(1) Simón Bolivar is the most important leader in the national independence war in northern South America and the most outstanding leader in the revolutionary movement against colonial rule in Latin America. He was awarded the honorary title of "Liberator" in order to commemorate this outstanding revolutionary forever. 1783 On July 24th, Bolivar was born in Caracas, Venezuela, a big landlord and capitalist. In his home, there are not only large plantations and 1000 slaves, but also gold mines, sugar factories, real estate and woolen shops. Like other landlords and capitalists, his family is both an oppressor and an oppressed. For slaves, they oppress, exploit and enslave, and live an exploitative life with their money. On the other hand, they were discriminated and suppressed by Spanish colonists politically and economically. Therefore, these native landlords and capitalists are eager to overthrow colonial rule and get rid of colonial shackles. From 1799 to 1806, bolivar studied in Spain, France, Italy and other countries, and absorbed progressive revolutionary ideas, such as the French bourgeois revolution, which influenced his future life path. From 65438 to 0806, Bolivar returned to his motherland and immediately devoted himself to the struggle against colonial rule and for national independence. 1810-1812, Venezuela's first * * * Republic was founded, and Bolí var became one of the leaders because of the positive revolution. After the defeat of the First Republic, he reorganized his troops and continued his struggle. 18 13 years, led the revolutionary army to liberate Caracas and other areas, defeated the colonial army and established the second Republic of Venezuela. He called on the people to fight and "declare a war of death to the hateful slaves!" " "It was at this time that he was awarded the title of" liberator ". Soon after, the Second Republic failed again. Bolivar had to go into exile in Jamaica, Haiti and other countries. When Bolí var came to Haiti, Haiti was independent from Dutch colonial rule, so he asked Haitian President Petion to support his revolutionary struggle. His wish has come true. Petion was very supportive of the activities to overthrow the colonies and strive for national independence, and immediately promised to give Bolí var seven ships and a large number of weapons and ammunition. Bolvar was very grateful and said that he would drive away the colonists like Haiti. After two months of preparation,1865438+In March 2006, Bolí var led a patriotic army of more than 200 people and braved the wind and waves to land in Orinoco province on the northern coast of Venezuela. During this landing, Bolivar learned the lessons of the failure of the first two republics. He wanted to lead his comrades to drive away the colonists completely. He said to his comrades-in-arms: "We should not only liberate Venezuela, but also liberate New Granada (now Colombia), Ecuador, Peru and other areas that have been enslaved by the Spanish for hundreds of years. I believe that as long as the people of the South American continent unite, they will surely win the final victory. "After preparation, they decided to attack Caracas first, then occupy it, and then enter the mainland. Caracas, however, is a military location, closely guarded by the Spanish army. After fierce fighting, Bolivar's troops suffered heavy casualties and had to retreat immediately. The attack failed again. After that, Bolivar summed up his experience seriously, announced the decree to abolish slavery, and called on all blacks to fight for freedom. This won the support of a large number of blacks. At the same time, he also decided to confiscate the property of the Spanish royal palace and reactionaries, promised to give revolutionary soldiers land, canceled the poll tax of Indians, and guaranteed them land. These measures have won the support of all social strata and greatly enhanced the strength of the revolutionary struggle. Militarily, Bolivar has also adopted more effective strategic and tactical principles. Instead of attacking big cities and fighting hard with the enemy, they introduced troops into the east of Orinoco River City, which was very beneficial to the battle. 18 18 10 In October, Angola Apprenticeship City, located in the lower reaches of Orinoco River, was very lively, and the third Republic of Venezuela was established. At this time, Bolivar was very excited. The revolutionary patriotic army is not what it used to be. Blacks, farmers, craftsmen and urban petty bourgeoisie all strongly supported and actively participated in the struggle against the colonial army. Grassland herders also formed an anti-enemy team to fight against it, and their strength was greatly strengthened. Bolí var has stronger confidence and fighting spirit, and he is determined to lead people from all walks of life to resolutely overthrow colonial rule and win national independence and autonomy. As early as when he was studying in Europe, he made an oath: "My heart will not be at peace until I break the shackles that Spanish colonists bound my motherland. My hands will never get tired of hitting the enemy! " At this moment, he seemed to see the dawn of victory. 1865438+In May 2009, Bolí var led 2,000 revolutionary troops to the Andes in western South America after a long journey. Their purpose is to raid the Spanish in New Granada and occupy this area. The Andes lies between Venezuela and New Granada, and the passage from Venezuela to New Granada has been occupied by Spanish troops for a long time, so Bolí var had to lead his troops to fight in the desolate mountainous areas. The soldiers walked tenaciously under extremely dangerous conditions. Sometimes they have to catch wild vines and climb dangerous stones with their feet. If they are not careful, they will be shattered. When the revolutionary army just arrived in the mountainous area from the plain, many people were dizzy when they walked on the cliff because of the thin air and difficulty in breathing. Some people even plunged into the abyss and contributed their precious lives to the independence of society and the prosperity of the people. Finally crossing the Andes, the soldiers cheered and were full of energy, ready to fight the colonial army with stronger strength. On a plateau valley in New Granada, they suddenly found the enemy, and Bolivar immediately organized soldiers to launch a surprise attack on the enemy. With "Go!" In the shouts, the revolutionary soldiers went down the mountain like tigers and rushed at the enemy. Faced with the revolutionary army falling from the sky, the Spanish army panicked and took up arms in a hurry. But before turning around, he was killed by the revolutionary army. Many Spaniards who didn't understand what happened suddenly became prisoners of the revolutionary army, including many military commanders. The attack was a great victory, and Bolí var continued to pursue it and immediately marched on Bogota. The Spanish defenders in Bogota stubbornly resisted and the two sides fought hard. In the end, Bolivar finally won, occupied Bogota and liberated Colombia. Subsequently, Bolvar led his troops back to Venezuela and swept the whole territory of Venezuela with a powerful offensive. The Spanish army collapsed and was vulnerable. Bolvar led the army into Caracas, the capital, and liberated the whole country. After the liberation of Venezuela, the revolutionary army went south to Ecuador, fought bravely with the Spanish army and defeated the colonial army. The revolutionary army occupied the capital Quito, and Ecuador declared liberation. At this point, the northwest of South America was liberated. Bolí var saw that a stronger revolutionary stand should be established to form a powerful anti-enemy force, so in February of 18 19, New Granada, Venezuela and Ecuador established the "Greater Republic of Colombia", and Bolí var was elected President and Commander-in-Chief. Soon, the revolutionary army sent troops many times to sweep away the remnants of colonial power in Venezuela and Ecuador, and the northern part of South America was completely liberated. After the founding of the Great Republic of Colombia, Bolivar remained committed to the revolutionary cause of resisting the colonial army. In order to liberate Peru, he led the army to fight bloody battles with the Spanish army. Peru was the most stubborn area in Spain at that time, so Bolí var won at a great cost after hard fighting. Therefore, when East Peru (also known as Upper Peru) was liberated by Bolivarian, it was renamed Bolivia to commemorate the liberator of this country. Bolivar participated in 472 battles in his life, making immortal contributions to the liberation of South American people and setting an example for the people of the world to resist colonial aggression. However, Bolivar also has great limitations in various aspects. Many slogans and promises he put forward during the revolutionary period have not been realized. For example, although slavery has been abolished, it still exists in practice. Farmers have not got land, and even soldiers have not been paid for a long time. Moreover, Bolí var ignored the unity of the revolutionary army and pushed San Martin, another outstanding revolutionary leader in South America, out of the revolutionary camp when the revolution was about to win, causing great losses to the revolution. Therefore, Bolivarian gradually lost its mass base. 1830 in may, bolivar resigned as president of the Republic of China and died on February 17 of the same year. ② The monetary unit of Venezuela, currently 1 USD is about 2 150 bolivar. Translation of "Bolivar". (3) a province in northern Colombia. The northwest borders on the Caribbean Sea. It covers an area of 25,900 square kilometers and has a population of 654.38+0.289 million (654.38+0.985). There is a government in Cartagena. Most of them are coastal alluvial plains with dense forests, and the central Cordillera Mountains are in the south. Rivers crisscross. Tropical grassland climate, the annual average temperature is 28℃, and the annual precipitation is 751mm. The economy is dominated by animal husbandry, and a large number of cattle and sheep are raised. This kind of meat is supplied to several neighboring provinces and exported. Agriculture mainly grows cotton, rice, tobacco, sugar cane, coffee and bananas. Forestry is also relatively developed. There are gold, coal, oil and other minerals here. There are saltworks along the coast. There are textile, oil refining and food industries, mainly concentrated in Cartagena. Transportation mainly depends on water. (4) the southeastern border state of Venezuela. With an area of 238,000 square kilometers, it is the largest state in Venezuela. The population is 969,000 (1990), and the capital is ciudad bolivar. A part of Guyana Plateau, with Pakarema Mountains in the south and Orinoco River Plain in the north. Tropical grassland climate, high temperature all year round, precipitation increases from north (1 1,000 mm) to south (2,000mm). Karoni River and Koala River flow into Orinoco River from south to north. There is the highest angel waterfall in the world on the tributary of Karoni River. The mining industry occupies an important position, including the famous large-scale iron mines such as Bolí var Mountain, Paao and San Isidro, as well as the largest Carlio gold mine in China, and also mines diamonds, manganese and bauxite. Rich in water resources, there are hydropower stations on the caroni River. There are steel and aluminum smelting industries. Agriculture is confined to the lower valleys, where corn, cassava and sugar cane are grown. Traffic mainly depends on river transportation, and there are railways and highways connecting major cities in the north. It is a sister province of China and Henan Province. (5) A province in the central plateau of Ecuador, almost all of which is located in the western Cordillera Mountains of the Andes. It covers an area of 4003 square kilometers. Produce precious wood, potatoes, sugar cane, tobacco, oranges and coffee. Corn is planted on a large scale in the manor. Raising beef cattle and pigs also occupies a major position. The Catholic Church has worked out the development plans for cities and rural areas in the whole province. Population 16689 (1980)