biographical notes
Mustafa Kemal (Kemal, also translated as Kemal,1881.5.19 ~1938.1.10). Born in Thessaloniki, Macedonia (now Thessaloniki, Greece), a family of timber merchants. I have loved the army since I was a child. 1893 to 1905 graduated from Thessaloniki Junior Military Academy, Marathi Reserve Military Academy, Istanbul Military Academy and Staff College. 1905 was appointed as the captain's staff. During this period, he founded the secret organization "Motherland Freedom Association". 12 years of military school life laid a solid foundation for him to base himself on the army and engage in revolutionary activities.
1911~1913. He was a staff officer of the Istanbul General Staff and a military attache abroad, and participated in the Italian-Turkish War and the Balkan War. After the outbreak of World War I, he served as Colonel Commander of the Army 19 Division. 19 15 led his troops to participate in the Battle of the Da Daniil Strait, successfully crushed the attack of the well-equipped British and French allied forces, and was promoted to commander at the end of the year, becoming a hero and idol worshipped by Turks. 19 16 was promoted to brigadier general. 19 17 served as commander, commander and inspector of the army corps.
From 19 19, he unified the rights protection association with the commercial bourgeoisie as the core, established the Turkish National Representative Committee and led the national liberation movement.
1920 in March, the allied forces occupied Istanbul, the capital of Turkey, and the Ottoman sultan acted as a puppet and slaughtered his own people. Kemal held a grand national assembly in Ankara in April, set up an interim government against Ottoman Sultan, was elected speaker and chairman of the grand national assembly, and set up a national army as commander-in-chief. Published a "National Assembly" called "Turkish Declaration of Independence".
192 1 From August to September, he commanded the battle of Sakaria River and defeated nearly 65,438+10,000 invading troops personally led by the Greek king, which became a turning point in the Turkish national revolutionary war. In September, he was awarded the title of "Gazi" (winner) and the rank of Marshal.
1922, the compulsory military service system was implemented, the military system was reformed, and the Xiliang army with more than 654.38 million people was formed. 1922 From August to September, in the decisive battle in Izmir, he commanded the Turkish army to launch a general attack on the British-supported Greek invading army, and expelled all the Greek troops from the country in one fell swoop, winning a complete victory in the War of Independence. 1 1 year 1 October1day, he presided over the grand national assembly and passed a bill, announcing the end of the feudal rule of the Ottoman empire for more than 600 years.
1923 In July, the Treaty of Lausanne was signed with the Allies. 10/0 On October 29th, the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed, and Kewell was elected as the first president of the Republic of Turkey and concurrently served as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
1924, the caliphate system was abolished and political and economic reforms were carried out, which opened a new period in Turkish history. Known as "the liberator of Turkey".
1In July, 927, he voluntarily resigned from the military to adapt to the new election law. 1 1 was re-elected as president in June. During his administration, he carried out many reforms in administration, social life, culture and education. 1934 After the promulgation of the Surname Law, Ataturk (meaning "the father of the Turkish nation") was granted the surname. 1938165438+1October 10, died of illness. He is the author of Ataturk Lectures, Lectures (1927) and The Road to New Turkey.
In academic circles, there are also many people who think that Kemal has lost his old culture. For example, he changed the original national script into Latin script.
People's comments on Kemal
Military victory is not enough to achieve real liberation,
In the political and social life of the country,
In the national ideological education,
Our guide will be science and technology,
Whether it can become a modern civilized country,
This is a matter of life and death.
Kemal
Marshal Mustafa Kemal saved a model of a country by relying on the strength of the military elite. He set the best example for the later generals in China.
Political power comes from the gun. The point is, what kind of person has a gun. In 1930s, the Germans chose Hitler to master guns. On the other hand, the Turks were lucky to welcome General Mustafa Kemal. The "Millennium Empire" that the Fuehrer has been obsessed with has long been beyond redemption, leaving only sinful industrial debts; The great Ataturk Republic still stands between Europe and Asia, motionless, majestic and inseparable.
If Turkey is like a bridge, where the eastern and western civilizations merge in the form of war, then if you want to enter the heart of Turkey, you have to turn to another bridge-"Mustafa, the father of Turkey"? Kemal. In Turkey, people can see his statue standing on the street, whether in a bustling city or a remote village. In institutions, schools, companies, almost every office has his portrait and photos on the wall or desk. He was honored as "Ataturk", that is, "the father of Turkey".
At the end of the First World War, Turkey was one of the defeated countries. It not only had to cede land for compensation, but also faced the danger of being carved up by the great powers. At the critical moment of this nation's life and death, Kemal stepped forward. On May 19 19, 19, he and some comrades took a boat from Istanbul to samson on the Black Sea and started the Turkish national liberation war. Turkey's modern history can be said to have started from this day.
After nearly three years of heroic fighting, the Turkish people finally expelled all foreign troops from the country. 1922165438+10. in October, under the auspices of Kemal, the grand national assembly abolished the laws of the Ottoman dynasty and ended the rule of the Ottoman empire for more than 600 years. 1923129 October, 10 announced the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, with Ankara as the capital and Kemal as the first president.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Kemal put forward the slogan of "learning from the West" and carried out a series of reforms in politics, economy, culture and society. 1924 adopted the new constitution, which established the basic principles of harmony, separation of church and state, and power belonging to the whole people in the form of the highest legislation. Almost overnight, the whole Islamic legal system was abandoned. The abolition of polygamy has liberated the status of women in an unprecedented way.
Another truly revolutionary reform is to replace Arabic letters with Latin letters. Kemal even went to the countryside himself, with chalk and blackboard, to show the Turkish people new words and encourage them to get in touch with western science and humanistic traditions quickly in new ways.
It has been more than 60 years since Kemal died, but his influence has never diminished. Nowadays, Turkish politicians, no matter which party they belong to, claim to be Kemal's successor to express their political views. Kemal's influence is not limited to Turkey, but also includes the whole world. Throughout the history of the Middle East since modern times, no other figures can be compared with Kemal.
In historical memory, Turkey has not made us feel strange. Connected with each other is the famous Silk Road ―― starting from the ancient East and ending in Istanbul.
In today's world, Turkey makes us feel a little confused. Maybe the former Kingoma Railway is too far away from us, or maybe the chaotic religious origin is too strange to us.
Therefore, for modern tourists who stay here, the history of Turkey is by no means as simple as a few words, so we must not treat Turkey lightly.
-secular people's evaluation of him
1923101On October 29th, the Revolutionary Parliament of Kemal, Turkey adopted the decision to establish the Republic of Turkey.
The Turks wrapped a huge national flag around Smyrna to celebrate their victory. After the outbreak of World War I, Ottoman Turkey joined the German-Austrian Group to fight. Turkey became a financial and military vassal of Germany. During the war, 600,000 soldiers in Turkey were killed or captured, 2 million people were injured, the national debt reached 448 million lira, and the economy collapsed.
19181kloc-0/On October 30th, the Ottoman Empire was forced to sign an armistice agreement with the representatives of the allied countries. Allied forces occupied Istanbul, the capital, the Strait, the southeast and southwest of Anatolia and important towns along the railway, and Turkey was in danger of being carved up. 1919 in may 15, the Greek army occupied Izmir and its vicinity with the support of Britain and France. Nationalist organizations such as rights protection associations have been established in various parts of Turkey. 1965438+From July 23rd to August 7th, 2009, the rights protection associations in the eastern provinces held the erzurum conference, and Kemal was elected as the chairman of the conference and the chairman of the representative committee; General Assembly resolution declares that the territory within the national borders recognized by the Armistice Agreement is an inseparable whole; Oppose all forms of foreign occupation and interference; Once the Istanbul government is unable to defend national independence, it should set up an interim government and not accept any form of trusteeship and appointment. In the same year, the Siwars Congress held from September 4th to 1 1 confirmed the national struggle program adopted by the Erzurum Congress. The Congress established the National Association for the Protection of Rights in Anatolia and Romelia, and elected a 16 representative committee headed by Kemal. Nationalists won a majority in the parliamentary elections. 1920 65438+1On October 28th, the National Congress for Defending the National Independence and Sovereignty of Turkey, drafted by the representative committee of the Ottoman Parliament in accordance with the spirit of the resolution of the Siwars Congress, declared that the areas with a majority of Turks within the border stipulated in the armistice agreement "constitute a real whole and cannot be divided in legal rights under any pretext"; Oppose various restrictions that hinder Turkey's political, judicial and financial development. On March 16, the allied forces landed in Istanbul. 1920 on April 23rd, the first grand national assembly was held in Ankara, and an interim government headed by Kemal was established, declaring all protocols since March 16 invalid, and demanding that the Soviet Russian government support the national cause of Turkey. 1920, 10 In August, the Paris Peace Conference passed the Peace Treaty of Seve, depriving the Turkish nation of its right to exist. 1921July,100000 Greek intervention troops invaded Anatolia with the support of Britain. The Turkish National Army won the battle of Sakarya, which became a turning point in the war of national independence, and the allied camp split. 19211kloc-0/On October 20th, France signed an armistice agreement, officially recognized the Grand National Government, and promised to withdraw all occupation troops from the southeast of Anatolia within two months. Italy also withdrew from southern Anatolia in the autumn of the same year, and Britain changed its position of openly supporting Greece and turned to "neutrality". 1922 On August 26th, the Turkish army launched a general attack on the Greek army. On September 18, the last batch of Greek troops left Anatolia. In the same year, 65438+1October 1 1, Turkey and Greece signed an armistice agreement, Turkey recovered East Thrace, and the administrative power of Istanbul was returned to Turkey. 1923 On July 24th, Turkey signed the Treaty of Lausanne with Britain, France, Italy, Greece and Japan, which won a great diplomatic victory. 1 922165438+10/,the grand national assembly abolished the Sultanate system. 1923 In September, the People's Party reorganized by the first group of the Rights Protection Association was established.
19231At 8: 30 pm on October 29th, the Parliament passed the decision to establish the Republic of Turkey, and Kemal was elected President of the Republic. Kemal revolution won.