Sluice: adjust the upstream water level and control the discharge. Raise the water level in dry season to facilitate water intake and upstream shipping, and control the flow in flood season. The gate in canal system buildings is generally built downstream of the outlet of the branch canal to raise the water level and meet the needs of water diversion of the branch canal. The sluice of a natural river is called a river sluice. By opening and closing the gate of the channel, the upstream water level and flow rate can be adjusted to meet the needs of water diversion or control of intercepting water flow in the next channel. Control sluice is often built slightly downstream of diversion sluice and discharge sluice, which is convenient for water diversion and discharge; Or aqueducts and inverted siphons built slightly upstream. In order to control water flow and accident maintenance; And try to combine with bridges, falling water, steep slopes, etc. , in order to obtain economic benefits. The overflow width of canal sluice should be adapted to the width of upstream and downstream channels for easy connection. When rotating irrigation is adopted, the design flow of the upstream and downstream channels of the sluice is the same, and the downstream water level is the channel water level corresponding to the design flow; When continuous irrigation is used, the upstream and downstream design flows of sluice are different, so the water level should be the channel position of corresponding flow, but the downstream water level should consider the influence of backwater from the next sluice. Channel control gates are mostly open, and the threshold height should be parallel to the bottom of the channel. Wide-topped flat-bottomed weir is adopted. The energy dissipation and scour prevention project under the sluice is relatively simple, and the initial flow pattern can rely on the stilling pier placed on the apron to diffuse water flow and impact energy dissipation. The upstream and downstream wing walls strive to be smooth, and twisted surface transition is usually used to reduce head loss. Two sluices, commonly known as nested sluices, are set in a short distance on the river in the plain polder area to block water in stages, which can play the role of a simple lock, not only solving internal and external traffic, but also playing the role of flood control and drainage and controlling water level. Intake sluice: built on the banks or ditches of rivers and lakes for irrigation, power generation or other water demand. In the irrigation canal system, the intake sluice built at the head of the canal below the main canal is used to guide the water from the upstream channel to the downstream channel, and the diversion sluice, bucket gate and nongmen drainage sluice are built along the river at the outlet of the drainage channel. When the outer river rises, the sluice is closed to prevent the flood from flowing backwards, thus avoiding the flood. The water level of the outer river recedes, and the floodgates are opened for drainage to prevent flooding. It has the function of retaining water on both sides. Sand sluice: a sluice that uses the current of a river or channel to scour and discharge the sediment deposited in the upper reaches, canal systems or upper and lower approach channels. Also known as "sand sluice" and "dredging sluice". A sluice that uses river (canal) water to wash away sediments deposited in the upper reaches or canal system. Also known as the desilting sluice. Water conservancy projects built on sandy rivers have a permanent sluice to remove the sediment deposited in front of the intake sluice or control sluice, so as to facilitate water diversion and sand washing. The discharge sluice is generally arranged on the river near the intake sluice, and its axis is orthogonal or oblique to the intake sluice axis, sometimes the oblique angle is not large, and it is arranged side by side with the river sluice (dam) across the river. A guide wall is arranged at the upstream of the connection between the sand scouring gate and the control gate (dam), and the guide wall and a section of river upstream of the sand scouring gate form a sand discharge groove. When the gate is opened, the sediment deposited in front of the gate can be discharged into the downstream river. During the flood, the sand sluice can be used to release part of the flood. A sand flushing sluice is also arranged below the intake sluice for frontal sand flushing. In order to reduce the sediment entering the diversion channel, the elevation of the bottom sill of the scouring sluice is lower than that of the bottom sill of the intake sluice. The sluice gate built on the canal system is generally located at the end of the diversion canal near the river to wash away the sediment deposited in the diversion canal. Generally, the sluice with flood discharge function is open. When the water level on the sluice fluctuates greatly and the sluice chamber is high, in order to reduce the sluice height, the breast wall type can also be adopted. There are two ways to use the sand flushing gate: continuous sand flushing and regular sand flushing. When there is enough water coming from the river, the intake sluice and the sand flushing sluice can be opened at the same time to introduce the surface water with less sediment concentration into the river, and the bottom water with more sediment concentration can be discharged to the downstream river through the sand flushing sluice; When the inflow is insufficient, only the intake sluice can be opened to divert water, and when the diversion is stopped, the sand flushing sluice can be opened to discharge sand. In order to ensure that the deposited sediment can be washed away, the speed of crossing the sluice should be greater than the initial speed of sediment. Tidal sluice: built in the estuary, it is closed at high tide to prevent seawater from flowing backwards, and it is opened at low tide, which has the characteristics of two-way water retaining. The sluice on the flood control (moistureproof) dike is as important as the flood control (moistureproof) dike. Even if the sluices on some flood control (moisture-proof) dikes are small in scale, once they are wrecked, the serious consequences will be the same as those of flood control (moisture-proof) dikes, which are difficult to repair. Therefore, the gate position on the flood control (moisture-proof) dike can only be higher than or at least equal to the gate position on the flood control (moisture-proof) dike, but it can never be lower than the flood control. The lock chamber generally adopts breast wall type. When there are both discharge tasks and navigation tasks, the open type should be adopted. Due to the influence of tide, the gate bears strong tidal bore impact, so it is advisable to adopt plane gate. In order to minimize tidal inflow and siltation of rivers, tidal sluice should be built near the estuary with stable coast. Because the foundations in coastal areas are mostly silty sand, fine sand or muddy cohesive soil, the foundation has small bearing capacity, high compressibility, low impact resistance, poor anti-sliding performance and easy liquefaction during earthquakes. In order to ensure the stability of the lock chamber and the lock foundation, prevent the foundation from causing large settlement or uneven settlement, and affect the structural safety of the lock chamber, the tidal sluice generally adopts light structure, and the length of the bottom plate and blanket is appropriately lengthened. The soft foundation needs reinforcement. Because the water level under tidal sluice is affected by tide, the opening of sluice should be calculated and determined according to the unsteady flow through sluice. The hydraulic design of large tidal sluice should be verified by hydraulic model test. Sediment deposition is a common problem downstream of tidal sluice. Because the tidal types and sediment carrying capacity in coastal areas are different from the incoming water and sediment concentration of rivers, the siltation changes in estuaries and coasts are also different, and the situation is more complicated. Adequate measures should be taken to solve the problem of siltation under the sluice. For example, tidal sluices can be built near estuaries, or in areas rich in water resources, they can be washed and silted regularly with clean water, and when necessary, they can be dredged mechanically. Drainage sluice: Drainage sluice is a sluice used to discharge excess water such as flood and waterlogging. It is often built on the bank along the river at the end of the drainage ditch. When the water level of the river rises, the gate is closed to prevent external water from flowing backwards; When retreating, open the floodgates to eliminate waterlogging. When farmland in low-lying areas needs water storage for irrigation, water storage can also be closed or water can be drawn from rivers. Drainage sluice has the characteristics of two-way water retaining and two-way flow, and the water level difference and amplitude inside and outside the dike are large, so culvert type or breast wall type is often used. In order to reduce the waterlogging to the lowest water level in time and give full play to the drainage benefit, the drainage gate should be located in a low-lying place with smooth drainage. The energy dissipation and scour prevention facilities of the working gate and the discharge gate are generally arranged on the riverside side. When there is bidirectional overcurrent, both upstream and downstream of the sluice should consider energy dissipation and scour prevention. In order to make the water flowing through the sluice smooth and reduce the scouring of the water flowing out of the sluice, the upstream and downstream channels of the sluice should be as straight as possible, and the drainage channel under the sluice should be long enough so that there is still enough water depth in the drainage channel to avoid serious scouring under the sluice during the drainage period when the energy dissipation conditions under the sluice are the worst, such as when the river water level is very low or the river water level drops rapidly. The outlet of the drainage channel should be located at the concave bank of the river bend to avoid siltation at the outlet. The axis of the drainage ditch should be inclined to the downstream direction of the river and intersect with the deep river at an acute angle. In general, the intersection angle should not be greater than 60. At the outlet of the drainage channel, it is necessary to do a good job of revetment and bottom protection along the river to prevent the outlet water level from falling and scouring. According to the structural type of sluice chamber, it can be divided into open sluice, breast sluice and culvert sluice. Composition of sluice 1. The upstream connecting section of the upstream connecting section is composed of the upstream wing wall, slope protection, low protection and cushion layer, which leads the upstream incoming water into the lock chamber horizontally and smoothly, and at the same time plays the roles of scour prevention, seepage prevention and soil retaining. Wing walls and slope protection are set on both banks to guide the water flow into the lock chamber smoothly. Anti-scour grooves, bottom protection and cushion layers are arranged on the riverbed to protect the riverbank and riverbed from being washed by water flow, and together with the sluice chamber, a sufficient seepage diameter is formed to ensure the seepage stability of seepage water along the riverbank and sluice foundation.
2. Downstream connecting section The downstream connecting section mainly includes apron (stilling basin), flood discharge, downstream scouring trough, downstream wing wall and slope protection. It is used to guide the water flowing out of the sluice to spread evenly downstream, slow down the flow velocity, eliminate the residual kinetic energy of the water flowing through the sluice, and prevent the water from scouring the riverbed and river bank. The apron (stilling basin) is arranged next to the lock chamber, which is responsible for bearing the anger of upstream water, forming hydraulic jump and protecting the riverbed from scouring within the hydraulic jump range, which is the main measure of energy dissipation. Strike while the iron is hot, you need to be hard, and your weight, strength, impact resistance and wear resistance should be sufficient. Submergence: arranged behind stilling basin to eliminate residual energy and adjust velocity distribution. It is made of stone. Scouring trough: a scour prevention measure to prevent the riverbed from developing upstream after the flood at the end of the flood. Put out the residual fire of the upstream water, let it leave quietly, and also protect the downstream riverbed. Downstream wing wall: the water flow is even, protecting the river bank from scouring. Slope protection: within the scope of marine invasion and gully prevention, stones are generally used. See the guests off, guard against arrogance and rashness, start well and finish well, and ensure your own safety. The lock chamber is the main body of the lock, including the main part of the lock, bottom plate, gate, hoist, pier, breast wall, shore wall, working bridge and traffic bridge. The gate is used to store water and control the water flow through the gate. Pier is used to separate the gate hole and support the gate, breast wall, working bridge and traffic bridge. The bottom plate is the foundation of the lock chamber, which bears all the load of the lock chamber, transfers the load evenly to the foundation, and uses the friction between the bottom plate and the foundation map to maintain the stability of the lock chamber, and has the functions of seepage prevention and scour prevention. The lock chamber is connected with the upstream and downstream connecting sections and the river bank or other buildings respectively. Work bridge: used to install cranes and workers to operate machines. Shore wall: the connecting structure between the lock chamber and the river bank, which is mainly used for retaining soil and has lateral seepage control effect. Selection of gate position The gate position of the control gate or flood discharge gate should be selected in the reach where the river is straight and the river regime is relatively stable. After technical and economic comparison, a new river course can be built by cutting straight in the curved reach. The sluice site of intake sluice, diversion sluice or flood diversion sluice should be selected in the straight river section where the riverbank is basically stable or slightly downstream of the apex of the concave bank of the bend, but the sluice site of flood diversion sluice should not be selected in the dangerous embankment section and the downstream embankment section of the protected important town. The gate site of the drainage gate or the flood discharge gate should be selected in a low-lying place with smooth water flow, and the gate site of the drainage gate should be selected on the old embankment line near the important waterlogging area and the flood discharge area. The dam site of tidal sluice should be selected near the tidal estuary with stable coastline and slope. The sediment in the floodplain at the sluice site has little change, and the upstream channel has sufficient water storage. Characteristics of energy dissipation and scour prevention flow of gate: high outlet speed and strong turbulence. The upstream water level difference is small. The flow pattern changes with the opening procedure of the gate. The generation of hydraulic jump of sluice scouring wave: the submerged hydraulic jump did not occur or was flooded too much. Under diffusion, the flow is uniform, resulting in water flow breaking. The water level difference between upstream and downstream is small, resulting in wave-like hydraulic jump and low energy dissipation efficiency. Basic energy dissipation mode: underflow energy dissipation is the main mode, which is composed of stilling basin, flood discharge and gully prevention. Its form can be selected according to water flow, terrain conditions, building capacity and energy dissipation effect. Precautionary measures for wave hydraulic jump: in the general layout, try to use the upstream channel with a straight section to ensure the horizontal stability and uniformity; Control the diffusion angle of the downstream wing wall, which should be 7 ~ 12 to make the water flow diffuse evenly; Formulate reasonable sluice opening procedures, pay attention to the principle of uniform opening and symmetrical opening of gaps, and avoid ups and downs during opening and closing and the use of some sluice holes of porous sluice. Common anti-seepage and drainage facilities: horizontal anti-seepage equipment: drainage body and filter layer such as tooth wall, plate wall, cutoff wall, etc. The main purpose is to improve drainage, continue to decompress and guide seepage to the downstream safely. The function of sheet pile is to reduce the pressure when covering the front or upstream end of the chamber floor. The rectangular plate arranged on the downstream side of the bottom plate of the lock chamber is mainly to reduce the seepage pressure at the outlet. Structural layout of lock chamber: including bottom plate, pier, breast wall, gate, working bridge and traffic bridge. The function of the pier: separating the sluice hole, supporting the sluice and the breast wall of the superstructure, reducing the height of the sluice, reducing the weight of the vertical sluice and reducing the requirements for the weight of the hoist; Function of the working bridge: When the hoist and managers operate the sluice, they must set up connecting buildings, including upper and lower wing walls, pier, and sometimes anti-seepage stab walls. Its function: (1 (2) When the sluice discharges or pumps water, the upstream pier wall is used to guide the water flow into the sluice smoothly, and the downstream pier wall makes the outlet water flow evenly dispersed, thus reducing scour. (3) Prevent the river bank or earth dam slope from being washed by flood discharge water. (4) Control the seepage on both sides of the sluice body to prevent the seepage deformation of the bank slope or earth dam connected with it. (5) Setting independent bank wall on soft foundation can reduce the influence of foundation settlement on the stress of sluice body.
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