2. How is lightning formed? How is lightning formed?
That night, lightning suddenly appeared, and it took a while to hear thunder. At this time, a question came to my mind: how did lightning form?
The next morning, I asked the science teacher with this curious question. The science teacher said, "Let's check the information!"
After school, I went home, turned on the computer and looked at the information. It suddenly dawned on me that lightning was caused by the natural discharge of Lei Yun (charged cloud) to buildings and the earth. When the weather is hot and humid, the water on the ground is heated and turned into steam, which rises with the heated air on the ground and meets the cold air in the air, so that the rising water vapor condenses into small water droplets and forms cumulus clouds. The water droplets in the cloud are blown up by the powerful airflow and split into some small water droplets and large water droplets. Larger water droplets are positively charged and smaller water droplets are negatively charged. Small water droplets gather with the wind to form a negatively charged Lei Yun; Larger water droplets with positive charges often fall to the ground to form rain or suspend in the air. Due to electrostatic induction, negatively charged Lei Yun induces a positive charge on the earth's surface. In this way, a large capacitance is formed between Lei Yun and the earth. When the electric field intensity is larger than the breakdown intensity of the atmosphere, a discharge occurs between Lei Yun and the earth, which is generally called lightning strike.
I also found that lightning always comes faster than thunder, because light travels faster than sound in the air, so we see lightning first and then hear thunder.
This time it was really "I don't know, I was shocked at first sight." Through this observation, I gained a lot.
3. How did the wind, rain and thunder form? There was a child who didn't know what the echo was. Once, he stood alone in the wilderness and shouted, "Hello! Hey! " The nearby hill immediately reflected his echo: "Hello! Hey! " He called again, "Who are you?" The echo replied, "Who are you?" He screamed again: "You are a fool!" Immediately, from the mountain came the "idiot" answer. The child was very angry and scolded the hill. However, Hill gave him a rude reply. When the child came home, he told his mother, and her mother said to him, "Son, that's what you did wrong. If you tell it kindly, it will treat you kindly. In fact, many things in the world are like this! " Please write an article on "Echo". Requirements: 1. Multi-angle analysis of the problem, as long as it is related to the topic, conforms to the meaning of the topic. 2. Style is not limited. You can describe experiences, make up stories, express feelings, make comments and expand your imagination. 3. Do your own questions. 4. Not less than 800 words. [Topic analysis] "Many things in the world are similar and interrelated. There are folk proverbs that "a peony must be planted with thorns", famous sayings that "deal with a man as he deals with you", ancient poems that "repay a plum with a peach" and the slogan "I am for everyone and everyone is for me" in the early 1960s, all of which are "echoes". Understanding others and being understood, deceiving life and being teased by life, destroying the environment and being punished by nature, etc. " Echo contains rich and profound echoes of life and social philosophy, which is also a topic of great practical significance: creating a good interpersonal, social and natural environment is the call of the times. Students can gallop in the space of association and imagination, capture the material related to "echo" and draw with wonderful pen. Write a meaningful and colorful chapter. [Selected Works] The M-I Planet in Fangya, Henan Province is our lovely home. More than a thousand years ago, after our ancestors moved here from the earth to settle down, they learned lessons and followed the laws of nature, and shared the fate with other life from generation to generation, winning the favor of the mother of M-I planet. I have visited the M-I, M-S and M-S planets. My boss just won't allow me to visit the nearest earth, saying that it is not a place where people can go and stay. But the personality of a scientist can't make me give up any ideas. Because I insisted on writing a written military order, in July 4050, I was allowed to fly to the earth and return to my "hometown". Arriving at the starship base, I boarded the dark green spaceship numbered FS-04. The spaceship started and flew into the time tunnel along a silvery white track. Outside the window, everything seems to be frozen-I won't feel the movement of external objects in the superluminal environment. I am an explorer, and I play the role of a root-seeker. Anyone with a little knowledge of biological history knows that we originated from the earth and are descendants of the earth people. The history book "Ancient History" said: "The earth, the birthplace of ancient human civilization, was destroyed around 3000 AD. "I was lost in thought. My heart flew to the earth where human beings were created, and finally I drove them away ... The fluorescent light flashed first, and the spaceship stopped. I put on my mask, boarded the adventure car and drove out of the spaceship. What I saw was: charred land, desolate mountains, dirty rivers, leaden sky ... at this moment, my consciousness as a descendant of the earth awakened and revived.
4. The formation of lightning Abstract: During the formation of cumulonimbus clouds, under the simultaneous action of atmospheric electric field, temperature difference electrification effect and crushing electrification effect, positive and negative charges are accumulated in different parts of the clouds respectively.
When the charge accumulates to a certain extent, it will discharge between clouds or between clouds and the ground, that is, the lightning we see ... People usually refer to the clouds where lightning occurs as thunderstorm clouds. In fact, there are several kinds of clouds related to lightning, such as stratocumulus, nimbostratus, cumulonimbus, cumulonimbus, and the most important one is cumulonimbus. Generally speaking, Lei Yun refers to cumulonimbus clouds. The process of cloud formation is a process in which water vapor in the air reaches saturation or supersaturation through various reasons and condenses.
Water vapor saturation in the air is a necessary condition for cloud formation. The main ways are: (1) keeping the water vapor content unchanged and cooling the air; (2) keeping the temperature constant and increasing the water vapor content; (3) Not only the water vapor content is increased, but also the temperature is reduced. But for the formation of clouds, the cooling process is the most important process.
In the process of cooling, the cooling effect brought by ascending movement is the most common. Cumulonimbus cloud is a kind of cloud formed in the process of strong vertical convection.
Because the ground absorbs much more solar radiation heat than the air layer, the ground temperature rises more during the day, especially in summer. Therefore, due to heat conduction and heat radiation, the atmospheric temperature near the ground rises, the gas temperature inevitably expands, the density decreases, and the pressure also decreases. According to the principle of mechanics, it will rise, and the density of the air layer above it is relatively high, and it will sink. In the rising process, the hot airflow expands and depressurizes, and at the same time, it exchanges heat with the high-altitude low-temperature air, so the water vapor in the rising air mass condenses, and water droplets appear, forming clouds.
In the process of strong convection, the fog droplets in the cloud further cool down and become supercooled water droplets, ice crystals or snowflakes, and gradually increase with the height. At the freezing height (-10℃), due to the latent heat released by the freezing of supercooled water, the cloud top suddenly develops and spreads horizontally after reaching the tropopause. In the process of cumulonimbus cloud formation, positive and negative charges are accumulated in different parts of the cloud under the simultaneous action of atmospheric electric field, temperature difference electrification effect and debris electrification effect.
When the charge accumulates to a certain extent, it will discharge between clouds or between clouds and the ground, which is what we see as lightning.
5. How is lightning generated? About 200 words of lightning is a natural discharge phenomenon. In summer, there are many clouds moving constantly in the high sky, and the clouds cross and rub against each other, thus generating a lot of charges and forming an electric field. Because the same charges repel each other, positive and negative charges gather at the two ends of the cloud respectively. When the charge carried by cumulus clouds reaches a certain level, it will be discharged through the air. Neutralize the two charges and produce sparks. This is the lightning phenomenon. Because of the uneven resistance of air, the shape of electric advance is mostly tortuous, forming a light belt like a branch, which is lightning. And the discharge makes the air vibrate and make a sound, which is thunder. The speed of sound in the air is about 340 meters per second, while the speed of light in the air is about 300,000 kilometers per second. So we always see lightning first and then hear thunder. Sometimes because the discharge cloud is too far away from us, or the sound is not loud enough, when the sound propagates in the air, its energy is less and less, so at this time we only see lightning and can't hear thunder. Lightning mostly occurs in low latitudes, such as Indonesia, Central Africa, southern Mexico, Panama and central Brazil. The place with the most thunderstorms in the world is Bogor, Indonesia, where there are 322 days of lightning a year, and it is known as the "Thunder Capital of the World". Judging from the speed of light, although lightning is spectacular, it can also bring harm. The energy of lightning is about 600 kilowatts. It can destroy houses and cause forest fires. It destroys high-voltage transmission lines and brings a lot of inconvenience to people's lives. To avoid the harm of lightning is actually very simple, as long as it is led underground through wires. As early as 65,438+0,000 years ago, China people invented many ingenious lightning protection devices, such as in traditional buildings. The eaves of the roof are often decorated with dragons, and the metal tongue sticking out from Longkou extends into the sky. The tongue is connected with wires and goes straight to the ground. When lightning strikes the house, the current travels from the dragon's tongue to the ground along the wire. After thousands of years of ups and downs, lightning and thunder, it is such a simple, practical and beautiful device that protects one ancient and precious building after another! Lightning is a natural phenomenon that often occurs in nature. Because the speed of light is much faster than the speed of sound, we often see lightning first and then hear thunder. Lightning will bring people different degrees of harm, so lightning rods came into being.
6. What genre is the article introducing the formation of lightning? Exploring thunder and lightning is a natural phenomenon that people often see, which gives people a shock. It will certainly arouse people's exploration and thinking. Where did lightning come from and how did it come about? 1752, Franklin explored the lightning in the sky with a kite in a thunderstorm day, and learned that the effect of lightning and charge discharge in the laboratory was exactly the same. Researchers all over the world began to explore the formation process of lightning.
The occurrence of natural lightning is often accompanied by cold air and heavy rain, which is closely related to the process of condensation of water vapor into rain. Therefore, we should take this as a clue to explore the internal relationship between water vapor into rain and lightning and reveal the truth of nature. However, due to the preconceived electron cloud theory, people's discussion on the regular movement of electrons outside the nucleus has been hindered and turned into an unsolved mystery. The discussion of lightning also avoids the key clue of phase change and the objective reality, so it is difficult to make substantial progress in exploration. So far, the real reason for the formation of lightning is not clear.
200 years ago, people only knew that friction could produce high voltage electricity, so the previous theory believed that lightning was caused by water vapor friction in clouds, which was full of loopholes. Because there is a huge repulsion between gas molecules, molecules can't touch each other at all, and surfaces can't touch each other at all, so there will be no friction, let alone power generation.
I refuted it ten years ago. Recently, I checked Baidu, and found that "keeping pace with the times" changed the mutual friction of water vapor in the cloud into temperature difference electrification effect and broken electrification effect.
Its essence is friction, but water vapor becomes ice crystals. This avoids my question: even if gas molecules have friction, nitrogen and oxygen in the air are hundreds of times more than water vapor. Why is it that water vapor only generates electricity by friction?
Secondly, the north wind howls in winter, and there are more ice crystals in the clouds in winter. Then, the friction produced in winter is the most severe. Why is there less thunder in winter and frequent thunderstorms in spring and summer? Third, the total charge of clouds is balanced before and after friction, and even if charges are generated, they will not discharge the earth.
Sometimes, avalanches occur in mountainous areas, tons and hundreds of tons of snow roll down, and a large number of ice crystals rub violently, but lightning never happens. From this point of view, the theory that friction produces lightning is untenable. Lightning releases charges between clouds in the sky and the ground or between clouds. To explain thunder and lightning, we must first explore where the charges in the sky come from. As we all know, our earth can hold a lot of charges, and it is a large capacitor. There is also the repulsion of like charges in the earth's capacitance.
So the charges (electrons) in the earth are often repelled to the surface. The charges repelled to the surface are brought into the atmosphere by plants and animals on the ground, and free charges are formed in the atmosphere, so forests and Yuan Ye are always filled with a lot of negative charges (negative ions).
Suspended electrons are the relay of lightning, so people under the tree and in Yuan Ye are easily struck by lightning. Free electrons in the air are easily attracted by water vapor nuclei and become additional components of electrons outside the water vapor nuclei.
This is because in the atmosphere, compared with nitrogen and oxygen, the molecules of water vapor are larger; Compared with carbon dioxide, the number of extranuclear electrons of water vapor is less, and it surrounds three cores (two hydrogen and one oxygen), so the three cores and four electrons of water vapor operate in three dimensions in space, and the outer electron shell is not full, so each water vapor molecule can add extra electrons. Therefore, free electrons in the atmosphere are always absorbed and contained by water vapor and become carriers of negative charges in the atmosphere. It can also be considered that water vapor is a miniature capacitor in the atmosphere (usually our capacitor is often sealed to prevent the charge from being carried away by water vapor).
The greater the humidity of the air, the greater the proportion of water vapor and the more charges it can hold, so it is not easy to form static electricity in wet days. On dry days, there is little water vapor in the atmosphere, and the excess charge has nowhere to go, so it is easy to wander in the environment and gather on objects, and it is easy to form high voltage and electrostatic discharge.
Knowing that water vapor is the carrier of negative charge in the atmosphere, the formation of lightning has a context. With the rise of hot air, water vapor rises into the sky, carrying extra charges into the sky.
When water vapor meets low temperature at high altitude, the valence and electron velocity of water vapor decrease, and it changes from three-dimensional operation to twisted operation. When water vapor condenses, molecules attract each other and get together, forming a phase change from gas to liquid. At the same time, the extra electrons added in the three-dimensional operation of water vapor have no hiding place, water vapor gathers into a cloud, and the extra electrons are squeezed out, forming charges floating in the cloud. The extra charge always tries to squeeze back H2O to grab the seat, forming an unconventional electromagnetic wave-the voltage in the cloud.
Clouds are a collection of water vapor that changes into small water droplets, so a large amount of charges are gathered nearby, which can form high pressure. The potential difference between clouds and between clouds and the earth is huge, which opens a path, and high-voltage charges vibrate through the electrons of surrounding substances in the atmosphere, forming a spectacular lightning phenomenon; At the same time, it also causes the air to vibrate violently, forming rumbling thunder.
To sum up, it is not difficult to see that lightning is a by-product of water vapor changing into rain, and the surface charge is gently carried to the sky by water vapor. During the phase change of water vapor, the charges are squeezed out and gathered into lightning, which violently strikes back at the earth, thus safely circulating around and realizing the circulation of charges between heaven and earth. Lightning and thunder tell us that a lot of water vapor has condensed in the air, which indicates that it may rain.
Dry thunder also happens from time to time, because rain is related to many factors such as temperature, humidity, air pressure and airflow. In winter, the temperature is low, the valence and electron velocity are low, and most of the water vapor in the air condenses into water or ice, so the cold air is dry, with less water vapor and less charge, so there is less thunder in winter.
Another reason is that the charges in the air are not only repelled by the gravity of the earth and similar charges on the surface, but also attracted by the sun. Charge bands usually gather in places on the earth where plants are lush and close to the sun. Due to the angle between the earth's axis and the ecliptic, there are more charges in the northern hemisphere from March to September and the southern hemisphere from September to March, so spring and summer are the seasons with frequent lightning. In order to prove the above theory of lightning formation, we can do a simple experiment: put a capacitor in a closed container, and introduce a small amount of water vapor and negative charge into the container at high temperature to measure it.
7. How to write a composition about lightning? It thundered late at night Strong winds accompanied by heavy rain rattled the windows. I suddenly woke up from my dream and hugged my grandmother tightly, as if this could reduce my fear.
Lightning came one after another, falling from the sky like a dragon on fire. Lightning got into the window and shone brightly in my room. A string of thunder followed by a string. Crisp and harsh, as if to collapse the house and make people's scalp tense. Wind and rain, thunder and lightning intertwined, turned upside down.
Suddenly, all I heard was a crash. I don't know whose glass window was blown down by the wind and fell to the ground, making a harsh sound. Then I heard someone shouting. I stared at the glass windows illuminated by lightning, fearing that they would be taken away by the wind and rain. I prayed in my heart: light up quickly! Stop the rain quickly! But lightning seems to be aimed at me on purpose. "Boom-"is another loud noise. The huge thunder came from far and near in the dazzling lightning, as if the whole house were shaking in the thunder. ...
I don't know how long it took, and the thunder became lighter and farther away. The wind and rain are getting quieter and quieter, and the earth is slowly calming down. Unconsciously, I entered a sweet dream again. ...
When I got up in the morning and opened the window, a fresh air came to my face. Outside the window, the washed sky is as blue as dyed. Rainbow hung high in the sky after the rain.
A new day has begun!
8. How is lightning produced? If we apply a high voltage between two electrodes, they will be closer together. When two electrodes are close to a certain distance, there will be an electric spark between them, which is called "arc discharge".
The lightning generated by thunderstorm clouds is very similar to the arc discharge mentioned above, except that lightning is fleeting, but the spark between electrodes can exist for a long time. Because the high voltage between the two electrodes can be artificially maintained for a long time, it is difficult to replenish the charge in the thunderstorm cloud immediately after discharge. When the accumulated charge reaches a certain amount, a strong electric field is formed between different parts of the cloud or between the cloud and the ground. The average electric field intensity can reach several thousand volts/cm, and it can be as high as 10000 volts/cm in some areas. Such a strong electric field is enough to break through the atmosphere inside and outside the cloud, so dazzling flashes are excited between the cloud and the ground or between different parts of the cloud and between different clouds. This is what people often say about lightning.
9. How lightning is generated is mainly "positive charge" and "negative charge".
Thunder and lightning often appear in hot afternoons in summer, and the near-surface air full of water vapor is constantly heated, forming cumulonimbus clouds at high altitude. Inside the cumulonimbus cloud, due to the influence of cold temperature and warm temperature, air convection friction produces positive and negative charges.
Generally speaking, positive charges are concentrated in the upper part of the cloud, and negative charges are concentrated in the middle and lower part of the cloud. When the cumulonimbus cloud is very low, the negative charge at the bottom can attract the ground to produce the opposite positive charge through electrostatic reaction.
When the positive and negative charges accumulate to a certain extent, a strong current is generated, and the "flash game" begins. Because lightning will quickly heat the air in the passage to more than 10 thousand degrees Celsius, the air will suddenly expand and make an earth-shattering noise, which is lightning.