Life: Gong Zizhen's life can be divided into three stages:
Before the age of 20, I studied Confucian classics and literature at home. He was educated by his mother since he was a child and likes reading poems. From the age of 8, he studied classics and history and went to primary school. /kloc-When he was 0/2 years old, he studied Shuowen with Duan Yucai. He searched for surnames and anecdotes; Say words with classics, and say classics with words; Test the ancient and modern official system; Used in bibliography, epigraphy, etc. At the same time, in literature, it also shows the talent of creation. /kloc-when he was 0/3 years old, he wrote "Perceptual Discrimination", which was "the beginning of the collection"; 15 years old, chronological poetry; 19 years old, lyrics by voice; By the age of 2 1 year, there are 3 volumes of Huairenge Ci and 2 volumes of Hongchan Ci. Duan Yucai said in the preface that he "wrote poetry and occasionally made a history of Confucian classics, which has gone with the wind and stood out from the crowd." . You Xi is a long and short sentence ","Creating thoughts and words is like Li Hanzhi's writing an article ",and he thinks that" if you cherish yourself with a weak crown, your talents will be unique and your temperament can be expected "(Preface to Huairen Pavilion). This can be said to be a summary of Gong Zizhen's study before she was 20 years old.
(2) 20 to 28 years old, after the provincial examination, should be admitted to the official position. In the fifteenth year of Jiaqing (18 10), Gong Zizhen 19 years old, and she was ranked 28th in the Chinese vice list. In the 23rd year (18 18), I took the Zhejiang provincial examination again, and the examiner was the famous sinologist Gaoyou Wang. The next year, he failed the exam. In the 25th year of Jiaqing (1820), he became an official and became a cabinet official. During this period, he gradually came into contact with the social and political reality, experienced political corruption from the setbacks in the imperial examination, and produced the requirements and ideas of reform, and learned from Liu's biography of the Ram. He has written political papers such as On Ming and Liang, On the occasion of B and C, Respect for Seclusion and Average. In the twenty-second year of Jiaqing, he consulted Wang Maosun, the "Wuzhong Zunsu", and wrote Essays and Poems. Wang thought it was "when poetry slanders, he scolds and sits, covering his eyes" (Dingbian Chronicle). In the same year, he began to quit poetry. Today, there are poems of this period, such as "Anti-topic Wall Master, Original Rhyme of Next Week" and "Miscellaneous Poems, written in the capital since spring and summer, with four out of ten".
③ From age 29 to death. After Jiaqing failed in the senior high school entrance examination in 24 years, he took five more exams. After nine years of Daoguang (1829), he was admitted to six subjects and began to learn at the age of 38. In the meantime, he is still a book in the cabinet. In the fifteenth year of Daoguang (1835), he moved to Zongren House. Instead, the priests in the main hall of the Ministry of Rites walked. Two years later, he added the host and guest. This official position is very humble and difficult. He resigned at the age of 48 and returned to the south (19th year of Daoguang 1839). At the age of 50, he died suddenly in Yunyang Academy in Danyang (21 years of Daoguang 184 1), which was the second year of the Opium War. During this period, his understanding of political reality became more and more profound, he put forward many reform suggestions and wrote many famous comments, such as On the Western Regions, On the Southeast, The First Preface of Ruan Shangshu's Chronicle, The Preface of an Imperial Envoy Hou Guanlin and On Ancient History. There are also many famous literary prose articles, such as Catch a Gun, Book Jinling, Jihai Surpassing Yangzhou in June, and Sick Plum House. Many of his famous poems, such as A Young Man's Journey to the Duke, Ode to History, Songs of Falling Flowers in the Western Suburbs and Ji Hai's Miscellaneous Poems, are also works of this period. Gong Zizhen's Academic Thought of Mohist Politics Gong Zizhen lived in a new historical stage in which a unified feudal country was facing decline and collapse and headed for semi-colony and semi-feudalism. Domestic class contradictions have become increasingly acute, and the forces of foreign capitalist aggression have deepened.
Gong Zizhen was deeply aware of the serious crisis of feudal countries since she was a child, and she had a special sensitivity. "Autumn doesn't surprise Tang Yan, and the sunset still loves roadside crowing." Liang Qichao said: "The world is peaceful and peaceful. If the other generation (referring to Gong Zizhen and Wei Yuan) is overwhelmed by worries, they will always point to the sky and plan the world." As early as the twenty-fifth year of Jiaqing, he pointed out that "at the beginning of the establishment of the capital, it was almost everywhere, and the rich households became poor households and the poor households became hungry households", and "the overall situation of the provinces could not be supported in a month" ("Proposal on Building Provinces in the Western Regions"). During his three years in Daoguang, he deeply realized that foreign capitalist aggression had caused a serious national crisis and pointed out that "pro-British and pro-foreign is really a huge fraud. If you don't obey, you will knock on the customs, and if you don't obey, you will insult the country "(the first preface of Ruan Shangshu Chronicle). He not only keenly felt the crisis of the times, but also actively suggested saving it; He affirmed the inevitable changes in the future era, and sent out passionate fantasies and hopes. Gong Zizhen is at the beginning of the transitional period. The development of his thought has a difficult, complicated and tortuous process. He initially accepted the orthodox textual research represented by Dai Zhen, Duan Yucai, Wang Niansun and Wang. However, he broke through the barrier of textual research and was not bound by family studies and the style of study of the times. Inspired by real social movements, mainly peasant uprisings, he observed and studied reality with a unique and keen eye. In his essays "On Liang Ming" and "At the Time of BC", he profoundly exposed and criticized the decadent and dark real politics and society. The chapter on equality points out the phenomenon of social corruption caused by inequality between the rich and the poor and its dangerous consequences: "If the small ones are not in harmony, they will gradually lose harmony, and if the big ones are not in harmony, they will lose the world"; Put forward the reform idea of "land equalization system", which requires "controlling its origin, adjusting it with the times, and paying more attention to its benefits" and "emphasizing its benefits" to average the rich and the poor. In Respect for Seclusion, he expressed his bold imagination and enthusiastic praise for the peasant uprising in a subtle and tortuous way, and his longing for the great changes in the future era. But his political thoughts and ideals are incomplete. Later, he saw that it was impossible to make equal land use, so he wrote "Nong Zong Pian". It is advocated to divide the land according to the patriarchal clan system: large amount 100 mu, small amount and group amount of 25 mu, and the rest are tenant farmers. Its purpose is to establish feudal rule based on small and medium-sized landlords. Because he failed to break through the fundamental position of the feudal class, he affirmed the position of the big landlord in "farmers answer first" and "farmers answer four"
Gong Zizhen's academic thought also changed greatly around the age of 30. He severely criticized the orthodox textual research and resolutely abandoned it, accepted the influence of the Spring and Autumn Annals school, and learned from Liu, "Learning from you, I am willing to sell cakes for Tokyo" ("Miscellaneous Poems have been in the capital since spring and summer, four out of ten"). But he affirmed the useful part of textual research; At the same time, it also criticized the "bad habits" of Confucian classics in modern literature, and advocated "applying the world to practice" and that academics should serve the real politics. Since then, he has more consciously linked academic research with real political and social issues, and his research topics have become more extensive. He studied geography as "the study of heaven, earth, east, west, north and south", especially devoted to contemporary laws and regulations and frontier ethnic geography, and wrote Atlas of Mongolia, with 56 books completed in 10; He also put forward positive suggestions on realistic political and social issues, including writing "Discussion on Establishing the Western Regions" and "Discussion on Banning Ships in the Southeast", and advocated resisting foreign capitalist aggression and consolidating the northwest frontier. With the growth of life experience and historical knowledge, and the gradual maturity of political and academic thoughts, he deeply discussed the origin and development of the universe and social culture, completely unified the study of Confucian classics, history, schools, primary schools, geography and contemporary laws and regulations, and formed a fairly complete view of history. He said: "The world of the Zhou Dynasty is the history of officials. There is no language outside history; There are no words outside history; There is no one outside history. History is Zhou Cun, and history is dead. " (The Theory of Ancient History (Part II)) It is influenced by Zhang Xuecheng's viewpoint that all six classics are history, but it is broader, more accessible, more complete, more scientific and more combative than what Zhang said. He attributed the merits and demerits of ancient history and culture to historians, and took contemporary historians as his own responsibility. He believes that historians are worthy of respect because they can stand tall and criticize the real political society objectively and fairly from a comprehensive perspective. In fact, this is to link history with current political and social issues, that is, "current affairs", and to comprehensively criticize the decadent real political society under the slogan of "respecting history" by using the changing and developing viewpoint of Yang Gong School in Spring and Autumn Annals. This is the embodiment of the "hidden heaven and earth" he admired in respecting and hiding.
At the same time, he continued to care about major issues in the real political society, constantly made criticisms and suggestions, and never colluded with vulgar bureaucrats. In "Countermeasures for Imperial Examination" written by Daoguang for nine years (1829), he affirmed the role of Confucian classics and historiography, and even pointed out that the application of Confucian classics and historiography must be based on practical problems. "It has nothing to do with the affairs of the world, and I don't know which is slow or urgent, which is feasible or not"; On practical issues, he paid special attention to the northwest frontier and southeast coastal defense, and asked the emperor to "benefit the people in the south" and "benefit the generals in the west". In the same year1February, there was a book about going to college, which suggested reforming the cabinet system. He hates corrupt bureaucrats and vulgar bureaucrats. In the summer of the twelfth year of Daoguang (1832), there were "eight urgent matters of the day", one of which was "eliminating redundancy" (self-note in Jihai Miscellaneous History). In the 18th year of Daoguang (1838), Lin Zexu was ordered to go to Haikou, Guangdong Province to ban opium. He prefaced Hou Guanlin, an imperial envoy, and put forward "three definitions, three meanings, three difficult answers and one return to the city" to Lin Zexu. Advocating the prohibition of opium and loyally opposing the British invaders; Promote mutually beneficial foreign trade and prohibit the import of luxury goods; It also refutes the harmful arguments of various capitulationists such as bureaucrats, screen visitors, tourists, businessmen and gentlemen. After the Opium War between China and Britain, Liang Zhangju, Governor of Jiangsu Province, was stationed in Shanghai. A few days before his sudden death, he wrote to Liang "on current affairs, and made an appointment to visit the museum today to help raise a sum of money" ("Collection of Teachers and Friends of Liang Zhangju", Volume 6, Master Renhe and Gong Dingtun), expressing his wish to participate in the shogunate, and * * * showed his determination to resist the British invaders.
After middle age, Gong Zizhen's career was frustrated, and her thoughts were deeply mired in contradictions, troubles and pains. "Sitting and thinking are all based on trivial plans" ("Yu Lin Guan writes an inkstone and ink book, and finally writes a cross"). Sometimes I want to console myself by "collecting literature". "Crazy literature consumes middle age and is also a late bloomer in this life" (Meng Yi); I even want to "make a big heart" and give my fantasy to Buddhism in order to get rid of the world. However, he loves his motherland and cares about reality. He can't rule out the "outer edge" and finally can't become a Buddha. Gong Zizhen's thoughts are dominant. Although his criticism is not thorough and the goal of improvement is unclear, his political thought and attitude are always positive. He saw that the realistic rule of the Qing Dynasty was "sunset" and "sunset", and he was convinced of the great changes in the future era and sent out great enthusiasm and hope. He was an enlightenment thinker who advocated reforming the decadent status quo and resisting foreign capitalist aggression and bourgeois reformism in modern times on the eve of the great change of feudal society in China.
Literary Creation Gong Zizhen's literary creation presents an unprecedented new look and opens a new chapter in modern literature. Gong Zizhen thinks that literature must be useful. He said, "On sanctification, we should give priority to usefulness", "We should not seek the beauty of politics, words and literary talent" ("Born in the same year, please ask Tang and Liu to worship Buddha ……"). It is necessary to point out that Confucianism, politics and poetry have the same purpose. He thinks that poetry, like the function of history, is criticizing social history, and both articles and poems are related to history. He believes that the Six Classics is the ancestor of the history of Zhou. The Book of Songs is collected and sorted by historians. "The poet's fingers are a tributary of this group's history" (On the occasion of B and C). Therefore, the purpose of choosing poems to write history is to "enjoy people and win them, but fight for them" and criticize social history. Therefore, he regards his poems as "discussion" or "discussion". "Nobles discuss with each other and take care of each other, so don't make a discussion about the world" ("Miscellaneous Poems", written in the capital in spring and summer, four times out of ten); Comments on "An's words are in accordance with the Han system, and poetry becomes stone" (Night Straight). From this poetic point of view, he believes that the motivation of poetry creation is caused by "external environment", that is, real life. "The external environment overlaps, like the wind blowing water, everything is in one article" (with Jiang Jushi's reading notes), but it has to be otherwise. Like writing history, the creative method should use historical materials (Send Xu Xu Xu). Gong Zizhen's poems are consistent with his poetics. He broke the silence of the poetry circle since the middle of Qing Dynasty, rarely described the natural scenery simply, but always focused on the realistic political and social situation, expressed his feelings and discussed it vertically and horizontally. His poems are full of social and historical contents, and are the poems of a historian and politician. He began to chronicle poems at the age of 15, and by the age of 47, he had 27 volumes of poems. He treasures his few works very much. "Hou Wen Duan Mian listens to high music, less rigorous and not polished"; "Young people are so sad and happy that they cry for no reason." (self-care chores). Although these works, which are "precise and strict" and "every sentence is true", have been lost, they are "hurting the time" and "scolding the bureaucracy" at that time and are regarded as "great" by ordinary scholars. Therefore, he gave up poetry several times.
In the autumn of the twenty-fifth year of Jiaqing (1820), he began to quit poetry. The next summer, he didn't get into Zhang Jing's military exam, and arranged 15 "Little Wandering Fairy", and he broke it again. In October of the seventh year of Daoguang (1827), he made an oath to abstain from poetry after compiling two volumes of Broken Grass. "There used to be poems, and Chen Geng's poems were very complicated." Because his poems can't be tolerated by decadent and vulgar society. So later he broke the precepts and wrote poems. Gong Zizhen now writes more than 600 poems, most of which are his works after middle age. The main content is still "hurting time" and "scolding sitting". Daoguang's five-year poem "Ode to History" is the masterpiece of this kind of poem. Poetry chants the history of the Southern Dynasties, feeling that celebrities in the south of the Yangtze River were awed by the sinister rule of the Qing Dynasty, vulgar and peaceful, and buried themselves in writing books. "Avoid seats and fear literary inquisition, and write books for the benefit of the rice beam." At the end of the poem, the story of Tian Heng's anti-Han reveals the intention of the Qing Dynasty to deceive the scribes with fame and fortune: "There are 500 people living in peace in Tian Heng, why not go back and wait for them?" Another example is the Seven Laws "One of the Four Solutions" written in the sixth year of Daoguang (1826), which angrily refutes the slander of vulgar bureaucrats, saying that "every article is once ill, and many words are not all day"; Spicy mocked the imperial bureaucrats for their disgust, saying, "Keep silent, be feminine, and don't try to lose sleep at night." In his later years, the poet pointed out the invasion and harm of foreign capitalist forces to China and the fatuity and depravity of the ruling class, and saw the suffering of the people, expressing deep sympathy and guilt, such as "only raising more than ten husbands in one line" and "salt and iron are useless to raise rivers", which reflected the main social contradictions at that time and had profound practical and historical significance.
Gong Zizhen's more lyric poems show the poet's deep sense of melancholy, loneliness and pride. For example, Sitting at Night in the third year of Daoguang (1823) consists of seven poems: "When a mountain rises, thousands of mountains admire it, and when all is silent, the emperor sits in the spirit". In the quiet and dark scenery of Shan Ye, the poet's sober ambition reposes his loneliness and anger, and expresses his deep worries about this lifeless world. In Daoguang's six-year autumn heart poem, there are three poems with seven rhymes, "Who is cold in the northwest, and the southeast is full of flutes". He is deeply worried about the border situation and feels that there are not many people with lofty ideals who are brave enough to serve the country, and even fewer comrades who know each other. He often uses "sword", "Xiao", "firm but gentle" and "Xiao Xin" to pin his ideological ambitions. "One flute and one sword leveled the merchants, and I lost my reputation for fifteen years" ("Mangan"); "Young swordsmen play the flute more, but the case of firm but gentle flute is not seen" (Ji Hai's chores); I am deeply depressed that my ambition can't be realized. In the realistic environment of "abandoning the lake and mountain as a flute and autumn, there is no sorrow on earth" ("Four Sentences in a Dream"), it is an inevitable development and outlet for poets to recall the beautiful past and fantasize about the wonderful realm and world outside reality, in addition to expressing their feelings and discussing freely. Therefore, there are many contradictions in many works of the poet. A seven-character ancient poem, A Journey to Youth by Nenglinggong, written in the first year of Daoguang, fairly concentrated the contradictions in the poet's thoughts. There are negative factors in the poem that escape to nothingness, and the more positive significance lies in the poet's extreme disgust and denial of the helpless real social environment. Therefore, in Ji Hai's Miscellaneous Poems, two poems, namely, Young People's Seclusion and Kyushu's Angry Relieving on the Wind and Thunder, he firmly believes that unprecedented changes of the times are bound to come, and hopes that the outbreak of the Wind and Thunder will sweep away all the rapid trends and break the suffocating silence.
Characteristics of Gong Zizhen's poems;
(1) The unity of political theory, lyricism and artistic image. Many of his poems are lyrical and argumentative, but they have nothing to do with the facts and are not specific. Instead, they just raise the common phenomenon of reality to the height of social history, ask questions, express their feelings, and express their attitudes and wishes. He writes poems on political issues, but he doesn't speak in the abstract and doesn't scatter culture.
(2) Rich and peculiar imagination, forming a vivid and powerful image. In his poems, "Moon Anger", "Flower Shadow Anger", "Taihang Anger", "Taihang Flying", "Claw Anger" and "Reiki Anger" make familiar scenery lively, moving eyes and ears, and arouse unusual imagination. Another example is the description of fallen flowers in Song of Falling Flowers in the Western Suburb, which makes the scenery that causes sadness and decline become an incomparably magnificent scene, even higher than ordinary imagination. "Falling red is not a heartless thing, but turning into spring mud protects flowers more" ("Jihai Miscellaneous Poems"), then we can see new life from decline. "Although the destiny is in autumn, one's spring is full of vitality" ("From spring to autumn, I touch it occasionally and get fifteen songs"), and I have also seen a new side from the declining era.
③ Various forms and styles. Poets consciously use various traditional forms of classical poetry, "from thoughtful to modern times, they are all using;" From miscellaneous three or four words to miscellaneous eight or nine words, they are all used "("Postscript, Broken Grass "). In fact, he wrote more "ancient poems" with five or seven words and "modern poems" with seven words, with seven quatrains as the bulk. The general trend is not to be bound by rules, to use them freely and to blurt them out. This is also the most prominent of the seven-character quatrains. Written in the 19th year of Daoguang (1839), Ji Hai's 3 15 miscellaneous poems were originally written in the form of seven-character quatrains. The content is all-encompassing, and the poet's mental journey, life experience, thoughts and feelings are vivid, which has become a form of self-narrative poetry. They can be read as a poem. Because of the author's full creative application, the seven-character quatrains naturally become the lightest, simplest and most concentrated form to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. Complex and profound ideological content and various language forms are the basis for the diversification of Gong's poetry styles. I have never been an adult, but my face is not single-minded "("Wang Zi Mei Steals Poems "). The poet encourages himself with various styles and promises himself. His ancient poems are concise in five words and unrestrained in seven words; Modern poetry, seven-character poems are subtle and steady, and quatrains are free and easy.
④ The language is colorful, eclectic, magnificent and simple; There are ancient Olympics and some people; There are uncommon and popular ones. Generally speaking, it is beautiful in nature, calm and sophisticated, and influenced by Du Han. Some chapters are obscure because of too many allusions or subtle twists and turns. Gong Zizhen's advanced thoughts are the soul of many of his excellent poems. The profundity of thought and the originality of art make Gong's poetry unique, which creates a new historical era of poetry, which is different from that of Tang and Song Dynasties and really opens up a new situation of modern poetry. Palace Poetry was not appreciated by many people at that time, and its influence was greater than that of the late Qing Dynasty, mainly because it was outstanding in ideological and political nature, and it combined lyric with ideological and political nature, which did not belong to the category of literature, learning and theory. Gong Zizhen's prose was more famous than poetry at that time, and was also criticized by ordinary scholars. This is taboo, and you dare not stare. In addition to several groups of academic papers, a very important part of them is different forms of political papers. Some "take Confucian classics as political theories" and "often cite rams to ridicule current politics and despise autocracy" (Liang Qichao's Academic Introduction to Qing Dynasty). These articles are based on the political connection between the viewpoint of Yang Gong School in Chunqiu and reality, taking history as a mirror and making the past serve the present. For example, seven discussions on the occasion of Party B and Party C, nine discussions on the occasion of Party B and Party C, and respect for seclusion are all applications of Ram's "Sansheng Theory". Others directly expose and criticize the decadent rule of the Qing Dynasty, such as On Liang Ming; And the positive suggestions of each chapter, such as the chapter of average, the discussion of the western regions, the countermeasures, the preface of an imperial envoy Hou Guanlin and so on. The other kind is satirical sketches, such as Catch the Stork and Sick Plum House. There are many narratives, such as notes on people and places of interest, such as The Story of Hangzhou, The Book of Jinling, The Epitaph of Wang Zhongqu, The Book of Juyongguan, The Record of Jihai's Returning to Yangzhou in June, etc., with different contents and rich practical significance.
Gong Wen's expression is also very special. Generally speaking, it is very simple, but there are exaggerations, frankness and strangeness in simplicity. His prose language is vivid and diverse. Some of them are parallel lovers, some are magnificent, some are ancient, and even distant, blunt and obscure. Gongwen is different from ancient prose in Tang and Song Dynasties and Tongcheng School. It is a unique development that inherits the ancient prose in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties and creates a new atmosphere in ancient prose or prose. Gong Zizhen's ci is also very famous. Tan Xian thinks that Gong's ci is "beautiful and profound, which is intended to combine Zhou, Xin and Yi to make a wonderful work" (Diary of Tang Fu II). In fact, his ci did not get rid of the influence of traditional ci, but paid attention to the romanticism of ci. He also wrote some words to express his feelings, such as "Magpie Tread" and "Leaving the Garden and Abandoning the Child" to express his lonely and proud mood; The contradiction between the writing of Three Days of Shen Bing and the vulgar literati and the feeling that the ideal cannot be realized; [Langtaosha] The desire to write in Book Wish is slightly similar to that in Nenglinggong Youth Travel. [Hundred Words Order] "Going to Yuan Daqin South" was written in the scene of Yuan Daqin South returning to his hometown in his childhood; Meet: Ren Shen's summer boating on the West Lake describes the contradiction between the sword country and the flute heart. They are interested in doing things, but also want to retire and miss the mountains and rivers.
However, most of Gong's ci poems are leisurely and comfortable, expressing lingering feelings, and their achievements are far less than poetry. In his later years, he found the shortcomings of his own writing: "Don't be quaint and ghostly, and it is difficult to reach the author's court." Regret killing your left daughter and fan the flag pavilion. "(Ji Hai's Miscellaneous Poems) His so-called spirit is style, and he knows that he lacks realistic social content. In this episode and this edition, there are many versions of Gong Ji handed down from generation to generation. At first, there were three volumes of Selected Works of Wan Ding, Yu Ji 1 Volume, Shao Zuo 1 Volume, which was edited by Daoguang for three years. "Ji Hai Miscellaneous Poems" and Daoguang 19 self-edited edition. In the second year after Gong Zizhen's death, Wei Yuan compiled 12 volumes of Wan Ding and 12 volumes of Textual Research, Essays and Poems (Xu), but there was no hardcover edition. After that, there were three volumes of Selected Works of Wan Ding and four volumes of Continuation, which were published by Wu Xu in the seventh year of Tongzhi. There are four volumes of Selected Works of Wan Ding printed by Wan You Library of Shanghai Commercial Press and three volumes of Selected Works of Wan Ding photocopied by Hanfenlou, all of which are Wu. From Guangxu to the end of Qing Dynasty, there were many biographies, including four volumes of Supplement to Collected Works of Wan Ding written by Zhu Zhizhen in the 12th year of Guangxu. Among the names of the Complete Works, there is the ten thousand-volume Complete Works of Gong in the twenty-third year of Guangxu. There is a typography of the Rotary Club of Sinology in Xuantong's first year. The Complete Works of School Settings, which was printed by China Bookstore when Jia Hanzhai revised in Xuantongyuan, had 10 volumes. There is Shi Yinben's Complete Works of Wan Ding, which swept Xuantongye Mountain for two years. After the Republic of China, there were 1935 complete works of Jin Xia Ge Gong in Shanghai; 1935, The Complete Works of Gong Dingduo edited by Wang Wenkun, Sinology Press; 1937, Xia Tonglan and other world bookstores compiled The Complete Works of Gong. 1959, The Complete Works of Gong Zizhen published by Shanghai Editor of Zhonghua Book Company in Wang Pei was divided into 1 1 series, from 1 to 8 series, from 9 to 10 series to 65438 series.
Twenty-seven years old is a juren. In the first year of Daoguang (182 1), he worked as a proofreader in the National History Museum. It took nine years to become a scholar. This official is in charge of the etiquette department. In nineteen years, he abandoned his official position and returned to the south. 2 1 year, died suddenly in Yunyang College, Jiangsu. Gong Zizhen first inherited the origin of family studies, starting with writing and exegesis, and then gradually dabbled in epigraphy and bibliography, covering poetry, geography and classics. Deeply influenced by the "Spring and Autumn Branches" that rose at that time. Facing the deepening social crisis during Jia Dao's reign, he gave up textual research and exegetics, focused on world affairs and devoted his life to reform. In his youth, he wrote On Liang Ming and On the occasion of B and C, which exposed and criticized the accumulated disadvantages of feudal autocracy. His thought was the first sound for Kang Youwei and others to advocate Gongyangxue and reform Gongyangxue system. After middle age, although he turned to study Buddhism, his ambition of "saving the world" was not depressed. He supported Lin Zexu to ban opium and suggested that Lin Zexu strengthen military facilities and be prepared to fight against British invaders. Gong Zizhen's lifelong pursuit of "multi-laws" was not realized until his death, but it had a beneficial impact in many aspects. On the social view, he pointed out that the root of social instability lies in the disparity between the rich and the poor, and called for the reform of the imperial examination system to attract "knowledgeable and practical" talents. Philosophically, this paper expounds the viewpoint of Tiantai Sect of Buddhism, and puts forward the viewpoint that human nature is "without good and evil" and "both good and evil rise". In historiography, he called for "respecting history" and devoted himself to the discussion of history and geography in northwest China. In literature, he put forward the theory of "respecting feelings" and advocated the unity of poetry and people. His life was rich in poetry and prose, and later generations compiled The Complete Works of Gong Zizhen.