? Peasant class-Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement
I remember when I was in junior high school, I was deeply interested in this sport because of "Guiping Jintian". Now I have "revisited" the history and learned more unheard of knowledge:
The main force of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement is the peasants, but why are they peasants, not other relatively powerful classes, such as the landlord class (after all, the invasion of foreign powers has also damaged their interests to some extent)? The teacher said that in China, a big agricultural country, farmers are the targets of oppression and resistance by foreign invaders and their feudal rulers; As the saying goes, "officials force the people to rebel", farmers who have been treated unfairly for a long time become the first to stand up and say "no".
The strength of the peasant class is the foundation, and the rise of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement cannot be separated from other "catalysts".
Hong Xiuquan, the leader of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, began to learn ancient books such as the Four Books and the Five Classics at the age of seven, and his family also hoped that he would achieve fame. However, he took three imperial examinations in Sun Shan and failed. By chance, he decided not to believe in Confucius and Mencius and converted to Christianity (later founded a religion that worships God), so he himself had a great ideological change-from pursuing official career to opposing Qing Dynasty. It is for this reason that he will mobilize the peasant masses to resist. This is the reason for its rise from the perspective of characters.
On the other hand, in China at this time, due to the invasion of western capitalism, the natural economy was affected and gradually disintegrated. The Opium War made the phenomenon of silver outflow, silver being expensive and money being cheap more serious, and the burden on farmers was further aggravated.
To sum up, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement is in line with historical inevitability.
Westernization School of Landlord Class-Westernization Movement
The Westernization Movement between 186 1- 1895 was a "self-improvement movement" represented by Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong to save the rule of the Qing Dynasty. Although this movement was marked as a failure because of the "defeat in the Sino-Japanese War", it is undeniable that
Bourgeois reformists-1898 reform movement
I have always admired Mr. Liang Qichao, who is proficient in Chinese and western literature. His speech on "Gentleman" in Tsinghua University inspired me to be a "self-reliant, virtuous" China teenager. Mr. Qi Chao's extraordinary achievements are also reflected in the recent reform movement.
Different from the landlord class Westernization School, the bourgeois reformists, represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, stand at the forefront of saving the country, saving the people and transforming the country, and advocate learning the political system and ideology and culture of western capitalism. The "system" mentioned here has not been touched by the previous two movements, and this is the fundamental way to save China. Liang Qichao and others found more effective methods and implemented certain measures in politics, economy, military affairs, culture and education. But the inevitable failure is regrettable.
Summative thinking
The above three typical class struggles failed without exception, and the fundamental reason is undoubtedly the system problem. A big tree root is rotten, even if the branches and leaves on it rely on the method of "losing nutrient solution", it is difficult to survive, let alone grow healthily. Corrupt Qing dynasty rule is the root of corruption.
Having said that, I have to feel how lucky our generation is to be born in a prosperous time! The superiority of Socialism with Chinese characteristics is obvious to all, especially this year's epidemic examination, which proves the reliability of the system.
History is like a never-ending rolling wheel, but our steps must stop at an appropriate time, because we should review history, learn from it and face a better future. I think this is one of the importance of studying history.
In the recent study of modern history, I have a further understanding of the ins and outs of the Revolution of 1911-
Historical conditions of the outbreak:
(1) "The Revolution of 1911 was a big explosion of anger that China people had suppressed for many years". After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, the national crisis deepened, social contradictions intensified and the ruling crisis came, which made people feel that the country was going to perish. Although the Qing government announced the implementation of the "New Deal", it was just "digging its own grave". A revolution is inevitable.
(2) At that time, China's national capitalism was initially developing, and they needed a leader to lead them to the historical stage, thus safeguarding their interests; Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the forerunner, also hoped for top-down reform, but later he was convinced that "the peaceful method cannot be repeated" and was determined to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty by revolutionary means. As a result, the bourgeois people United and became the backbone of the Revolution of 1911.
[If! Support list ]2. [endif] Preparations for the Revolution of 1911:
(1) Dr. Sun Yat-sen's efforts:
1894, Sun Yat-sen established the first revolutionary group, Xing Zhong Hui, in Honolulu, USA, vowing to "expel the Tatars, restore China, establish the Republic of China, and share the land equally";
1895, Guangzhou uprising (failure, later exile);
1904, Dr. Sun Yat-sen published "A New Interpretation of the China Question" (indicating that bourgeois revolutionaries held high the banner of democratic revolution).
1905 put forward the three people's principles.
(2) the efforts made by people of other classes:
The emergence of revolutionary books has spread revolutionary democratic ideas-Zhang refutes Kang Youwei's On Revolution, Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army, Chen Tianhua's Alarm Bell and Suddenly Turning Back;
The establishment of revolutionary organizations provided indispensable revolutionary forces-Huaxinghui, science tutorial center, Guangfu Association and Yue.
* 1905 China league (the first national political party leading the bourgeois revolution in modern China)
③ Others:
The theory of the Three People's Principles and the bourgeois republic plan;
Debate between revolution and improvement (meaning: draw a clear line between revolution and improvement, spread the idea of democratic revolution and promote the development of revolutionary situation)
"The revolution is to give the world a home that will not be attacked by wind and rain, and to give children a peaceful and quiet world."
The basic process of the Revolution of 1911:
Fuse: Road Protection Movement (19 1 1 May)
The first shot: Wuchang Uprising (set off the climax of the Revolution of 1911)
Staged achievements: the Qing emperor was forced to abdicate and the feudal monarchy finally collapsed.
Important symbol: the Republic of China was founded (19 1 1 end of the year) (during which the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China was promulgated).
Failure: Yuan Shikai stole the restoration of the country, and the Beiyang warlord was dictatorial. Finally, the warlord regime was formed, and China fell into the dark abyss again.
After studying the basic knowledge of the Revolution of 1911, I deeply realized that "Revolution" was the best choice for China in the early 20th century and the strongest voice of the times. It is disrespectful and unrealistic to criticize the revolution with modern people's eyes and think that the revolution is destructive, laborious and costly, and you can "bid farewell to the revolution" without revolution.
Choosing "revolution" is the subjective need and objective choice of China's development. Forward-looking and thoughtful, it also showed me the power of intellectuals and ideas in that hot-water era: whether it was propaganda and organization work, or the debate about revolution and improvement, scholars in white used their advanced knowledge to contribute to the dying country; The revolutionary pioneer Dr. Sun Yat-sen deserves the admiration of the people of China-he loves and devotes himself to the motherland and is determined to fight for the ideal of national independence, development and rejuvenation all his life; In line with the broad feelings of serving the public and caring for the people, "seeking happiness for the people"; With the excellent quality of pursuing truth and keeping pace with the times, I never stop exploring the pace of progress and never refuse to correct my thoughts and opinions. ...
Great times make great people, and great people influence great times. Although the Revolution of 1911 has historical limitations, it is still worth us to gain historical experience that is beneficial to the development of contemporary countries. After all, history is always a rolling wheel, and there is no "once and for all" decision. From every scholar to the whole country, from the spread of ideas to the choice of roads, every choice and every historical node will become immortal traces in the long river of years, becoming the memory of predecessors and the imitation of future generations, so it is very important for you and me to take every step well.
I watched the dance of Guangxi University of Finance and Economics recently. Like many netizens, I was deeply moved. Feudal thought has destroyed generations, and countless girls have been buried in the so-called "three obedience and four virtues", which makes people deeply moved. At the same time, I feel more and more the importance of ideological progress to the development and progress of society and the whole world, and more and more realize the importance of the New Culture Movement, the May 4th Movement and the spread of Marxism in China. To this end, I rearranged my class notes and wrote this lesson.
[If! Support list] 1. [endif] New Culture Movement
In modern times, in order to save the nation and survive, China's advanced elements have gone through hardships, but they have repeatedly learned from the West, and the fruits of the victory of the Revolution of 1911 have been stolen, making people feel desperate and depressed. Some intellectuals realized that "to save the nation fundamentally, China's national character must be transformed", so they launched an enlightenment trend-the New Culture Movement.
What I remember vividly is the six standards of New Youth in the New Culture Movement-the autonomy of personality form, the progress of social concept, the enterprising attitude towards life and so on. These standards have great benchmarking significance even now; The basic slogans of the New Culture Movement-"democracy" and "science" were of great progressive significance at that time, as if they were a golden key for people to break through the ideological cage.
The New Culture Movement advocates democracy, opposes autocracy, advocates science, and opposes superstition and blind obedience, which is very pertinent. They criticized Confucianism, but did not completely deny all the traditional cultures in China, which also showed that this ideological movement was not extreme and irrational. However, everything has two sides, and we should also recognize the limitations of the movement: advocating bourgeois democracy can not provide people with an effective ideological weapon to understand China, and under the circumstances at that time, the bourgeois peace plan was not feasible in China; Moreover, their means of propaganda are limited, and it is difficult to fundamentally transform various concepts and national characteristics generated by the social environment. However, as a vivid, progressive and revolutionary ideological trend, its era significance is indelible.
Second, the spread of Marxism in China.
Under the influence of the October Revolution, advanced intellectuals in China realized that Marxism and socialism have unlimited potential in promoting social progress and realizing national liberation. Slowly, many organizations that studied and publicized Marxism appeared in China, and then the Producers' Party of China developed.
In class, the teacher said that history and people's choice of Marxism has its historical inevitability: it is the result of repeated exploration in the process of striving for national liberation and realizing national prosperity, and it is also the result of full agitation of various social trends of thought. In the process of imitating the West, the people of China have repeatedly hit a wall. When they fell into serious value loss and mental confusion, Marxism brought by the October Revolution knocked down the iron wall of thought. A revolutionary political party that can represent the interests of the people has emerged in China, and a new situation has emerged in the China revolution. Although the working class is small, the theoretical preparation is not sufficient, and it is deeply influenced by capitalist thought, because of its initial intention and correct path of serving the people and the motherland, the youth * * * production party has gradually developed and become an advocate of post-international cooperation and an organizer of the United front.
Producers in China * * * represent the new forces in the historical direction, and the more frustrated they are, the more brave they are. The revolutionary spirit that dares to break the ideological imprisonment, is not afraid of bloodshed and sacrifice, and serves the party and the people wholeheartedly deserves praise from generation to generation. "Open the world, dare to be the first, have firm ideals, persevere, build the party for the public and be loyal to the people". From the emergency retreat and the Red Boat Conference a hundred years ago to today's prosperous times, the China Producer Party has learned how to combine the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism with the practice of the China Revolution, and how to creatively embark on a China road that conforms to the national conditions.
"Man is a thinking reed", and the influence of ideology and culture on a person and even the whole country is sometimes unexpected. From feudal thought to democratic thought to socialist thought, it is difficult step by step, but it is also strong step by step. Perhaps today, because we are in an ivory tower, we don't have to suffer from feudal decadent old customs, but we should always be alert to the poison of feudal remnants on one's mind-for example, the opening of Female Durban is enough to make people criticize and spit on it for a long time. Purify the mind with advanced thoughts, arm the body and mind with rich knowledge, and walk on the right path, so that life will not deviate from the right track.