Lesson 65438 +0: Opium War (Daoguang Emperor).
Time: 1840.6- 1842.8.
1, Lin Zexu Humen Smoke:
( 1)? Reasons: Opium smuggling caused the shortage of silver soldiers in China and the corruption of officials, which seriously threatened the rule of Qing Dynasty.
(2)? Time: June 3 -25 1839.
(3)? Influence: The destruction of opium in Humen is a great victory of China people's struggle against smoking, which shows the strong will of the Chinese nation to resist foreign aggression.
2. Britain launched a war of aggression against China;
(1) The root cause: Britain dumped industrial products and plundered China's cheap raw materials in order to open the China market.
(2) Direct cause (fuse):1839 From June 3rd to 25th, Lin Zexu and Humen destroyed opium.
(3) The result of the war: the Qing government was defeated and made peace. 1842 In August, the first unequal treaty in China's modern history, the treaty of nanking, was signed.
(4) treaty of nanking's content:
(1) Opening Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports.
(2) Cut Hong Kong Island to Britain.
(3) Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars.
(4) The taxes payable by British businessmen in importing and exporting goods must be agreed by both parties.
(5) The influence of the Opium War:
The Opium War changed the course of China's historical development.
(2) China no longer enjoys completely independent sovereignty, and the natural economy of China society was destroyed. The Opium War gradually reduced the feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
③ The Opium War became the beginning of China's modern history. Enlightenment from the cigarette war: backwardness is bound to be beaten, and weak countries have no diplomacy.
(6) Why is the Opium War the beginning of the modern history of China? (Because the Opium War changed the social nature of China)
(7) The root cause of China's failure in the Opium War was the decadent and backward feudal system.
3. Add:
(1) June 26th is the International Anti-Drug Day.
(2) Wei Yuan put forward the idea of learning from foreigners to control them.
Lesson 2: The Second Opium War (Emperor Xianfeng).
Time:1856.10-1860.438+00.
(1) The root cause: Western powers want to further open the China market and expand their aggressive rights and interests.
(2) Participating countries: the British and French allied forces are the principal offenders, and the United States and Russia are accomplices.
(3) Results:
(1) 1858. The Qing government was forced to sign the Tianjin Treaty with Russia, the United States, Britain and France-the great powers obtained foreign ambassadors in Beijing; Open ten ports such as Hankou and Nanjing as trading ports; Foreign merchant ships and warships can sail freely in the Yangtze River port and other privileges.
(2) 1858 "Trade Regulations Rehabilitation Treaty": China was forced to recognize the legalization of opium trade.
③ 1860, the Qing government signed the Beijing Treaty with Britain and France: the Qing government recognized that the Tianjin Treaty was still valid; Open Tianjin as a commercial port; Kowloon division brought it to England; The amount of compensation has increased substantially.
(4) Crimes committed by foreign powers in China during the Second Opium War:
(1) 1860 10 In October, the British and French allied forces burned the Yuanmingyuan.
(2) Russia occupied more than 654.38+05,000 square kilometers of territory in the northeast and northwest of China.
(5) Impact:
(1) China lost more sovereignty, the western aggression entered the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from the southeast coastal areas, and Russia occupied a large area of land in northern China.
(2) The Second Opium War further deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China.
(6) The Fall of Tianjing: 1864, Hong Xiuquan died of illness, and the Xiang army captured Tianjing, which marked the failure of the vigorous peasant movement in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
(7) Nature: It was the largest anti-aggression and anti-feudalism peasant war in the history of China.
(8) Reasons for failure:
(1) The limitations of the peasant class (the root cause) did not put forward a practical revolutionary program; The leading group is corrupt and disunited.
(2) Joint suppression of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces.
(9) Significance: It dealt a heavy blow to the unification of the Qing Dynasty and foreign aggression, and wrote a heroic chapter in the modern history of China.
Lesson 3, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement:
Time:1851-1864.
(1) Reason: The Opium War intensified the contradiction between the ruling class and the working people.
(2) Outbreak symbol-jintian uprising:185111,Hong Xiuquan revolted in Jintian Village, Guiping County, Guangxi, and established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
(3) Establishment of political organization-1851year, Yong 'an was established, and kings were enfeoffed (east, west, north and south wings), and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom initially established political organization.
(4) Set its capital in Tianjing:1In March of 853, the Taiping Army captured Nanjing and changed its capital to Tianjing.
(5) The Northern Expedition to the West: 1853, in order to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty and consolidate the political power.
(6) Promulgation documents:
In the early days, the core of the Tianmu system in China was to abolish the land ownership of the feudal landlord class.
Later period-Senior Minister-Progress: Proposing the idea of developing capitalism.
The fourth lesson, Westernization Movement:
Time: 65438+60s-90s.
(1) Time: 65438+1960s-65438+mid-1990s.
(2) Representatives: Member of the Central Committee: Yi Wu, Place: Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong,
(3) Slogan: Make yourself rich.
Objective: To make Qiang Bing rich and maintain the rule of Qing Dynasty.
④ Main contents:
With the slogan of "self-improvement", a number of military industries (Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute, Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau) have been established.
(2) Put forward the slogan of "seeking wealth" and founded a number of civilian enterprises (Kaiping Mining Bureau, Shanghai Woven Layout, Hanyang Iron Works, Hubei Woven Bureau, General Administration of Telegraph, China Merchants).
③ Establish a new school.
(4) Establish a new type of navy and army (at the suggestion of Li Hongzhang, the Qing government established three navies, namely Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian, of which beiyang fleet was the largest, and the Qing government set up a naval yamen to coordinate and command in 885).
(5) Evaluate the Westernization Movement:
Gradual:
(1) the first modernization movement in the history of China.
(2) objectively promoted the emergence of Chinese national capitalism and played a certain role in resisting the invasion of foreign capitalism.
Limitations: The fundamental purpose is to maintain and consolidate the unity of the Qing government. Coupled with its internal corruption and the oppression of foreign forces, China has not embarked on the road to prosperity.
Nature: Westernization Movement is a self-help movement of failed feudal rulers.
Symbol of failure: 1895 beiyang fleet was wiped out in the Sino-Japanese War, which marked the failure of the Westernization Movement.
(6) Lesson: The Westernization School of the landlord class cannot lead China to prosperity.
(7) Left to recover Xinjiang.
(1) Background: 65438+ In the 1970s, Akuta, the great khanate of Central Asia, occupied most of Xinjiang, and Russia occupied Yili.
(2) Process: Zuo Yu recovered Xinjiang in 1884, and the Qing government adopted the policy of "going north first, then going south slowly and fighting hard" to build a province in Xinjiang.
The fifth lesson, the Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War and the upsurge of "dividing up" China;
Time: 1894—— 1895.
1. Background: Japanese attempt to invade China and dominate the world; The fuse was 1894, and the East Learning Party uprising took place in North Korea.
2. Opening symbol: Toshima naval battle: 1894. On July 25th, the Japanese army suddenly attacked the troop carrier in China, marking the end of the battle of Ahava and the complete annihilation of beiyang fleet.
3, the main battle:
(1) Pyongyang Campaign: Left was killed accidentally. Ye Zhichao ran away in a panic.
② Battle of the Yellow Sea: Deng Shichang died heroically.
(3) Battle of Liaodong Peninsula: Xu Bangdao Fox Army was attacked by enemy, and the Japanese army made Lushun Massacre (more than 20,000 people).
④ Battle of Ahava: Chang Ru committed suicide and beiyang fleet was completely annihilated.
4. Results: treaty of shimonoseki was signed (1895).
(1) Land cession: ceding Liaodong Peninsula, the whole island of Taiwan Province Province and all affiliated islands of Penghu Islands.
② Indemnity: 200 million taels of silver.
③ Trade: Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports.
(4) Setting up factories: Japanese factories are allowed to be located at the trading port of China (to meet the urgent needs of imperialist countries for exporting capital to China).
Influence: The foreign invading army went further into the hinterland of China, which greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China.
5, "carve up" the frenzy of China:
(1) Triple Intervention Event (Britain, France, Russia and Japan)
① Three countries: Russia, France and Germany.
(2) The redemption cost of Liao-the Qing government compensated Japan for 30 million taels of silver.
③ Influence: Imperialism set off a frenzy to carve up China.
(2) Suggestions on the Open Door Policy (1899)
(1) America.
Main contents: Admit the spheres of influence and privileges of various countries in China, and at the same time demand the big powers to open their leased land and spheres of influence in China, so that the United States can enjoy equal interests and opportunities.
The evaluation (in essence) reflects the contradiction between the United States and other imperialist countries in their aggressive policies.
Lesson 6, 1898 Reform Movement:
Time: 65438+June-September, 0898.
(Background: Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the signing of treaty of shimonoseki)
1. Representative figures: bourgeois reformists (or bourgeois reformists) represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.
2. Kick-off:1In the spring of 895, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao wrote a letter on the bus, which kicked off the Reform Movement.
3. Sports development:
1) Yan Fu translated the theory of natural evolution, publicized the viewpoint of "natural selection", and introduced the western theory of evolution to China. He was the first person of western learning in China and an enlightenment thinker in modern China.
(2) The most influential newspapers are The Times in Shanghai and The National Newspaper in Tianjin.
4. The climax of the movement: the Hundred Days Reform (the Reform Movement of 1898);
① The symbol of the beginning of the political reform:1898 June 1 1 day, Emperor Guangxu issued the imperial edict of "Ding Mingshi Kingdom" and announced the political reform.
② Content: Economy: developing agriculture, industry and commerce. Military: Training the New Lu Haijun. Politics: Open speech and abolish redundant yamen and useless posts. Culture and education: establish newspapers and periodicals, set up new schools to train talents, and abolish the eight-part essay in the imperial examination.
③ Function: The Reform Movement of 1898 played a role in enlightening the society, but it was impossible for China to embark on the road of prosperity.
④ Failure: Empress Dowager Cixi and others launched the coup of 1898, imprisoned Emperor Guangxu, searched for reformists, and killed six gentlemen of the 1898 (Tan Sitong, Liu Guangdi, Yang Rui, Kang). Before he died, Tan Sitong left a farewell poem: "If you have the ambition to kill a thief, you will be powerless to return to heaven, and you will die well!"
5. Reason for failure:
Put hope on the emperor who has no real power.
The die-hards headed by Empress Dowager Cixi are powerful.
(3) the weakness and compromise of the bourgeoisie, its strength is too thin, and it is divorced from the people.
6. Nature: The Reform Movement of 1898 was an improvement of the bourgeois nature from top to bottom.
The seventh lesson, against Eight-Nation Alliance:
Time:1900 ——1901.
1, Boxer Movement:
① Rise: The Boxer Rebellion developed from Shandong and Zhili.
② Nature: Anti-imperialist patriotic movement.
(3) Slogan: "Help clear the ocean"
The objective cause of failure: the joint strangulation of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces; Subjective reasons: the limitations of the peasant class.
(5) Impact: It dealt a heavy blow to imperialism's ambition to carve up China.
2. Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China;
① Time:1900.6.10-1901.97.
② Members: More than 200 people from Britain, America, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy and Austria.
③ Commander-in-Chief: Seymour (UK) → Wadesi (Germany).
Main battle: Langfang blocked the war and Tianjin defended it. Nie Shicheng, governor of Zhili, died heroically.
3. The signing of the Xin Chou Treaty;
① Signatories: G8+Spain, Belgium, Netherlands *** 1 1.
② Main contents:
Economically, the compensation for silver is 4.5 billion taels, which will be paid off in 39 years, with the principal and interest of 980 million taels. Guaranteed by customs duties, salt taxes and other taxes, it will be controlled by imperialism to pay reparations.
Militarily, the Qing government dismantled the Dagu Fort and allowed foreign troops to station in important places along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan. Wechat official account
Politically, the Qing government promised to prohibit people from participating in anti-imperialist activities. First, it can best reflect that the Qing government has become a tool for imperialist powers to rule China.
Diplomacy: Beijing Dongjiaominxiang is designated as the border of the embassy, allowing countries to send troops to station, but not allowing China people to live. Change the Prime Minister's yamen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "the first six classes".
③ Impact: It is an unequal treaty with the largest compensation and the most serious loss of sovereignty in China's modern history. Status quo: Since then, the Qing government has become a tool for imperialist powers to rule China. China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal abyss.
The establishment of Teacher's Day indicates that teachers are respected by the whole society in China. This is because the work of teachers largely determines the future of China. Every year on Teachers' Day, teachers all over China celebrate their festivals in different ways.