Since Emperor Yan was buried in Luyuanpi, the tail of Changsha Tea Town (Yanling County, Hunan Province), people began to pay homage to Emperor Yan in various ways to remember his great achievements. Yandi Shennong became the most honorable and revered ancestor in the eyes of our ancestors. Since then, the ancestor's sacrificial ceremony to Emperor Yan has become more and more grand. All kinds of sacrificial ceremonies can be found in Yan Di's mausoleum. Besides offering sacrifices to wax, borrowing fields and offering sacrifices to doctors, offering sacrifices to Yan Di Ling has also become an important form of sacrifice. According to historical records, offering sacrifices to Yan Diling began in the Tang Dynasty. Historically, Lu said "it has the flavor of sacrifice in Tang Dynasty", while the history of folk sacrifice to Yandiling is even longer. Official sacrifice is called public sacrifice or accusation sacrifice. According to historical records, the sacrifice to Yan Di began in the Tang Dynasty. According to "The History of the Old Tang Dynasty and the History of Taoism", it "smells like sacrifices in the Tang Dynasty". The earliest recorded official sacrificial activities of Yandiling were in the fifth year of Song Gande (AD 967). Taizu ordered that "the temple mausoleum should be built first, and portraits should be sacrificed, and then officials should be sent to worship heaven". "At the age of three, the rate is normal". Since then, the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties have never stopped offering sacrifices to Yan Di's mausoleum. According to historical records, there were 15 times in Ming Dynasty and 38 times in Qing Dynasty. There are many kinds of sacrifices to Yan Diling in the past dynasties, mainly to play the throne, in addition to playing to eliminate disasters, performing military service in Jingbian, restoring the pro-government, longevity emblem, ancestor funeral and so on. According to the Records of Lingxian County, the ancient official sacrifices to Yan Diling were huge, complex and exquisite. Choose a sacrificial date, tell the sacrificial officer to fast for three days in advance, and the local official will greet him with drums, music and ceremonies. When the officials arrived at the ceremony, they knelt down in royal robes. Local officials put tributes, incense sticks and silk in Long Ting. They welcomed them to the CCBA nave, where they knelt down three times and knocked on the door nine times. In the royal sacrificial ceremony, incense, silk and dragon court entered the sacrificial place from the meridian gate, and imperial envoys and accompanying sacrificial officials entered from the east gate wearing auspicious clothes, kneeling and knocking three times. On the day before the festival, under the supervision of sacrificial litigation and accompanying sacrificial officials, a sacrificial ceremony was held in the mausoleum. On the fourth drum of Memorial Day, local officials led a ceremonial procession composed of ceremonial students, deacons, furnishings and musicians. Gather outside Yuling. In the fifth drum, the sacrificial officer and his entourage entered the mausoleum with the east gate of the imperial court. After the deacon drummed three times, the sacrificial officer and the accompanying sacrificial officer were in place and the ceremony was promulgated step by step. The main promulgation ceremonies are offering candles, playing music, welcoming the gods, offering sacrifices at the beginning and offering sacrifices. Every official sacrifice will be engraved with inscriptions to show to the world.
The priest was personally selected by the emperor, and the eulogy was written by the Hanlin Academy. Sacrifices include offering crimson incense, sinking speed incense, yellow silk longevity coins, longting, incense silks, imperial warfare and so on. , arranged by the Ministry of Housing and Industry and consulted by the Ministry of Ritual. The date when the sacrificial officer left Beijing was decided by Qin. Before departure, the emperor fasted for one day, and personally read the ceremony and personally presented incense and silks. Call the sacrificial officer to the county. Accompanied by local officials, they will go to Yan Di Mausoleum, fast for three days before the sacrifice, and perform various rituals on the spot. Immediately after each sacrifice, a stone tablet is carved as a memorial. Imperial sacrificial officials brought back rubbings of inscriptions and sent messages to the emperor. It is very interesting that all the officials appointed to offer sacrifices to the mausoleum stayed in this beautiful land of Zhong Ling. After the sacrifice, everyone should travel, write poems and enjoy themselves. Some families moved after receiving orders, bought land and settled here. Ouyang Qilin, the ancestor of Ouyang family in Yanling, was the minister of Jin Li Department after the Five Dynasties. After the completion of the mausoleum, he built a house by the Shui Pi River. Huo, the ancestor of the surname Huo in Yanling, was sentenced to Shun Tianfu in Yuan Dynasty, and went to Yandiling to worship with Asha, a great scholar. "Seeing the beautiful scenery and elegant culture in Hu Yi, he returned to work and became an official. In the third year of Yuan Dynasty, he moved to the second Dulekang Township in Hu Yi with his children. During the Republic of China, the sacrificial ceremony of Yandiling was held by the provincial and county governments. The biggest one was 1940, when Xue Yue, chairman of Hunan provincial government, appointed Li, secretary general, as a sacrifice to show his determination to defend Hunan and resist foreign aggression. This kind of sacrifice has played a positive role in inspiring people's morale and uniting against Japan. Yubei Garden was built on this basis, covering an area of more than 6,000 square meters. Including the stele gallery, Jiuding terrace, Shennong merit map zhaobi and so on. The east and west stone tablets are 40 meters long, and there are 5/kloc-0 tablets on the gallery wall, and 5 tablets in Song, Ming, Qing, modern and modern times.
In the memorial hall, there is a very special monument, which was built according to Hu Yaobang's speech "Do more good for the people". This is196265438+In early February, Hu Yaobang, then secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, came to Yanling County (then Lingxian County) for a social investigation, and on the third day after visiting Yan Di's mausoleum, he made a speech at the meeting of party member cadres in Yanling County. There are nine Shi Ding in Jiudingtai between the East and West Monuments, each weighing 1. 1 1 ton, symbolizing national unity and Jin 'ou. To the north of the Monument Garden is the curved wall of Shennong's merit map. The mural is 40 meters long and 1.5 meters high, and is made of 228 green stone slabs. Murals are created by line carving with the achievements of Emperor Yan as the background and the production and life of primitive ancestors in the historical transition period from fishing and hunting to farming and from caves to settlements as the background. It vividly shows the great practice and noble sentiment of Emperor Yan who is brave in pioneering, innovating and dedicating.
The official sacrificial activities of Yandiling have evolved to this day, mainly including public sacrificial ceremonies and memorial ceremonies, which are divided into welcoming ceremony, guiding ceremony, sacrificial ceremony, memorial ceremony, meridian gate opening ceremony, memorial ceremony, memorial tablet unveiling ceremony, signing ceremony and donation ceremony. Sacrificial ceremonies include overture, incense burning, flower baskets, offerings, noon gate opening ceremony and memorial ceremony. The honor guard team has also changed a lot. There are five grain performance teams reflecting farming culture, three season grain song and dance performance team, sacrificial band, Shennong drum team, sacrificial drum team, sacrificial flag team and folk festivals. Official large-scale sacrificial activities are mostly held in Tomb-Sweeping Day, the Double Ninth Festival and major festivals, especially the Double Ninth Festival. The "Yan Di Festival" is held in Zhuzhou City, focusing on the sacrificial activities of Yandiling, and a series of cultural and commercial exchange activities are carried out. Cultural sacrifice
There are eulogy, eulogy, inscriptions, etc. From ancient times to the present, in the official sacrificial activities of Yan Di Mausoleum, China's sacrifice is indispensable. Cultural sacrifice is officially told to ancestors in the form of eulogy. The format of eulogy is standardized, and the main content is to praise the merits of Emperor Yan and pray for wisdom. Because it is written on silk books, it is called silk books. Every formal sacrifice is read by the priest in front of the tomb of Yandi Mausoleum. After reading it, the priest will light and burn the silk book to complete the ceremony.
Material sacrifice
Folk sacrifices have always been mainly material sacrifices, and their sacrifices are mostly animals, livestock, fruits and so on. Among official sacrifices, there are many kinds of material sacrifices, especially in ancient times. There are nearly 30 kinds of sacrificial products such as cattle, sheep, pigs, rice, millet, hazelnut, dried fish, deer breast, millet, white cake and black cake, and more than 0 kinds of sacrificial vessels such as Jue, Wa and Deng. Modern Yan Di Mausoleum Festival retains the traditional formula of material sacrifice ceremony. Although material sacrifice is also essential, it is much simpler in the type of ceremony. The offerings are mainly three kinds of sacrifices (cattle, pigs and sheep), whole grains (rice, wheat, sorghum, millet and beans), fresh fruits (fresh fruits in festivals), Chinese herbal medicines and social groups. Everyone is promoting Yan Di.
Agni Hotra
Emperor Yan is also known as the King of Fire, so the fire sacrifice is a way of offering sacrifices to the modern Yan Di Mausoleum, which mainly includes striking a stone to get fire (striking a stone to get fire on the platform with the hand of a flame collector) and using medicine dragons to breathe fire (nine medicine dragons are tied around the megalith of the platform to breathe fire on the megalith and ignite the flame of Emperor Yan). The point of the flame is a memorial to our ancestors, and it also symbolizes the unremitting self-improvement and pursuit of the Chinese nation. Many large-scale sports competitions will collect and carry out the torch relay at the large-scale Yan Di Mausoleum Festival.
Music sacrifice
Music sacrifices mostly appear in the official sacrificial activities of Yandiling. In ancient times, there were representative sacrificial music such as Crying for Heaven and Facing the Emperor, and now there are Ode to Emperor Yan and Sacrifice to Emperor Yan. In application, the priests entered the sacrificial square, and drums and music were everywhere, mainly suona, playing "Open the Door"; Dedicated three sacrifices to the ancestors, and the silk and bamboo played "Pu Anning"; Allegro for Gao Xiang, Hua Lan and Xiao Le; Drumming nine passes, ringing the golden nine rings, and playing the Daqu of Crying God; Li Cheng played Chaotian Zi with wonderful music. Besides playing sacrificial music, there are also songs and dances. Song of Sacrifice is a song that sings loudly in front of Yan Di's mausoleum and praises Yan Di's merits and demerits. Dance sacrifices are mostly dances that show the merits and demerits of Emperor Yan.
Dragon sacrifice
Emperor Yan is the ancestor of China. Since ancient times, China people have called themselves "descendants of the dragon", so the dragon sacrifice plays an important role in the Yandiling Festival. The story of Emperor Yan burying the golden dragon to welcome the coffin has been circulated among the people in Yanling, so there is no shortage of dragon gods in the folk ancestor worship activities in Yanling. Legend has it that Emperor Yan taught the ancestors to celebrate the harvest with straw, Polygonum hydropiper leaves, flowers and dragons. At night, they fill dragons with incense, burn mosquitoes and drive away evil spirits. After the death of Emperor Yan, the ancestors worshipped Emperor Yan in the form of dragon dance at harvest and festivals to express their gratitude. As a result, the unique "Mars Dragon" and "Three-person Cloth Dragon" in Yanling were born and evolved. Nowadays, the types and manifestations of dragon sacrifices in Yandi Mausoleum have been greatly developed, including three-person cloth dragons and herbal dragons with unique characteristics of Yandi Mausoleum, Yin-Yang dragons that reflect the emperor's emphasis on gossip and Tai Chi, 56-festival dragons representing 56 nationalities, five-color dragons representing overseas Chinese on five continents, and modern Wulong, Renlong and Feilong dragons with a sense of the times. During the Dragon Festival, the combination of 24 drums, Shennong gongs and drums, and northern and southern lions in the 24 solar terms performed the pilgrimage of dragons and lions, symbolizing the totem of unity and vigorous development of the Chinese nation. Value at purchase price
After the collapse of Emperor Yan, Lu Yuanpei was buried in Yanling, and the world has never stopped worshipping him. The ceremony of Emperor Yan's Mausoleum began with wax sacrifice and Nuo dance, which has developed for thousands of years. The sacrificial culture of Yandiling in different periods has different characteristics, which is closely related to the social productive forces in different periods. Therefore, studying the sacrificial culture of Yandiling in different periods can objectively and better understand the development history of China for 5,000 years, and better inherit and carry forward the excellent traditions of the Chinese nation.
Cultural value
Emperor Yan initiated farming culture, traditional Chinese medicine culture, industrial culture, commercial culture and national music, and carried out a lot of social production practices. Sacrificial activities carried out by the later generations to commemorate the ancestors of Emperor Yan, in which rituals, music, dances and other aspects all come from people's cognition of nature and society, forming a comprehensive cultural carrier with high cultural value. For this reason, the rich cultural connotation makes Yan Di Mausoleum Festival a significant representative festival in the Chinese world, with great development potential.
Social value
The descendants of the Yellow Emperor paid homage to Emperor Yan and expressed their reverence for the spirit of Emperor Yan. Yan Di spirit is indomitable pioneering spirit, indomitable innovative spirit, enterprising spirit of self-improvement and selfless dedication. Yan Di's spirit is the essence of Chinese national spirit. Today, this spirit has been sublimated into the concrete embodiment of "Theory of Three Represents". Therefore, by expanding the social influence of Yandi Mausoleum Festival, we can further carry forward the spirit of patriotism, enhance national cohesion, enhance the sense of belonging of the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, and encourage them to work together to achieve national prosperity and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, which is conducive to the reunification of the motherland and the harmonious development of society.