(2) Ability goal
1. By studying the promoting effect of Roosevelt's New Deal measures on the recovery of social productive forces, cultivate the ability to analyze historical events by using the historical materialism viewpoint of dialectical relationship between superstructure and economic base.
2. By analyzing the reasons why American, German and Japanese bourgeoisie took different countermeasures to deal with the crisis, we can cultivate the ability to comprehensively and objectively analyze historical phenomena.
3. By analyzing the similarities and differences of the establishment of fascist dictatorships in Germany and Japan, we can cultivate the ability to compare and summarize historical knowledge.
Second, knowledge counseling.
1. The outbreak of the world economic crisis
(1) reason: ① root cause: basic contradiction of capitalist system.
② Main reasons: contradiction between production and marketing, and instability of financial market.
③ Direct cause: new york stock market crash.
(2) Time: 1929 ~ 1933.
(3) Features: the attack is fierce, wide in scope, long in time and destructive.
(4) Impact: ① It has deepened the economic crisis and political crisis of various countries, and various countries have adopted different countermeasures and embarked on different paths.
(2) It has aggravated the tension in the world situation.
2. Roosevelt's New Deal
(1) background:
The economic crisis triggered a political crisis, which severely hit the United States.
The people were dissatisfied with the laissez-faire economic policy, and Roosevelt's slogan "New Deal" won wide support.
(2) Purpose: ① Direct purpose: to get rid of the predicament as soon as possible and realize economic revival.
The fundamental purpose: to maintain the capitalist system.
(3) Features: Take the method of comprehensive government intervention in the national economy.
(4) content: rectifying finance; Adjust agriculture; Industrial recovery law (central measures); Work for relief.
(5) Essence: The policy adjustment made under the premise of maintaining the capitalist system is the adjustment of capitalist relations of production, that is, the implementation of state monopoly capitalism.
(6) Impact: ① Reduce the damage of the crisis to the American economy, ease social contradictions, and contain American fascist forces. ② The economic crisis cannot be fundamentally solved.
Germany and Japan embarked on the road of fascism and became the source of war.
(1) The establishment of German fascist dictatorship
Reasons: ① The root cause: the economic crisis caused social unrest, and the monopoly bourgeoisie should establish dictatorship. (2) Direct cause: The Nazi Party carried out deceptive propaganda under the banner of socialist nationalism.
Establishment: 1933, Hitler became chancellor of Germany, and the social source of Europe was formed.
Domestic and foreign policies:
Politically: one-party dictatorship, parliamentary arson, suppression of the production party, persecution of Jews, genocide.
Economically: the militarization of the national economy.
Culturally: control culture and education, muzzle thoughts.
Militarily: Abolish the Treaty of Versailles and expand the army to prepare for war.
Diplomacy: withdrawal from the League of Nations; 1936 the Germans entered the undefended Rhine region.
(2) The establishment of Japanese fascist dictatorship
Cause: Root cause: The economic crisis triggered a political crisis, and the monopoly bourgeoisie wanted to establish a dictatorship.
Direct cause: the promotion of fascist forces in the military sector.
Compilation: Hirota Hiroshi formed a cabinet on 1936.
Domestic and foreign policies:
Internal affairs: ① dictatorship, such as prohibiting workers from going on strike and restricting people's freedom of speech and association.
(2) expansion, such as the expansion of military spending.
Diplomacy: formulated the basic national policy of aggression and expansion, and formed the origin of the Asian war.
(2) Key points and difficulties
1. The characteristics and influence of Roosevelt's New Deal
(1) Roosevelt's New Deal was a policy adjustment made by the American monopoly bourgeoisie to overcome the crisis. On the premise of maintaining capitalism, it partially adjusted the production relations in the United States to meet the needs of social development. Its characteristic is to avoid the form of nationalization as much as possible and to maintain the capitalist free enterprise system as much as possible. At the same time, some measures beneficial to workers and small producers were taken to ease the class contradictions in China.
(2) The New Deal has not changed the nature of capitalism, nor can it fundamentally eliminate the capitalist economic crisis. But it has had a positive impact in many aspects.
(1) Direct impact: To some extent, it reduced the serious damage of the economic crisis to American society, promoted the recovery of productive forces, and consolidated the capitalist economy.
(2) Indirect impact: economic recovery eased social contradictions, restored people's confidence in the American state system to a certain extent, thus curbing the fascist forces caused by the economic crisis and preventing the United States from embarking on the fascist road.
(3) Far-reaching influence: The New Deal adopted the policy of state intervention in the economy, which opened a precedent for capitalist countries to strengthen economic intervention. It not only became the beginning of modern American monopoly of capitalist economic system, but also had an important impact on the economic policy development of many other capitalist countries. Since then, western countries have gradually abandoned the pure laissez-faire economic policy and gradually strengthened the government's macro guidance to the economy. After World War II, state monopoly capitalism further developed.
2. Analysis of the causes of Guo Guan's economic prosperity and crisis in the 1920s and 1930s.
In 1930s, the American economy flourished and gradually mastered the world economic hegemony, and new york became the world financial center. The reasons should include: domestic technological innovation and the promotion of the government's laissez-faire policy; The stimulus of World War I and the relatively stable political and economic situation after the war provided excellent conditions. Behind the economic prosperity is America's long-term blind investment, unbalanced economic proportion, depressed agriculture and increasing unemployment. The ever-expanding supply greatly exceeds the domestic and international payment capacity, and there is a crisis of relative overproduction. By the late 1920s, the American economy was in crisis and depression, and a worldwide economic crisis broke out from 1929 to 1933.
3. Countries' measures to deal with the crisis and its enlightenment
Anti-crisis measures in western capitalist countries are generally divided into four categories:
(1) American class I: Roosevelt's New Deal (1933- 1939) is to strengthen state intervention while maintaining the capitalist free enterprise system.
(2) Britain and France: Britain protected tariffs, coordinated the internal relations of the empire, adopted the Westminster Act and implemented the imperial preferential system; France adjusts labor relations and reforms tax system.
(3) Nordic countries: The governments in power of Social Democratic Party and Labor Party generally implement the welfare state policy called the middle road, implement employment protection, adjust and expand social insurance, and cooperate in various ways.
(4) Germany, Italy and Japan: strengthen the direct state intervention in the economy, implement fascist management, and promote the militarization of the national economy.
Enlightenment from the Great Crisis in 1930s;
(1) The crisis is related to the prosperous times, and it is prepared for danger in times of peace.
(2) The coordination of international economic relations is extremely important, and protectionism harms others.
(3) The crisis is twofold: first, it shows that the end of capitalism is accelerating; The second is to force the government to reform and adjust the signal.
4. Briefly comment on the trends of America, Germany and Japan under the Great Depression.
Choice: the United States implements Roosevelt's New Deal, and Germany and Japan establish fascist dictatorship.
Reasons: America: ① It has no history of feudal society and has a typical bourgeois democratic tradition. ② The American capitalist economy is strong, and it is feasible for the state to intervene in the economy. Although there are class contradictions in the United States, the power of the left and right wings is not enough to endanger the interests of the monopoly bourgeoisie. (4) Roosevelt's personal role embodies the needs of the times.
Germany: ① Germany has a strong history of feudal militarism. (2) After the German economic crisis, the monopoly bourgeoisie relied on militarization to recover. The whole German society was dissatisfied with the defeat after World War I and the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler resorted to nationalism and revenge. (4) The class contradiction in Germany is acute and the revolution is imminent. The Nazi party only served as a tool for monopoly capitalists to suppress revolution and wage war. ⑤ Hitler's personal role adapted to the "soil" of German society at that time.
Japan: ① Japan has a strong history of feudal militarism, boasting "Bushido spirit". (2) Japan has invaded and expanded China, North Korea and Southeast Asia, with the aim of transferring the domestic crisis and expanding the war on a larger scale by taking advantage of the economic crisis. (3) Japan's class contradictions are acute, and it is the desire of Japan's monopoly bourgeoisie to suppress the revolution with fascist forces. (4) The fascist forces led by the military command dominated Japanese society.
Impact: The United States eased the economic crisis and protected the bourgeois democratic system. Germany and Japan embarked on the fascist road, provoked the Second World War, and brought great disasters to the people of the world.
5. Analysis of Roosevelt's New Deal.
A. What's new in Roosevelt's New Deal?
(1) new theory and new policy
From liberalism to Keynesianism, Roosevelt's New Deal is a large-scale practice of Keynesianism.
(2) New functions
Try to avoid the form of nationalization and try to maintain the capitalist free enterprise system. At the same time, some measures beneficial to workers and small producers were taken to ease class contradictions.
(3) a new starting point
It is a partial adjustment of production relations, pushing American private monopoly capitalism to American-style and illegal Sisi-style state monopoly capitalism. After World War II, this model was widely adopted, and the capitalist system gained new vitality and became a new starting point for further development.
B. The essence of Roosevelt's New Deal
Roosevelt's New Deal was not fascism. The "New Deal" is not only not a fascist, but also plays a role in avoiding the road to fascism.
Roosevelt's New Deal is not socialism. Because it doesn't touch the capitalist system.
Roosevelt's New Deal is a policy adjustment made by the American bourgeoisie in order to overcome the economic crisis and maintain the capitalist system, which has played a certain positive role. At best, it can only be said to be a bourgeois reform.
C. Evaluating Roosevelt's New Deal
(1) Roosevelt's New Deal is basically a progressive phenomenon in modern American history and has played a positive role. It provided valuable experience for the monopoly bourgeoisie to maintain capitalist rule, and was followed by the bourgeois governments of many western countries, such as the United States. Its implementation is the inheritance and development of some bourgeois democratic traditions in American history.
(2) The role of the New Deal only temporarily and slightly eased the serious situation caused by some economic crises in the American economy, and it did not and could not overcome the crisis. The result of the implementation of the New Deal is to consolidate and strengthen the dominant position of the monopoly bourgeoisie in the national economy and politics. Some of the measures it contains to make concessions to the working class are just a means for the bourgeoisie to deal with the workers' movement. After the implementation of the New Deal, the American industrial production index increased year by year, which was not the function of the New Deal prescription, but the result of the spontaneous law of the capitalist economic cycle. The bourgeois reformist policy contained in it is extremely harmful to the working class and the revolutionary cause.
(3) We should neither praise nor belittle Roosevelt's New Deal. It pushed American private monopoly capitalism to American-style, illegal Western-style state monopoly capitalism quickly and massively, improved the situation of working people to a certain extent, eased class struggle, and saved and strengthened the American monopoly capitalism system. But the result has deepened the contradiction of capitalism and caused a new and deeper crisis. However, it cannot be said that the main purpose of the New Deal was to prevent farmers and workers from participating in revolutionary actions, because at that time, the United States did not have the subjective and objective conditions to carry out proletarian revolution.
6. Compare the similarities and differences between Germany and Japan in establishing fascist dictatorship.
Similarities: ① Historical reasons are the same. Both countries have been autocratic monarchies for a long time, with strong militaristic traditions and lacking bourgeois democratic traditions; After World War I, the overseas markets of both countries were restricted, Germany lost all its overseas colonies, and Japan's market in East Asia was also suppressed.
(2) the same opportunities. The economic crisis in 1930s provided conditions for the expansion of fascist forces in the two countries. Fascists in these two countries used the economic and political crisis to expand their power and then seize power.
The nature of fascist dictatorship is the same. They are all extremely reactionary imperialists who openly terrorize dictatorship, domestic dictatorship and foreign aggression and expansion, forming two war sources in Europe and Asia and leading the world to war.
Differences: ① The fascist regime was established in different ways. Germany seized power by the Nazi Party and established a fascist dictatorship. Through deceptive propaganda, the Nazi party defrauded the support of the middle and lower classes, wooed the army, colluded with the monopoly bourgeoisie, and its power increased greatly. Then through the legal form, run for the largest party in Congress, and then seize power. Japan did not rely on the fascist party to establish a fascist dictatorship immediately after it seized power from the bottom up, but relied on the existing imperial system and the fascist forces of the army to realize fascism. By creating a series of terrorist incidents such as assassinations and coups, military fascists expanded their power and influence, instigated the war of aggression against China, and then established a military fascist dictatorship from top to bottom.
(2) Factional struggles exist within the military headquarters of the Japanese fascist forces, so the Japanese fascist dictatorship was established longer than the German fascist dictatorship.
Japanese fascists exposed their naked desire for foreign aggression and expansion from the very beginning. For example, in 1927, Tanaka Yoshiichi came to power and created the "Huanggutun Incident" in an attempt to occupy the northeast of China. Then the "China Policy Program" was formulated, and the Japanese policy of separating Manchuria from Mongolia, invading China and dominating East Asia was determined. The basic national policy outline adopted by Hirota Hiroshi's cabinet is Japan's aggressive plan to launch a full-scale war of aggression against China and then dominate the Asia-Pacific region.
7. Different types of reform models in the 20th century
Q: "There were three important opportunities for reform and adjustment on the road to world modernization in the 20th century. One was Russia in the early 1920s, the other was the United States during the Great Western Crisis in the 1930s, and the other was China since the late 1970s. " Please answer with relevant historical facts:
(1) What are the "opportunities for reform and adjustment" in Russia, the United States and China mentioned in the above materials?
(2) What are the characteristics of the reform and adjustment in these three countries? What is the result or impact?
(3) On this basis, talk about your understanding of economic system reform in capitalist and socialist countries.
Answer (1) Russia: 192 1 year, Soviet Russia implemented a new economic policy; United States: 1932 Implementing the New Deal; China: 1978 implemented reform and opening up.
(2) Features: Russia develops production by means of fixed grain tax, state capitalism and commodity trading through the market, and establishes market exchange between socialist industry and agriculture. The United States uses the method of state intervention in the economy, that is, a certain planned economy to adjust the contradiction between capitalist production and marketing, avoid the confusion and blindness of capitalist market economy, and achieve the purpose of solving the economic crisis. On the premise of adhering to the socialist system, China overcame the disadvantages of the planned economic system, reformed the links in the production relations that were not suitable for the development of productive forces, liberated productive forces, and finally established a socialist market economic system.
Results: Russia promoted the development of industry and agriculture, but by 1927, the new economic policy was abolished and Stalin's highly centralized economic system was established. The United States got rid of the economic crisis and promoted the world trend of the great development of state monopoly capitalism after the war. China's modernization witnessed prosperity.
(3) Understanding: Capitalism also has plans, and socialism also has a market. Planning and market are only economic means, not the essential difference between capitalism and socialism.
8. The impact of the world economic crisis on the Second World War
With regard to the impact of the world economic crisis on World War II, Snovry Anoos, a contemporary American historian, pointed out in his masterpiece A General History of the World that "the Great Depression was the dividing line between the two world wars" and summed up the characteristics of the development of world history from 1929 to 1939 with the words "going to war".