treaty of nanking") in Xiaguan, Nanjing. Among them, five coastal cities, Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai, were opened as trading ports, allowing British people to live in trade. The rights of local missionaries, and stipulates that the China government must protect the missionary activities of the church and the French in China. Since then, with the opening of trading ports, the activities of western missionaries in China have gradually become "legal" and increasingly rampant.
Western missionaries enjoy various privileges according to unequal treaties. The French government allocated huge sums of money from the military expenses compensated by China after the Second Opium War to rebuild four churches in Beijing, namely, East, West, South and North. 1886, when the Sanhai 3 project was expanded, the North Hall of Silkworm Pond was moved to Xishi Library. To this end, the Qing government also issued a decree in the name of the emperor and gave the state treasury silver for the construction of the church. These flattering behaviors undoubtedly encouraged the activities of foreign missionaries. 1870, thirty or forty children died in the nursery affiliated to the French Catholic church in Wanghailou, Tianjin. At the same time, the abduction of young children continued in Tianjin, and it was mentioned in the confession that the abductors were involved with the Catholic Church. To this end, thousands of people gathered in Wanghailou to argue. The French consul in Tianjin asked China officials to send troops to suppress it, and threatened the Qing government officials with guns and killed the entourage of the Tianjin magistrate. This angered the people present. They killed the French consul on the spot, rescued young children, set fire to Wanghai Tower and its church and the French consulates in the United States and Britain, killing 20 foreign missionaries, businessmen and officials. This is the famous "Tianjin Teaching Plan". When someone sends a message to Beijing in the starry night after the "burning watchtower" incident in Tianjin, Beijing citizens should also take action. It can be seen that the hatred of the people and religions in Beijing at that time was also very serious.
1900 In June, a large number of Boxers flooded into Beijing from counties in the suburbs of Beijing. In April and May before this, there was a folk legend that a stone tablet was dug up in the coal hole of Wenquan Mountain. The inscription said: "I hate making peace and delaying the country and the people, and the people's grievances have not been delayed. I have endured so far that foreigners with wings are eager to follow the wind and invade the same group. " This legend can't be verified, but it can be clearly seen that the boxer's struggle was aimed at foreign invaders and pointed to the rule of the Qing government, which brought disaster to the country and the people. After the Boxer entered the capital, it besieged churches all over the suburbs, and many churches in the inner and outer urban areas were burned down by members, killing missionaries and their unscrupulous parishioners and spies. They also burned foreign companies and foreign shops, as well as foreign buildings, racetracks and graves built by foreigners.
Although the activities of the Boxer Rebellion were scattered and there was no unified leadership, they were all aimed at foreign invaders, which made the western powers extremely hostile. On June 10, an invading army consisting of more than 2,000 people from Britain, France, Japan, Russia, Germany, the United States, Italy and Austria set off from Tianjin and invaded Beijing by train. /kloc-in June of 0/7, the invading army forcibly landed in Dagu, and then invaded Tianjin and Beijing. /kloc-from June 0/5 to August 0/4,10,000-odd Boxers besieged Sishiku Church. From June 20th to August14th, the Qing army and the Boxer Rebellion attacked the embassy district in Dongjiaominxiang. /kloc-in August of 0/4, Eight-Nation Alliance went to Beijing, and Empress Dowager Cixi fled to xi 'an with Emperor Guangxu and other nobles. After Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing and Tianjin, he committed all kinds of crimes, burning and looting. The Boxer Rebellion failed under the suppression of Eight-Nation Alliance. After the Boxer Rebellion was suppressed, the Qing government was forced to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty" with imperialist countries. From then on, the Qing government became the agent of imperialism in China, and the semi-colonial and semi-feudal order in China was completely established.
Although the anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the Boxer Rebellion failed, it dealt a heavy blow to the imperialist ambition to carve up China, and fully demonstrated the national spirit of the people of China who were not afraid of power and resisted foreign aggression.
(4) The May 4th Movement is a century-long modern history of China and a disastrous page in the history of China. Corrupt feudal rule, in the despicable act of humiliating the country, handed over China's sovereignty to the imperialist powers by groveling and obsessing over foreign countries, while foreign invaders carved up China greedily and crazily, chewing bloody things obtained by rape without mercy. However, the fate of China cannot be dominated by others. The Chinese nation has never succumbed to ruthless oppression. On the contrary, it has straightened up and held its unyielding head high in the painful experience.
/kloc-On May 4th, 0/9, an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movement broke out in Beijing. The May 4th Movement marked the end of the old democratic revolution and the beginning of the new democratic revolution in China, which was an important turning point in the history of China revolution.
After World War I, 19 19, 1 in June, the victors of Britain, America, France, Italy and Japan held a "peace conference" in Paris, France. At that time, the government of China Beiyang Warlords also sent representatives to attend the meeting as a "victorious country", and proposed to the Peace Conference that the powers should give up their privileges in China, cancel Article 21, and directly return German privileges in Shandong to China. These demands were rejected by the imperialist countries participating in the peace conference. However, representatives of China's warlord government are ready to sign a peace treaty. When the news reached China, it immediately aroused national indignation. On May 4th, more than 3000 students from more than a dozen schools in Beijing gathered in front of Tiananmen Square. They shouted slogans such as "fighting for national rights abroad and punishing traitors at home" and "abolishing Article 21", demanding that traitors be severely punished. Then the students held a demonstration. When the procession arrived at the west exit of Dongjiaomin Lane, it was stopped by foreign guards. The procession was diverted to the residence of Zhao Jialou Cao Rulin (then traffic chief and signatory of Article 21), where Zhang Zongxiang (then ambassador to Japan and signatory of Shandong regime transfer to Japan) was beaten up and Cao Rulin's residence was burned. Facing the just behavior of patriotic students, Beiyang government dispatched a large number of military and police, arrested more than 30 students and dispersed the procession. The next day, all students in Beijing always went on strike and electrified the whole country to protest. After the electricity was sent out, students and overseas Chinese in Tianjin, Shanghai, Jinan, Guangzhou and Changsha responded in succession, and a huge patriotic movement broke out. On June 3 and 4, the Beiyang government arrested nearly a thousand students again, which aroused greater anger among the people of the whole country. Workers in Shanghai, Tangshan, Changxindian and other places also joined the movement and held political strikes in succession, and the working class became the main force of the movement. Under the pressure of the pro-democracy movement, the Beiyang government was forced to release the arrested students, and replaced Cao Rulin and He Lu (then the director of the Monetary Bureau and the ambassador to Japan when signing Article 21), and refused to sign a peace treaty on the 28th.
The May 4th Movement was not accidental, but had profound reasons and social foundation. As the birthplace of the May 4th Movement, Beijing is directly related to the ideological preparation provided by the New Culture Movement before the May 4th Movement.
When it comes to the new culture movement, the first thing to mention is the role of advanced intellectuals. Li Dazhao is the main advocate of the New Culture Movement in Beijing.
Li Dazhao (1889 ~ 1927) was the earliest Marxist in China and one of the founders of the China * * * production party. Don't tell anyone. Laoting people in Zhili (now Hebei). I went to Japan to study in the winter of 2003. 1965438+In the spring of 2004, he entered the political undergraduate course of Waseda University in Japan. Take part in the movement against Yuan Shikai. 19 16 In the spring, he wrote a long article "Youth", which was the representative work of revolutionary democracy at that time. At the same time, he also edited the magazine Folk Art to promote democracy and freedom. In the same year, he returned to China as the editor-in-chief of Beijing Morning Post. 19 18 Up to now, professor of economics in Peking University, librarian and editor of New Youth magazine. Under the influence of the October Revolution in Russia, he conducted in-depth research and discussion on Marxism, and published articles such as Comparative View of Russian Revolution and Victory of Common People in July and October of 19 18, praising the great victory of the October Revolution. Co-founded Weekly Review with Chen Duxiu at the end of the year. 19 19 supported and led the May 4th patriotic movement and fought against the reformist erroneous thoughts represented by Hu Shi. In May of the same year, he published My View on Marxism, which systematically publicized the principles of Marxism and marked his transformation from a radical Democrat to a Marxist. 1920 In March, the first Marxist theory research society in China was established in Peking University. In September of the same year, the * * * production group was founded in Beijing, and the Workers Weekly was founded to publicize Marxism-Leninism to workers. 192 1 China * * * After the party came into being, he was responsible for the overall work of the party in the north, founded the Workers' Weekly and launched the workers' movement. The second, third and fourth universities in China were elected as members of the Central Committee. 1922 Attended a special meeting of the Central Committee in West Lake, Hangzhou, and then went to Shanghai to meet with Sun Yat-sen, indicating that China advocated ethnic cooperation, established a revolutionary United front, and took the lead in joining the Kuomintang. 1924 1 attended the first congress of the Kuomintang in China and was elected as the executive member of the Central Committee. In June of the same year, he led the * * * delegation of China to attend the Fifth Congress of * * * International. After returning to China, he was responsible for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's work, developing strength and expanding the revolutionary United front under the white terror. 1927 was arrested by warlord Zhang on April 6 and died heroically in Beijing on April 28. His posthumous works include Collected Works of Li Shouchang and Selected Works of Li Dazhao. 19 16 was the editor-in-chief of Chenzhong. Chen Zhong, edited by him, published articles exposing the reactionary rule of the Beiyang warlord government and articles on the current situation and political theory. It has also opened up columns such as "new thinking" and "new wisdom sea". He has been the editor-in-chief of a newspaper for 20 days, but his influence is enormous. On August 15, he wrote "The Mission of Morning Bell" in the first issue of the newspaper, and put forward the idea of building a "youthful China". The so-called creation of a youthful China shows his thought of establishing a democratic, free and modern bourgeois republic as a democratic revolutionary at that time. This concept and thought played a role in emancipating the mind at that time.
In addition, since Cai Yuanpei became president in 19 17, Peking University has reformed education and put forward the concept of "freedom of thought and inclusiveness", which has created suitable soil and environmental conditions for the spread of new ideas and new cultures. Cai Yuanpei appointed progressive scholars at that time, such as Chen Duxiu as the dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Li Dazhao as the librarian. As a result, the new style of Peking University attracted a large number of intellectuals with ideals and the pursuit of truth.
19 17 years, Russia won the socialist revolution in October, and Beijing Morning Post reported this news, which attracted attention from all walks of life. The victory of the October Revolution brought hope to China. Li Dazhao first wrote an article introducing the significance and nature of the October Revolution. Under the influence of the October Revolution, progressive young people are eager to know about Russia and the world where a new socialist regime has been established. Progressive publications such as New Youth and Weekly Review are important propaganda positions that reflect these new trends of thought and influence progressive youth. It should be said that before the May Fourth Movement, the role of these advanced intellectuals who spread progressive ideas made ideological preparations for the emergence of the anti-imperialist patriotic movement. After the baptism of the May 4th Movement, especially the influence of the October Revolution, many advanced youths quickly became Marxists after the May 4th Movement. Since then, a new dawn has appeared in the China Revolution.