1。 Ethical problems formed in enterprise management
Economic activity is the basic activity of human survival and development, which reflects people's quality, especially spiritual quality, labor standards and attitudes. Its essence is people's pursuit of value? And value realization. As the cell of modern economic activities, enterprise is an important factor in life and productivity factor through people and things. In fact, it is the quality and mental outlook of enterprise performance, the mental outlook of employees and the quality of performance. Therefore, the company has the embodiment of enterprise morality in the modern sense to form a group, and the focus of enterprise management is morality.
Morality depends on public opinion, traditional customs and people's beliefs to maintain people's understanding of social behavior norms and the code of conduct that moral people should follow in their interaction. This is essentially a consistent and unified social practice. The intricate social relations and social relations formed in daily production and life, as well as any individual's practices, are bound to contact with others, affect others or social interaction, conflict with others or society, the relationship with the role played by morality, and the direction people adjust to meet certain social requirements; At the same time, people get their own recognition and development in social life. Morality, as a special manifestation of consciousness, is definitely a way of development. The production and management of modern enterprise management activities are carried out in society, so its behavior should naturally be a moral factor.
In modern society, due to the development of science and technology, social productivity has been greatly improved, and people's overall quality has been rapidly improved. Enterprises and organizations have higher and higher requirements for humanization of goods and services. In the behavior of modern society, many enterprises aim at maximizing profits and often underestimate the management strategy and management of society and human beings. Even some enterprises do many immoral things by various means for their own benefit. In the short term, for many enterprises, a series of consequences, such as global pollution, deterioration of human living environment, species extinction and lack of resources, have brought irreparable losses and seriously threatened the future survival and development of mankind. When people begin to establish business ethics, we should pay attention to it, that is, stop traditional interests and the tendency of enterprise supremacy, eliminate and prevent all unfavorable factors, and make enterprises aware of their social responsibilities.
An enterprise or organization must first obey the national policies, laws and regulations, and national policies play a certain guiding role in the development, laws and regulations of enterprises and other enterprise behaviors. However, when people make laws and regulations, they cannot cover all the contents of human life and restrict human behavior. The behavior it restricts is the basic behavior of human beings, and its standard is often the minimum standard. Sometimes, the formulation of laws and regulations also has a certain lag, so many businesses often take advantage of the loopholes in the law or simply do not break the law. Such behavior is not conducive to the overall interests and long-term development of mankind.
As a non-mandatory social restraint mechanism, is there a "hard restraint" method? Compared with law, morality is a kind of "soft constraint", which is ubiquitous in real social life, but it is the active invisible person with this characteristic who exerts a wide influence and will not be able to play the role of law. By strengthening the moral restraint mechanism, people's behavior has changed from "self-discipline" to "self-discipline". A business ethics is thoroughly implemented in every action, and then it will consciously demand itself according to higher standards, making its development more in line with the requirements of human long-term survival and development.
With the development of society, the theory of enterprise management is constantly updated. At the beginning of the 20th century, in the stage of experience management, the management theory of enterprises lags far behind the scientific development and technical level in improving labor productivity, and the labor productivity and wage level are very low. In order to solve this problem, Taylor of the United States put forward scientific management methods for the first time, which greatly improved the production efficiency. This theory is based on the hypothesis of "economic man", that is, all human actions are to satisfy their own self-interest to the maximum extent, and people work to get more economic returns, ignoring emotional needs, lack of ethical research, and the important relationship between managers and managed people, while ignoring psychological and moral relations. The theory of behavioral science was quickly replaced. Mayo draws a conclusion through "Hawthorne Experiment": People are the material interests of "social" people in their work, which only plays a small role in mobilizing people's enthusiasm, making employees pay more attention to friendly people who live in harmony with the surrounding environment, respecting and mobilizing production enthusiasm, and good interpersonal relationships play a decisive role. This theory has increased the influence and research on humanized and inspiring managers, spirit and morality. Later, Maslow put forward the hierarchy of needs, in order to further explore the importance of internal factors, especially moral factors, and pointed out that people's social needs, respect needs and self-realization needs are, in the final analysis, the intrinsic values of ethical needs, reflecting what kind of people have a set of values and the pursuit of ideals, harmonious interpersonal relationships and moral relationships. In order to meet the moral requirements, but the incentive factors are high. Since the 1980s, william ouchi, a professor at the University of California, has put forward the "Z Theory", which further confirmed the important position of its moral factors in management, and proposed: "No society can succeed under the conditions of trust and subtle interpersonal intimacy." Z theory emphasizes efforts to create stable and harmonious interpersonal relationships. Within the enterprise, it fully embodies that the value of dependent resistance is the highest expression of management thought.
In a word, whether from the internal environment or the external environment, the construction of enterprise ethics urgently needs to meet the ever-changing social needs and human development needs.
2。 The Role of Morality in Enterprise Management
The influence of morality on enterprise development in its specific social function. Internal professional ethics corrects the soft constraints of people's behaviors and interpersonal relationships, and enables enterprises to remove a series of conflicting moral categories and boundaries such as good and evil, justice and injustice. It has clear methods and moral standards for right and wrong, good and evil, and improves work efficiency. Does the normative power of morality help enterprises establish overall value? And carry forward the spirit of enterprise, which is helpful to straighten out the group behavior and improve the overall performance of the group. Whether the general ethical quality is strengthened will eventually hinder the strength and speed of enterprise development, and even lead to enterprise development at a crossroads.
In enterprise management, the moral square root plays the following roles: 1. The lofty business objectives point out the correct direction for the development of enterprises. Lofty goals, developing productive forces, improving economic benefits, and taking the development of enterprises and the development of the country, the nation and even human society as enterprise goals have brought a solemn sense of mission to enterprises and pointed out the direction for their development. 2。 Improving the moral quality of employees is conducive to the allocation of human resources and material resources. Managers use moral means to mobilize the enthusiasm and creativity of employees, which is conducive to the enterprise to be invincible in the fierce market competition. 4。 The personal charm of managers can increase the cohesion of enterprises. The personal charm of managers, which is mainly determined by moral quality, can generate the prestige of managers, win the trust of employees, help the communication between two people, generate attraction and appeal, and employees can generate a new sense of belonging, security and responsibility, which can be further transformed into loyalty and strong cohesion to enterprises. 5。 Social security based on the connotation of enterprise ethics. Product quality, enterprise reputation and service are the three major elements of an enterprise. Society adheres to first-class product awareness. The moral connotation of products means that enterprises adhere to first-class service consciousness and actions in the process of production and operation. 6. The driving force for the long-term development of key social welfare enterprises. Enterprises pay attention to social benefits while pursuing economic benefits. Enterprises should not only provide high-quality products and services for the society, but also actively participate in social welfare activities, fulfill social responsibilities, complete social tasks and establish a good corporate image. 7。 Noble moral consciousness is the basis of competition and cooperation among enterprises.
3。 Ethical issues in the process of enterprise management
As an important non-economic factor, morality restricts the development of enterprises and shows its importance more and more, instead of
It is irreplaceable. Many related ethical issues, problems existing in the process of modern enterprise management and these requirements have become obstacles to the development of enterprises.
3. 1 Moral conflict of traditional morality
As a kind of social consciousness, morality is born, and its development and extinction process will be related to the appropriate morality under specific historical conditions. With the development of society and the change of environment, some traditional moral concepts can no longer meet the requirements of the times, but their influence will keep pace with the times in a long or short period of time. New morality has not yet been formed, or it has insufficient influence on people's thoughts and behaviors, and it is often in a state of contradiction and confusion.
If this happens within the enterprise, it will also put managers in trouble. If we continue to follow the old ethics, it is not conducive to the development of enterprise law, while adopting the new ethics will lead employees to still follow the old ethics, even oppose it and suppress it, because the development of the times requires, similarly, a resistor. As a manager, we should set out from the long-term development of the enterprise and resolutely overcome this resistance. First of all, managers should strengthen their own positions, and only their firm positions can affect others. Secondly, for those employees who stick to the old ideas, on the one hand, you should make use of the situation to make it easier for employees to trust people who have a certain influence on public morality, or let employees know the new moral advantages through appropriate channels. For enterprises and individuals, employees there are changing their understanding. On the other hand, we should take necessary rewards and punishments to enforce new ethics, but we need to pay attention to the direct consequences of these rewards and punishments. The incentive mechanism of rewards and punishments can be used, because improper punishment measures may lead to conflict and opposition. In addition, employees can consciously follow the new moral standards by using rewards and punishments, and they can gradually fade out until they cancel their use.
3.2 Different moral concepts caused by regional differences? ethical dilemma
The formation of morality is influenced by many factors. Morality in different countries and regions is influenced by different living environments, such as politics, economy and culture.
Nowadays, the trend of economic globalization is becoming more and more obvious, and enterprise managers must face many international problems, including of course ethical issues. For a multinational company, subsidiaries are distributed in many countries and regions, and it is impossible to be completely consistent in these countries and regions. Therefore, it is a very difficult problem for China companies to establish enterprises with different cultural customs, do as the Romans do, and not adopt their methods. As it turns out, this is actually a practice in Rome or useless places.
The development of multinational companies, if possible, has a certain universal benchmark of moral behavior around the world, and then it is easier to expand business operations. As long as they abide by it, they can cross the laws of different countries and help achieve consistent social justice. However, the problem is that the reality of this thinking and the current world trend are universal and parallel to efforts. On the one hand, a large number of international organizations are unified, on the other hand, respect for nationalities, regions, religions, different industries and unique corporate culture is diversified. Any unilateral self-righteous negotiation imposed on other common people is unpopular and risks blindly emphasizing multicultural relativism. The reality is that when a country is considered right, it may not be right in his country, but the moral standards of this country are based on some similarities that cause friction and trouble, thus determining different moral standards. Generally speaking, the first thought? Any country, too, has some dross, and we should abandon some concepts that violate the basic moral standards of mankind and change this part. In a word, when dealing with such problems, we should not stick to the fixed model of any party, but should consider the problems from a development perspective, learn from each other's strengths, gradually standardize and institutionalize behaviors around the world, and participate in international activities in the form of groups or national teams.
3.3 Moral and legal requirements, different heights and manufacturing management dilemma
Law and morality play a restrictive role in enterprise behavior. It has a basic legal effect, but some legal requirements are more in line with human survival and development. The defects of legal constraints, strengthen the complementary role of legal constraints on moral constraints.
Maximizing profits is the ultimate goal, and in order to achieve this goal, some people think that as long as it is not illegal, useless things cannot be done, and some enterprises and managers have social ethics. Some enterprises are legally unreasonable and more in line with moral requirements. In the 20th century, Florida International Plasma often collected plasma from some backward countries and regions and then sold it at a high price. After the earthquake in Nicaragua, the company immediately bought a certain amount of plasma from Africa at a cheap and expensive price and sold it to Nicaragua for high profits. The company's behavior is not illegal, which maximizes profits, but violates the most basic humanitarianism and morality. The company's unanimous condemnation of American public behavior is not the position of the company government to revoke its business license.
With the improvement of public awareness, people will no longer turn a blind eye to an immoral behavior of enterprises that does not violate the law. The goal is to "maximize profits". Western theorists put forward a brand-new view that corporate social responsibility should not only pursue profits, but also undertake social responsibilities. Its behavior is unfair, legal and more reasonable. Even if the enterprise has made high profits in a short period of time, its behavior lacks the ultimate loss of the public whose morality is not recognized or just does not pay attention to profits. Abide by the law, but contrary to morality, as a manager can no longer meet the needs of social development. It should be prescient and worthwhile, because they can gain the trust and support of the public and even sacrifice some short-term and long-term interests, and the enterprises that develop their business must be unique, and profit is not a problem.
3.4 how to deal with the legitimate rights and interests of employees,
As an important part of enterprise law and the legitimate rights and interests of employees, maintenance has become a part that cannot be ignored. In some enterprises, due to the lack of effective attention and protection of employees' legitimate rights and interests, such as freedom of speech, privacy and safe working environment. According to the data, some companies in the United States secretly review employees' letters and eavesdrop on employees through private telephones on the grounds of ensuring company trade secrets. In addition, the more serious problem is to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of employees of foreign-invested enterprises. In some foreign companies, employees of foreign managers are frequently beaten, punished, searched and other anti-theft incidents. This phenomenon is not uncommon in other developed countries. Even, some employees can't even guarantee their basic right to exist. In April, 1999, a Taiwan-funded enterprise caught fire in Panyu, Guangdong. Dozens of workers were killed in the fire because the general workers sneaked out, locked the shop door and did not have the necessary fire-fighting facilities. Employees are enterprises and have the responsibility and obligation to abide by reasonable rules and regulations, but infringing on the legitimate rights and interests of the above employees will only make employees sad, disappointed with the enterprise, and even openly resist. As a manager, you should not only pay attention to the development of enterprises, but also pay attention to the care of employees. Nursing not only includes economy, but also protects the legitimate rights and interests of employees. Only in this way can employees' sense of security and belonging contribute wholeheartedly to the enterprise, which is conducive to the cohesion of the enterprise and increases the centripetal force.
3.5 How to treat consumers correctly
The consumer who finally enjoys products and services has the right to choose what he wants. "Consumers are God".
This slogan is becoming more and more popular. Problems faced, how to properly handle new products or services provided by schools.
At present, some companies firmly believe that production can not only satisfy consumers, but also create a consumer. Start production and meet consumption. Many businesses cheat or cheat consumers in order to sell their products or help desks to achieve their goals. For example, the performance of goods is exaggerated, and the product itself has potential dangers to avoid, so consumers can't make a clear choice. Can we say that consumers can't be wise? The choice of goods or services, including insufficient information or information distortion, is the main negative factor. In some countries, the slogan of the western consumer movement is "consumers have the right to know", and our service industry has also made a commitment to let consumers clearly understand consumption. With the increasing awareness of consumers around the world to protect their rights and interests, clock management has put forward a new idea, how to let consumers really know their products or services.
It is also worth pondering that managers of enterprises create demand. Humans need a lot of rationality, some of which are unreasonable and even harmful. For example, smoking is harmful to people's health, but there are still many tobacco companies that expand their markets and carry out publicity to attract people to smoke, especially young people and women. This creates demand, and we would rather have no demand. With the improvement of human consciousness of protection and identity, there is a demand that harms human health and safety, even human survival. This demand should be condemned and suppressed, and this kind of enterprise can only be doomed in the end. It is reported that 1999, American consumers sued tobacco companies for smoking, and compensated tobacco companies for about 40 billion US dollars, which brought losses to consumers. How to develop human health needs has become an ethical issue before production.
3.6 How to deal with the relationship with other enterprises
In the fierce competitive environment, enterprise managers rack their brains for their own survival and development, and some even take illegal means or legal and unreasonable comfort. In the short term, sometimes there will be some unfair means of competition, which will bring instant profits, but with the perfection of the legal system and the society's emphasis on fair competition, these tools will lose their function. Even at present, the unfair means of color may not be effective. If everyone participates in unfair competition, it will only hurt both sides. For example, in the bidding of this project, the bidder is responsible for bribing the bidder, and the bidder whose purchase value exceeds the ultimate affordability of the tenderer can only give up, thus enriching the third party. Therefore, in the long run, enterprises should not only strengthen their own competitive strength and ability to provide services to the society, but also make their own contributions to the establishment of a fair and just competitive environment. Only when all companies are doing it, the real society is a healthy competitive state.
3.7 Enterprise managers inherent ethical issues
As decision-makers, managers of enterprises cannot ignore their own ethical issues in the behavior of enterprises and leaders. Some managers often take personal feelings as the starting point when recruiting enterprise personnel and promoting internal personnel. Nepotism gives priority to taking care of one's relatives and friends, regardless of whether one wants to do it or not, which leads to low quality of personnel, doing their own jobs and not seeking politics. This not only affects the development of the enterprise, but also affects the image of the company and its own image as a manager. In enterprise management, some managers lack the necessary sense of responsibility. In order to seek personal gain, corruption, bribery, graft and corruption are common phenomena. Some people. The personal style of managers will affect the culture of enterprises, so we must pay attention to it.
3.8 Ethical issues of employees
Employees are the main body of production and business activities, and their moral status is also very important to the development of enterprises. Lack of professional ethics damages corporate image, and employees generally have problems. Do you have any business needs? To succeed, we must have a good corporate image protection. Corporate image is the shaping of all enterprise members, and the professional ethics of employees is one of the important factors. Some companies have a bad image because individual employees lack the most basic professional ethics. The rude behavior of consumers, even the behavior that hurts consumers, except for a large number of denial of service, is an infringement and contempt for the legitimate rights and interests of consumers. Because these people's professional ethics are low, it will eventually damage the image and interests of the enterprise.
In addition, many employees have weak corporate feelings and sense of responsibility, and are more concerned about their own material interests. In the development of enterprises, some employees deliberately reveal the business secrets of enterprises and gain personal interests, so enterprises are at a disadvantage in the competition and are not interested, which affects people's acquisition of legitimate rights and interests.
4。 Business ethics enterprise construction
There are various ethical problems in the operation and management of enterprise law. To solve these problems, it is necessary to strengthen moral construction, which is carried out simultaneously from the inside and outside of the company to start testing more comprehensively and thoroughly. Within the enterprise, enterprise managers clarify some vague and mistaken ideas, fully realize the dialectical relationship between enterprise moral construction and profit, and seriously handle the interest relationship between enterprise survival, development and morality, while enterprises strengthen moral education for employees and improve their moral realm.
4. 1 Strengthen social supervision and restrain corporate behavior.
As a member of society, the behavior of enterprises is supervised by society. The supervision of enterprises should be all-round supervision, which can be considered from three aspects: legal supervision, environmental supervision and self-supervision.
In a country where legal means are mandatory, is there a high authority? It can improve moral authority and moral construction, firstly as a means to promote legal supervision. Soft constraint, morality is a person's behavior (including enterprise behavior), and some moral values are legally implemented by the China army and can be generally recognized by the society, so as to improve the strength of all members of society without violating the principles. Secondly, we can raise moral standards. The social effect of morality is not only an abstract principle, but also depends on specific codes of conduct, laws and regulations. Some morals require bar culture to be institutionalized and rule-based. Make specific restrictions in the form of law and standardize enterprise behavior. Third, we should strengthen moral supervision. Ideological and moral cultivation course is the basic function of good and punishment, but punishing evil is also an indispensable aspect. The characteristic of legal supervision is mandatory, and stricter treatment of vicious means to supervise the behavior of enterprises will deter all kinds of immoral behaviors. Mandatory legal supervision of enterprise behavior and determination of value orientation will help to quickly reverse the state of enterprise behavior anomie.
Environmental supervision is an indispensable means to test whether enterprises fulfill their moral obligations. If the moral environment is too loose and not binding, preventive measures will be taken for the purpose of unfavorable moral behavior and strict environmental supervision to supervise enterprises to give up the moral fashion of doing good and doing evil and speed up improvement. Environmental supervision includes three aspects: first, the spread of supervision, the unanimous praise of mass media and the condemnation of vicious enterprises' good deeds. This kind of supervised public opinion will undoubtedly produce great benefits. Good behavior is respected by society, and those who leave maliciously are despised, thus reminding them to check their behavior from time to time. The second is artificial supervision. The moral environment changes with the increase of space, which increases the mobility and strangeness between people, so it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of people. Competitors and partners of enterprises, enterprises with wider targets, more social behaviors and mutual supervision, can further expand exchanges between enterprises, which is a good way to maintain normal social life order. Third, organize supervision. By establishing some organizations (such as government, enterprises and non-governmental organizations), this immoral behavior has nowhere to hide, which effectively promotes the improvement of daily supervision of corporate fan behavior.
Moral industry ultimately depends on individual's specific behavior. If it is under the supervision of personal moral behavior, if it is forced, it is not a real moral behavior. "Self-discipline of human spirit based on morality." Every moral subject, in order to become the moral requirement of society, has an inherent moral obligation to guide his social behavior, so as to achieve sound morality on a whim without crossing the line, which is very important for improving moral consciousness, moral emotion, cultural accomplishment, moral will cultivation and accumulation of moral accomplishment. Self-monitoring is not linked at all. Only by constant self-control and self-reflection, this shows that under the supervision of the moral realm, it is possible to constantly improve and become a very personal moral consciousness.
4.2 Various relationships between business operators to enhance understanding.
4.2. 1 "righteousness" and "benefit"