Shu Wei says: Tanwang has been thrifty for two thousand years. Asda is the capital (there is no Yeshan that passes through the clouds. Yi Yun Bai Yue. In Baizhoudi. Or the cloud is in the east of Kaesong. Today, Baiyue Palace is the founding name of South Korea. At the same time as high. In the past, there was an illegitimate child named. Count the world. Greed for the world. A father knows his son's wishes. Looking down on three dangers can benefit the world. This is a gift of three seals. Send it to reason. The male rate is only 3 thousand. It fell under the altar tree at the top of Taibo Mountain (that is, the wonderful Xiangshan Mountain in Taibo). It is called the City of God. It is called the King of Xiong Huan. Will Fengbo rain division cloud division. The main valley is responsible for disease and punishment, good and evil. More than 360 things between masters. World physical chemistry. Sometimes there is a bear and a tiger. Living in the same cave. Always pray for Shenxiong. Willing to be human. At this time, the gods were relieved. Twenty pieces of garlic. Children eat it. See the sun for a hundred days. You got a human figure. Bears and tigers eat it. Avoid three or five days. The bear's body is female. Tigers are inevitable. Nothing personal. Bear girls don't get married. Therefore, every time I curse under the altar tree, I want to get pregnant. Men get married in disguise. Have a baby. Call the altar king frugal. Fifty years after Tang Gaozong acceded to the throne, Geng Yin (Tang Yao) acceded to the throne in the first year of Chen Wu. And then fifty years. Non-Geng yin also. The suspicion is not true) Pyongyang (now Xijing) was called Korea at that time. And moved the capital to Asda, Baiyue Mountain. Also known as bow (one side) and mountain. Today, MIDA. 1500 years of empire. Zhou acceded to the throne and was sealed in North Korea. Tan Jun moved to Tang and Jing in Tibet. Later, he hid in Asda as a mountain god. Life expectancy 198 years.
The Legacy of the Three Kingdoms is an anecdote book about Silla, Baekje and Koguryo. Author Yiran, a monk in the middle period of Korea, was born in 1206 and died in 1289. At the beginning of the five volumes of this book, there is a passage "written by Master jing yuan Chong, the abbot of Guanjue Temple in Jiazhi Mountain, and the national respected Cao Zong". According to the chronology, he was honored as a great Zen master at 1259 (55 years old), promoted to national honour at 1283 (78 years old), and was the abbot of Ren Lin Jiaosi from 1284 to 1289, so it can be concluded that he wrote this book at the age of 79. According to some sources, he "has no banter, no pretence, and he is in trouble with his true nature" and "has great wisdom year after year." Therefore, it is generally believed that his writing attitude is serious, and Tan Jun's story is not like a fabrication.
Another source of the story of Dangan is the story of the emperor. The oldest extant edition of this book is the gyeongju block-printed edition of A.D. 1360 (previously, there was a Jinzhou block-printed edition of 1295- 1296, which has been lost), and the quotations about Dangen's notes are as follows:
At the beginning, the grandson of Dish, the founding hero, was named Khan. (In this century, Shen Huan said that because there is an illegitimate child, it is beneficial to the world to say that it is too white to risk three risks. So the man was sealed by three celestial phenomena, and he led three thousand ghosts down to the top of Taibai Mountain, under the god of Tan Shu, that is to say, Tan Xiong was also a king. Let the granddaughter drink medicine when she is an adult, marry Tanshu God and give birth to a man named Dangen, who is king according to the territory of South Korea. Therefore, the mourners in Luo, Koryo, Nanbeiwoju, Fuyu in Northeast China and other places are the longevity of Tangun. In 1038, he became a god on Mount Asda. He was willing to defend Chen with the emperor, and he was among Chen, second only to Yu Lixia. On the eighth day of the reign of Emperor Yin, he entered Mount Asda as a god (this September Mountain is also. A bow suddenly, also known as three dangers, the ancestral temple is still there). Enjoy the country in 1338, but change is the cause of Huan. However, in 164, benevolent people talked about reopening the monarch and his subjects (one work: 164, although there were father and son, there were no monarch and his subjects).
Emperor Yun is a concise general history written in the form of vernacular poems. The first volume is about China, and the second volume is about South Korea. Author Li Chengxiu, a Korean Chen Wenren, was born in 1234 and died in 1300. There is a "brief introduction table" in front of the book, which records that the date of revision is "March 24 th year of Zhiyuan", that is, AD 1287. It can be seen that the book was written at the same time as the Heritage of the Three Kingdoms.
According to the literature, there was a book in the history of North Korea, Tangen Ji Gu (its name is contained in Records of the Li Dynasty, Records of Sejong and Geography), which is suspected to be Ji Gu and Benji mentioned in the latter two books, but this book has long been lost, and its content and publication date are unknown.
In addition, after the Korean dynasty, there were more and more accounts about Dangen, but they were all derived from the above two books and were not recorded.
Textual research on the notes about Shan Yu in The History of the Three Kingdoms and Hanshu Hanshu reveals that their stories are roughly the same, but there are many differences in details. For example, the title of the master is left as "Tan Jun" and rhymed as "Dangen" (some people think this is not a mistake. Because "Tan Jun" reflects the trace of "building an altar by accumulating soil" in ancient natural religions, and "Dangun" reflects the worship of trees, each of which represents an ancient culture, there is a substantial difference between them. Regarding the birth of Chuanzhu, the former is recorded as Xiong Huan's fake marriage with Xiong Nv, while the latter is recorded as the granddaughter's drinking medicine and having sex with Tan Shushen. This shows that the story of 1 Dan Gung has been widely circulated among the people before it was recorded, and it has basically been finalized. It is one of the founding myths that exist universally among all nationalities in the world. Before these two books were published, at least two books recorded the story of Dangong. The two books have different versions, so they have different descriptions. Since the Korean War, historians have been skeptical about Dangen's story. Sceptics believe that Dangen's story is pure myth and legend, which can't be regarded as faithful history, let alone written into official history. The reason is:
The story of 1 itself is absurd and has no factual basis.
In the story, Emperor Yin Huan's explanation comes from the Buddhist scriptures "Beijing Jing", and the story comes from the "bull's head" that frequently appears in Buddhist scriptures such as "Samadhi Jing of Guanyin" and "Huayan Jing". Tan ". It can be seen that it was made by monks, from natural shape to pen shape.
The Heritage of the Three Kingdoms is a private work, which records hearsay and has no historical basis. The History of the Three Kingdoms written in 150 years before it doesn't remember Dangun, while the Map of Korea written by Xu Jing, a poet in the Song Dynasty, in 1224, doesn't remember Dangun, although it is dedicated to "founding the country". Check the so-called Shu Wei, but there is no record of it in Dangong.
Believers believe that:
1 Although there are books, I didn't do them for narrative. There is no record of Dangun in Wei Shu, which shows that Dangun is not from Tuoba Wei Shu, but another work of Cao Wei's Wei Zhi.
The story of Dangong preserves the traces of life in primitive society, reflects the thinking of the ancients, and has certain authenticity and social, historical and cultural significance.
Some plots are absurd, which just shows that they are handed down from ancient times and retain the original thinking of the nation.
The controversy over the authenticity of a historical legend is rare at all times and in all countries, and it is by no means unique to Dangen. However, when we look at the 700-year history of Dangen in a specific historical background, we will realize many things beyond history.
No matter whether the monk said that he had a notebook is true or not, it is a fact that later generations know that Dangen's life depends on the legacy of the Three Kingdoms. There are many reasons why Jin Fushi didn't record Khan in the History of the Three Kingdoms written by him 150, but later he did. However, the author believes that the fundamental reason is that the historical environment in which South Korea lived at that time has undergone tremendous changes.
North Korea was founded in 9 18, The History of the Three Kingdoms was compiled by Jin FTSE in 1 145, and The Heritage of the Three Kingdoms was written in 1284- 1289. What happened between Kim Fuji and Yiran?
Temujin of Mongolia was called Khan in 1206. 12 18 invaded Korea on the grounds of besieging Khitan, and North Korea paid tribute to Mongolia. From 123 1 to 1259, the Mongolian army invaded Korea six times and completely conquered it, and North Korea became a vassal of Mongolia. At that time, Mongolia sent personnel to North Korea to supervise the country, and the North Korean royal family was forced to marry Mongolia, and the prince became a pledge. As soon as the monk wrote the "legacy", the loyal monarch in office was of Mongolian descent and went to the Yuan Dynasty to worship 14 times. North Korea pays tribute to Yuan every year (Mongolia changed its name to Yuan in 127 1 year). 1274 and 128 1 year, the yuan army conquered Japan twice, and North Korea was forced to act as the frontier, providing a large number of ships and materials. The Korean people were overwhelmed and fled. The calmness of South Korea's oppression by foreigners is unprecedented, resulting in an unprecedented spirit of resistance and national consciousness.
In this context, he wrote "Legacy", using the written history to interpret Dangong, and expressing his resistance to the oppression of Mongolian Yuan Dynasty by propagating the ancestor of the nation and inspiring the national spirit.
At the end of Li Dynasty and the beginning of Xian, China was at the turn of Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Deciding what is important and what is clear is an urgent choice of the North Korean ruling group. The Korean royal family has a traditional in-laws relationship with the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, and its status depends on the support of the Yuan Dynasty, which makes them ignorant of the general trend. Headed by the strength of the situation in China to observe more thoroughly, they advocate against yuan, make things clear. Political disputes triggered a coup, imitated Chen Qiao's mutiny, and launched Weihua Island on Li when he led the army to levy Ming Dynasty, thus seizing Korea. In order to prove its legitimacy and orthodoxy, Li Han highly praised Dangen and called him "the Lord of the East". During the reign of Sejong in the Li Dynasty, Dangen Temple was built in Pyongyang, claiming that the Li royal family was descended from Dangen by blood and the heir to Dangen's imperial power by career. They said that the North Korean regime originated from the ancestors of the founding fathers, and the truth of the coup came to power was covered up by the aura of God's order. This is the second time that Dangong has entered the secular society.
200 years later, history repeats itself. China changed generations in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and there was a political struggle in Korea. In that power struggle, Zhao Xianshizi, who had a good impression on the Qing regime, was poisoned by his father Renzu, and several ministers were slaughtered. When the Ming Dynasty collapsed and the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, the love complex of Korean royal ministers remained the same, which caused great political and emotional confusion. In this context, there is the book "The Story of the Garden". The book advocates abandoning materialism and restoring the traditional culture of Dongyi since Huanren, Xiong Huan and Dangen. This thought just provided a way out for the embattled Korean political and ideological circles, so a wave of worship of Dangen arose.
But Dangong fever didn't last long. After all, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty represented a new political force full of vigor, which was more courageous and enlightened than the corrupt Ming regime. When it gained a firm foothold in Beijing, apart from the traditional suzerain-vassal relationship, it didn't ask much of North Korea. On the contrary, because North Korea surrendered to the Qing Dynasty (1636) before it entered the customs (1644), it can be called "the one who took the dragon into the customs", so it is more trusted than the Han people. In the early Qing Dynasty, several generations of monarchs were wise, and under their rule, China quickly entered a prosperous period. China's developed cultural relics system and rich products made the attitude of the Korean monarch and his subjects to the Qing Dynasty change rapidly, and the thought of "great events" quickly became the mainstream thought of the literati class. Therefore, since the Li Dynasty, the worship of Dan gradually faded, replaced by the worship of Ji Zi.
Ji Zi was an aristocrat of Shang Dynasty in Yin Ke, Zhou Wuwang. He led the people to Korea, and the king of Wu sealed it off from Korea. Kiko educated his people with etiquette and silkworm weaving. In the Korean era, materialism prevailed. At that time, people didn't think there was anything wrong with worshipping China's Jizi. On the contrary, they are proud of their education in Ji Zi. In this way, as a symbol of the nation and the country, the status of Dangong plummeted, and people no longer mentioned "the Lord of the East".
Since modern times, western thoughts have gradually spread eastward, and North Korea has been repeatedly invaded by foreign countries. With the rise of Japan's reform and foreign aggression, North Korea bears the brunt. After the Opium War, China failed to protect itself. After 20 years of confrontation between North Korea and Japan, it finally lost in the Sino-Japanese War and was forced to withdraw from North Korea. Sino-Korean suzerain-vassal relations ended and Korea was controlled by Japan. Later, Japan and Russia fought for 10 years and finally merged. After Japan won, it monopolized North Korea, and North Korea slipped into the abyss of national subjugation step by step. In this historical upheaval, North Korea's great concern for China declined due to the decline of China, and the deepening of the national survival crisis prompted people to try to protect themselves. Thus, at the end of last century and the beginning of this century, the patriotic enlightenment rose in North Korea, and Dangun, as the flag of national self-reliance, was once again praised as? The ancestors of the nation have become the symbol of the national spirit. In the ensuing national disaster, "descendants of Dangen" became a powerful slogan to mobilize the people to carry out the struggle to save the country, and learning, publicizing and worshiping Dangen became a concrete action to love the nation and patriotism. In this way, Dangen began to walk out of the hall and study, step into the grassroots of society and get close to ordinary people.
1906, the crumbling "Korean Empire" decided to take the year of Dangong (1895). After the treaty of shimonoseki was signed, China gave up its suzerainty over North Korea, and the Korean emperor Gaozong proclaimed himself emperor from top to bottom in 1897, and changed his name to "Korean Empire" to show his independence. 1905, Japan forced North Korea to sign the Treaty of Japan with it, and North Korea became Japan. It is a protest to change the calendar year), and then all kinds of independent movement documents are mostly called "Tanji Year", such as 19 19 "Sany Movement", and many announcements are recorded as "Tanji Year 4252 (it is said that Tangen was founded in Yao Di, China for 50 years, which is equivalent to 2333 BC). Take this year as the epoch, and 19 19 is Tangji 4252). On the third day of October in the lunar calendar, it is the legendary day of Khan's decline and founding, and there is an ancient saying of "creating the world". During the Japanese occupation period, in order to show the immortality of the nation and the immortality of the national spirit, the Korean people held commemorative activities on this day every year. After the establishment of the Shanghai Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, this day was officially designated as the National Day, and the Dangong calendar year was once again designated as the formula calendar year. People, under the banner of Dangun, publicize the 5,000-year history of Korea, and the single nation and single lineage, so as to unite the whole nation in the anti-Japanese and rejuvenation struggle.
With the rise of Dangong nationalism, Dangong stepped onto the religious altar. 1909, a great religion with Dangong as its supreme was formed. The religion respects Dan Gunzu Huan as the god of creation, Dan Gunzu's father Xiong Huan as the god of education, and Tan Junhuan as the god of healing. The three gods are one, and * * * is called the god. Up to now, great religions are still quite popular in Korea, with a total of about 200,000 followers. The current leaders are Xiang Hao, a historian, a former minister and a mentor of President Jin Yongsan.
After World War II, South Korea recovered, but immediately split. In the north, Dangong's nationalism was criticized because it emphasized the "one people's principle" of "one family, one life" of the whole nation, and regarded nationality as more important than class, which was inconsistent with the mainstream ideology in the north, so Dangong was decided. Tenzin nationalists Jae-hong Ahn, Zhao Sang and Zhao Wanjiu, once regarded as the targets of United front, have disappeared from the political arena.
In the south, Tan Jun was respected for his fierce anti-Japanese and Zionist struggles. Dantu, An and Zheng Renfu successively held important positions in the regime. Under their auspices, the calendar year of Dangong was redefined as the official calendar year, and "Tiankai Festival" was designated as the National Day. When An Xianghao was appointed Minister of Education, Shan Yu's "benevolence" and "one people's principle" were established as the guiding principles of national education. However, Dangong's nationalism soon met with strong opposition. Because, first of all, the "one people's principle" leads to democracy and equal wealth, which is a threat to the new Li Chengwan group, which is keen on dictatorship and selfishness. Second, Dangun's nationalism emphasizes the supremacy of the nation, which makes a large number of politicians with pro-Japanese attachment experience stay in the Li regime. Third, intellectuals and military elites with western education and western values say that Dangen is unpopular. They follow the example of the west and think that "nationality" means "backwardness" and should be sent to the history museum. In this way, under the joint attack of anti-Tenzin forces, Tenzin's doctrine was pushed out one after another, and Tenzin's position was left out in the cold after a beautiful arc. 196 1 after the coup in park chung-hee, the Tangen calendar was abolished from 1962 1, and the textbooks describing Tangen as the ancestor of the nation were labeled as "unscientific" and rewritten.
It was not until 1979 that Dangen's apathy in South Korea was changed, because an unprecedented "national history debate" broke out in Korean historians this year. The background of this debate is that South Korea's world-renowned economic achievements have made Koreans feel proud and proud, and national pride and self-confidence have reached a height that has never been seen since the beginning of modern history. Dangong's negative front, which was formed by young people who respected western values and traditional literati who adhered to the principle of trusting history, began to be challenged by emerging nationalism. In the name of criticizing "Japanese colonial historical view", the latter lashed out at "Dangun's denial" (during Japan's rule in Korea, the Japanese Governor's Office organized and compiled 35 volumes of "Korean History", calling Dangun's story a myth rather than a historical fact, denying the existence of Dangun), arguing that Dangun is a historical fact, which should be included in official history and textbooks, and directed at the official National History Compilation Committee. Although the historians of the National History Compilation Committee have academic arguments and refutations, their principle of trusting history is pale and powerless in the face of politics. As a result of the struggle, the challenger gained the upper hand. Since then, textbooks and official revisions of history have all started from Dangen. The author has a textbook "National History" compiled by Korean middle school students in March 1990, in which there is a section "Dangun and ancient Korea", which clearly draws the conclusion that "ancient Korea was founded by Tan Jun and Wang Jian" and specifies the basis in detail.
Professor Cheng Song, director of the Institute of Northeast Asia in Peking University, director of the Institute of World History and former deputy director of the Department of History in Peking University, once said, "Korean historians emphasize national history and believe that the history of South Korea has more than 5,000 years, which can be traced back to the founding myth of ancient Korea." In mythology, the god Xiong Huan descended from the sky and came to the altar tree at the top of Taibai Mountain, creating a world of gods. His son Dan Gen, together with Xiong Nv, established ancient Korea on the earth and became the ancestor king of Korea. 19 10 After the Japanese invaded the Korean peninsula, some Korean historians went into exile in China. In order to resist aggression and arouse nationalism, these historians drew strength from history and emphasized the independence of South Korea, which later evolved into a national historiography school in Korean historiography. 1948 after the founding of the Republic of Korea, national history became one of the three schools of Korean forum history. Non-scholars and folk people, known as opposing history, like to confuse fairy tales, folklore, storytelling with real history, and they also have great inspiration in society.
North Korea holds a negative attitude towards South Korea's "national history debate". From 1979 to 1982, the whole history of Korea was published in 33 volumes, and the second volume still called Dangen "an empty god". In view of the "national history debate" in South Korea, it is said that "Dangen and Tan Jun Korea are being exaggerated by feudal historians and bourgeois nationalist historians as realistic people and ancient countries" and that "in order to legalize their class oppression, they fabricated the statement that Dangen was the ruler of ancient Korea". 1987 In March, Korean historian Jiang published an article entitled "The Formation of Dangun Myth" in Historical Research, which was subsequently published in the magazine's issues 1987, 1988, 3 and 4, and1990+. 1On September 7th, 993, Ms. Jiang published a long article in Democratic Korea, the official newspaper of North Korea, and began to give up the "myth theory", thinking that "Tan Jun does exist and its tomb is in Pyongyang". According to the news released later, it was learned that North Korea was excavating the legendary Dangun's tomb during this period.
1On September 28th, 993, the North Korean media reported that Dangen's body had been found. 10 On June 2, the report on the excavation of Tan Junling's tomb was officially published, announcing that "the remains of the ancient Korean ancestor Dangong were unearthed in a tomb in the suburbs of Pyongyang" and that "Tan Jun, traditionally regarded as a mythical figure, actually exists". The report said that Dangun's tomb was located on the southeast slope of Fushan in the northwest of Jiangdong County, Pyongyang, and in the newly compiled Panorama of Eastern Countries and Land, Dangun was buried here and written in. After excavation, 86 remains of men and women were found in the tomb. After the combination, I learned that the man is a big husband with a height of 170 cm. It was identified as a relic of 50 1 1 years ago by "constant magnetic sounding method" for dozens of times, so it was determined to be the skeleton of Dangong.
This archaeological discovery is considered to be of great significance to the study of the history of major ethnic groups. So, we began to set up an unusual "Reconstruction Committee of Tanjunling Mausoleum" and set out to build a new mausoleum. At the same time, a large-scale academic conference on "Dangen and Ancient Korea" was held. Archaeologists and scholars from all walks of life unanimously affirmed "Dangen realism" and declared Pyongyang as one of the birthplaces of mankind.
1994 10 New Tanjunling completed. The mausoleum was built on a hill in Hong Wen, Jiangdong County. The mausoleum is 50 meters long and 50 meters wide, with a total height of 22 meters. It has 9 floors and consists of 65,438+0,994 pieces of white granite. There are auxiliary facilities such as mausoleum gate, mausoleum reconstruction monument and Dangong meritorious monument. 250 steps from the foot of the mountain to the front of the mausoleum add momentum and become spectacular.
Since then, North Korean historians have called Dan Jun an existing figure in history, which has proved to be a proud new achievement of subjective historiography and indicates that the new system of North Korean historiography will be rebuilt.
That's true. Since the proposition of subjective historiography was put forward in 1950s, North Korean historians began to analyze and interpret historical documents from a new angle, and reached completely different conclusions on many issues. In order to make these achievements fixed, the main historical work "The Whole History of Korea" was written from 1975 to 65438+February. Great changes have taken place in the internal and external environment of the peninsula since the early 1980s. 1986, North Korea put forward "Korean national firstism". 1989 After the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, it was further emphasized that "the national first spirit should be highly promoted". Based on this, the 33-volume Full History of Korea published by 1982 shows that some places have fallen behind the situation. For example:
In the complicated situation at home and abroad, it is important to publicize the 5,000-year history and splendid ancient culture in patriotism education for the people. However, after denying Jizi Korea in history, the demise of Wei Man Korea was only in 2000. Only by affirming that Dangen is a historical fact can it have a long history. In addition, traditional historiography admits that Ji Zi's "Eight Banners" were used to educate the people, while mainstream historiography denies that the original source of political ideas can be found in the local area only by affirming the legendary teaching of "creating the world" given by Emperor Xiong Huan when he came to earth.
The traditional historical heritage of South Korea is ancient Korea (including Tan Jun Korea, Jizi Korea and Weiman Korea)-Three Kingdoms period-unified Silla-Korea-Korea. From the perspective of subjective historiography, the main defect of the table is that it has a negative theme, and it is biased towards the south. So 1993 65438+ February put forward a new historical system, namely, ancient Korea (Tan Jun Korea and Weiman Korea)-Koguryo-Bohai-Korea-Korea. In the new historical system, Jizi Korea is denied to exist. During the Three Kingdoms period, Koguryo was the only orthodox country (its hometown was in the north, that is, Pyongyang), Silla and Baekje became separatist regimes, and the unified Silla lost its historical position because of its main body (dealing with the Tang Dynasty). Although the Bohai Sea is not on the peninsula, it is considered to be a country founded by Koguryo adherents, so it can continue orthodoxy. In this new system, Dangong occupies a dominant position. According to the new historical genealogy, the tomb of Koguryo Dongming (located in Lipu District of Pyongyang) and the tomb of Koguryo Taizu (located in Songga Mountain of Kaesong) were restored in May 1993 and October 1994 10 respectively.
Seoul, the capital of the last feudal dynasty in Korea, is traditionally regarded as the political and cultural center of the country. After Tan's excavation, Labor News published an editorial on June 4 1993 and 10, saying: "The discovery of Tan in Pyongyang shows that Pyongyang is the birthplace of the Korean nation and the center of the formation and development of the Korean nation-state."
Korean academic circles have different reactions to the newly emerging "Dangen fever". Some people think that this is not academic, while others think: "In the open era, foreign cultural relics have proliferated, and our national culture and its orthodoxy have been impacted. In this case, the most important thing is to position the orthodoxy and foundation of the country in Dangong ... Tan Jun is the second, and the first thing is to establish the main body. " People who hold this view look at the problem from a broader historical perspective. They believe that the Mediterranean cultural circle is god-oriented, while the Atlantic cultural circle is humanistic. The former, there is no god, and the latter, desires cross-flow. Only Tanganyism is the unity of God and man, which is a great contribution of the Korean nation to human thought.
There seem to be three dangong in the world:
1 Tangen in myth, that is, Tangen with literary significance recorded in oral documents or official history;
Tangong in history, that is, it reveals the original thinking and ancient information of ancient Koreans, which is of great significance in the history of thought and folk history;
Dangen in people's minds, or Dangen that people hope and shape, lives among the contemporary people and undertakes the historical mission.