political party
(1) Labour Party: the ruling party. Founded in 1900, formerly known as the Labor Representative Committee, it was renamed as its current name in 1906. The parties are established in 1924, 1929~ 193 1, 1945~ 195 1,1964 ~. He won the general election in 1997 and came to power again after the general election in June 2006. In recent years, the Labour Party has been more inclined to the interests of the middle class and alienated from the trade unions. After Blair was elected as the leader of the Labor Party, he put forward the slogan of "New Labor Party, New Britain" politically, canceled the fourth clause on public ownership in party constitution, and advocated reducing government intervention, strictly controlling public expenditure, maintaining stable macroeconomic growth and establishing a modern welfare system economically. It advocates actively participating in international cooperation, taking a positive attitude towards European integration, joining the euro and maintaining special relations with the United States. Party member, with nearly 400,000 people, is the largest party in Britain.
(2) Conservative Party: the main opposition party. Formerly known as the Tory Party founded in 1679, it was renamed in 1833. The party was in power for four consecutive times from 1979 to 1997, and became the dominant political party in Britain in the 20th century. /kloc-0 was defeated by the Labour Party in May 1997 and June 2000/kloc-0. The supporters of the Conservative Party generally come from the business and wealthy classes and advocate a free market economy. By strictly controlling money supply and reducing public expenditure, we can reduce inflation. Advocate restricting trade union rights and strengthening "law" and "order". In recent years, he put forward "compassionate conservatism" and paid attention to social problems such as education, medical care and poverty. Emphasis is placed on safeguarding British sovereignty, opposing "federal Europe" and joining the European Union, and advocating the establishment of an "Atlantic body" to strengthen the special relationship between Britain and the United States. Emphasize that NATO remains the cornerstone of British security and defense. There are more than 300,000 people in party member.
(3) Liberal Democratic Party:1March 1988 was composed of the majority of the former Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party that supported the merger with the Liberal Party. It advocates continuing to maintain the cooperative relationship with the Labor Party, pushing the Labor Party to implement the proportional representation system in local elections and lower house elections, and adopting a more "progressive" policy than the Labor Party on issues such as public services, social justice and environmental protection. At present, party member Party has about 654.38 million+party member, making it the third largest party in Britain.
In addition, other political parties in Britain include Scottish National Party, Plaid Party and some political parties in Northern Ireland, such as Ulster United Party, democratic unionist party, Social Democracy and Labour Party and Sinn Fein Party.
parliament
Parliament is the central stage of British politics and the highest legislative body in Britain. The government comes from the parliament and is responsible to it. Congress is bicameral, consisting of upper house and lower house. Since the establishment of Parliament, meetings have usually been held in the Palace of Westminster (Parliament Building), an ancient building in London. Meetings are held twice a year. The first session starts at the end of March and ends at the beginning of August, and the second session starts at the end of 10 and ends before Christmas in 12.
form
Unlike the constitutions of most countries, the British Constitution is not an independent document. It consists of written law, customary law and convention. There are magna carta (12 15), habeas corpus (1679), bill of rights (1689), and parliamentary law (191,etc. The monarch is the head of state, the highest judicial officer, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and the "supreme leader" of the Anglican Church. Formally, he has the right to appoint and remove the Prime Minister, ministers, senior judges, military officers, governors of various territories, diplomats, bishops and senior clergy of the Anglican Church, and has the right to convene, stop and dissolve parliament, approve laws and declare peace, but the real power lies in the cabinet. Scotland has its own independent legal system.
Article 65 of the Magna Carta is divided into three parts: the first part is about the relationship between the king and the Lord; The second part is the king's policies and procedures; The third part is about the provisions of dispute settlement between kings and lords. According to the Magna Carta, the king should protect the feudal inheritance rights of nobles and knights, and should not illegally collect high taxes from feudal owners, arbitrarily arrest, imprison, exile or confiscate their property, or recognize the autonomy of cities such as London. In order to ensure that the charter did not expire, a Committee of 25 barons supervised the king. If the charter was broken, the feudal lords had the right to force the king to implement it by military means. British constitutionalism comes from Magna Carta, and its basic spirit is limited kingship and individual freedom. Some scholars, such as Stobbs, think that the whole British constitutional history is actually the annotated history of Magna Carta.
Referee
There are three different legal systems: England and Wales are common law systems, Scotland is civil law systems, and the legal system in Northern Ireland is similar to that in England. The judicial system is divided into two systems: civil courts and criminal courts. In England and Wales, civil courts are divided into county courts, high courts, civil courts of appeal and houses of lords. Criminal trial institutions are divided into local courts, criminal courts, criminal divisions of appeal courts and the House of Lords. The highest judicial organ in Britain is the House of Lords, which is the final appellate body for civil and criminal cases. 1986 set up the royal prosecutor's office, which is subordinate to the national government agency and is responsible for accepting all criminal cases submitted by the police authorities in England and Wales. The Attorney General and the Deputy Attorney General are the main legal advisers of the British government, representing the royal family in some domestic and international cases. The history of the British jury can be traced back to the Middle Ages, and it has always been a deeply rooted part of its criminal legal system.