Calendar/historical background
September 18th Incident: 193 1 September 18,
The Japanese Kwantung Army launched the September 18th Incident, and Zhang Xueliang retreated from the northeast to Shanhai/Shanhaiguan. 1933 10/day, Guan Yu War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out. In the same year, 65438+10.3, Shanhai/Guan fell. 1933 February 2 1, Jehol broke out in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. On March 4th of the same year, Chengde fell and Jehol War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression failed. Zhang Xueliang resigned to study abroad.
* * */Producer The Red Army of the CPC Central Committee arrived in northern Shaanxi:1In the autumn of 935, China/China * */China/Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants, led by Producer Party, was transferred to 25,000 Li by Mao Ze/Dong and marched to Geming/Ming/Wuqi, a base area in northern Shaanxi.
1February 9th National Games/Movement:193565438+February 9th/* * A large-scale university/student demonstration/tour/trip was held in Beiping, calling for "stopping the civil war and uniting with the outside world" and "overthrowing/overthrowing the Japanese emperor/monarch/righteous man", which won the whole country/people.
China/* * * established anti-Japanese unification/front line policy: 1935 12 17, China/China * * * established anti-Japanese people/national unification/front line policy. 1936 65438+ 10, Mao Ze/Dong, Zhou En/Lai, Peng De/Huai and others jointly issued a letter to all soldiers of the Northeast Army about the Red Army's willingness to join the Northeast Army in the War of Resistance. 1936 February, China/* * announced the beginning of the Japanese crusade.
Guangdong-Guangxi Incident: Guangdong-Guangxi Incident, also known as the June 1st Incident or the Southwest Incident. On June 6th, 1936, 1, Chen and Li Zongren were electrified in Guangzhou. After the September 18th Incident, the Japanese army trampled on China/China and decided to lead his troops northward to resist Japan and recover lost territory. On June 2, we called the Nanjing Central Committee/People's Party/Central Executive Committee/Committee meeting to request permission for the Guangdong and Guangxi Departments/Teams to go north. However, not long after, Guangdong generals and pilots surrendered to the Nanjing government and attacked the so-called "northward anti-Japanese" theory of Guangdong and Guangxi. When the Southern King Chen collapsed, Li Zongren had to surrender.
Due to the peaceful settlement of the Guangdong-Guangxi Incident (especially the bloodless fighting, which made the three provinces of Guangdong, Hunan and Hunan, which were the most rebellious and powerful at that time, the first semi-independent/independent provinces in China, obeyed), (that is, Jiang/Jie/Shi) transferred all the central divisions of Guangdong and Guangxi to the north to suppress * * *, and prepared to transfer Zhang Xueliang's department/team. However, due to Jiang Zhongzheng's overconfidence, only a few civil and military officials flew to Xi 'an, and as a result, all of them were detained/imprisoned during the Xi 'an incident (because of the "manufacturing/opposing" forces at that time, the departments/teams of Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng were almost inferior to those of Guangdong and Guangxi. )
Therefore, Tang Degang, a historian, believes that the 1936 An incident "will definitely break out in An" because the crisis/opportunity of the Guangdong-Guangxi incident has passed safely.
Suppression of Northeast Army * * *:1September 20th, 935, Jiang Zhongzheng established the Northwest Anti-Banditry Headquarters in Xi 'an, appointed Zhang Xueliang as the deputy commander, and transferred the Northeast Army to suppress * * *. 1 93510 June/0/day, in the Battle of Laoshan, two regiments and divisions of the 67th Army of Wang Yizhe were completely annihilated, and the commander He Lizhong was killed and the head Pei Huancai was captured. 129 October, 1935, 10, the Northeast Army 107 Division and 6 19 Regiment were all annihilated in the battle of Yulin Bridge, and its head Gao Fuyuan and several soldiers were captured.
1October 22nd, 1935, 165438+ In the battle of Zhiluo town, the elite department/team of Northeast Army and the well-equipped 109 division fought alone in the direction of Wuqi in northern Shaanxi. Niu Yuanfeng, a teacher who once recruited good soldiers, seriously underestimated the combat capability of the Red Army and the mobile combat capability of the Red Army. After setting up the reconnaissance/inspection sentry, I went to sleep. I didn't expect the Red Army to arrive quickly overnight and weave an encirclement in Zhiluo Town. Suddenly, at dawn on the 22nd, the unsuspecting Northeast Army was immediately dispersed. When Niu Yuanfeng woke up from his sleep, he saw the Red Army everywhere. Niu Yuanfeng escaped, but he could not escape from the encirclement of the Red Army. In desperation, he took out his hand/gun and let the lieutenant commit suicide. After Niu Yuanfeng was shot by the lieutenant, the lieutenant was also captured by the Red Army. In the battle of Zhiluo Town, the Red Army killed, wounded and captured more than 6,000 people in the elite 109 division of the Northeast Army with only 800 casualties.
The defeat of Zhang Xueliang's department/team in the war and the subsequent armistice confrontation with the * * */production party led Jiang/Jie/Shi to personally supervise the war in Angola.
Zhang Xueliang's Secret Contact with China/* *:1936 Since April, Zhang Xueliang has been in secret contact with China/China * * */producers. On April 9th, Zhang Xueliang flew to Yan 'an to meet Zhou En, accompanied by Wang Yizhe and Liu Ding. 1September, 936, China/China * * * */The Producer Party and the Northeast Army formally signed an anti-Japanese national salvation agreement, and the two sides formally ended their hostilities. The Red Army of China/China, the Northeast Army of Zhang Xueliang and the Northwest Army of Yang Hucheng formed the "iron triangle" supporting the "people/national unity/front line". Zhang Xueliang provided a large number of winter cotton, medicines, fresh food and other materials to the Red Army, which solved the urgent need of the Red Army for winter. In addition, Deng Xiao/Ping was seriously ill and dying. No medicine can cure him. It was Zhang Xueliang's help that saved his life. Zhang Xueliang not only accepted and actively studied the idea of * * */producer/justice, but also applied to the Third International to join the China/China * * */producer party. However, because Zhang Xueliang's father had a history of killing * *, his application for joining the Party was rejected.
Jiang/Jie/Shi dismissed Zhang Xueliang:1936 65438+On February 4th, Jiang/Jie/Shi arrived in An, which created favorable political/political conditions for Zhang Xueliang. While Zhang Xueliang was hesitating, Jiang/Jie/Shi summoned Shao/Li/Zi and officials/members above the division commander of the 17th Route Army and the Northeast Army, which caused Zhang Heyang's fear/panic. Zhang Xueliang made many suggestions to Jiang/Jie/Shi out of public interest, but they were all rejected. Later, Jiang/Xie/Shi summoned Shao/Li/Zi and asked him to inform Ta Kung Pao that he could publish articles attacking Zhang and Yang and dismiss them, which caused dissatisfaction from all walks of life. JASON ZHANG therefore launched the Xi incident.
preface
1August 29th, 936, I learned that Kuomintang/People First Party officials/officials arrested/arrested secrets/books, Dongda/Sheng/Biao, Zhong/* * * Department/members Song Li, Ma Shaozhou and Guan Peicang, and Zhang Xueliang ordered Tan Hai to lead a guard battalion to surround and raid the Shaanxi Provincial Party Department, which was called "an evening affair". Zhang Xueliang sent a telegram inviting Jiang Wei/members to town/the press.
10/0 On October 22nd, Jiang Zhongzheng flew from Nanking to Xi 'an and ordered the suppression of the Red Army. Zhang Xueliang expressed his opposition/opposition in person, and proposed to stop the civil war and unite against Japan. Chiang Kai-shek refused, and the two men had a quarrel.
10 year 10 On October 29th, Zhang Xueliang flew to Luoyang to celebrate his birthday, and advised Jiang * * * to resist Japan, but Jiang refused. Jiang/Jie/Shi resolutely rejected his idea of going north to resist Japan, forcing him to suppress * * *, or he would withdraw his department/team to the east.
165438+1On October 27th, Zhang Xueliang went to Jiang Zhongzheng and volunteered for the war of resistance, but Chiang refused.
On February 2, 65438, Zhang Xueliang flew to Luoyang to meet Jiang, demanding the release of the "seven gentlemen" who fought against Japan and saved the country. I reported to him that my troops were unstable and unable to support, and repeatedly asked Jiang/his staff to go to training/giving lectures. Jiang agreed to go to Ann and stay in China.
On February 4th, 65438, Jiang Zhongzheng arrived in Xi 'an from Luoyang, and immediately dispatched 300,000 China/Central Army troops/teams to "suppress" the Red Army. Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng protested, which was rejected by Jiang. Jiang told Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng: Either March or transfer the Northeast Army and the 17th Route Army to Fujian and Anhui.
On February 7, 65438, Zhang Xueliang went to Huaqingchi to make several remonstrances, demanding to stop the civil war and unite against Japan, but Chiang refused.
On February 9th, 65438, China/China * * */the production party group/organized a large-scale mass procession/demonstration/majestic, and the "December 9th" movement was held once a week/year. The special police/army/police shot and wounded a pupil/student. The masses were very angry and decided to go to Lintong to directly ask/show/threaten Jiang Zhongzheng. Jiang Zhongzheng forced Zhang Xueliang to stop studying/living/transporting/moving, and he could shoot at studying/living if necessary. After receiving the order, Zhang Xueliang caught up with the tourist team and tried his best to persuade the students to go back. Northeastern University students shouted "China people/China people don't hit China people/China people!" "The Northeast Army has returned to its hometown and recovered the lost land in the Northeast!" Wait for the slogan. Zhang Xueliang told the masses to answer academic/health requirements with practical actions within one week. If you can't, any one of you can "kill me, Zhang Xueliang". Please/willing to learn/students sing "On the Songhua River" in front of Huaqingchi, which touched the Northeast NCO present, and the whole audience was full of emotion/national pride.
That night, Zhang Xueliang found Jiang/Jie/Shi and once again advised Jiang to resist Japan and asked Jiang to let Xue/Sheng go. However, Jiang/Jie/Shi said angrily, "There is no way to fight these students except turning off the machine/gun." After listening to this, Zhang was furious and asked, "Will the plane/cannon be turned off to beat the Japanese, but love/Chinese studies/students?". Zhang Jiang quarreled again, and the furious Zhang Xueliang decided to fight that night. That night, Zhang Xueliang discussed with Yang, decided to launch a mutiny, and ordered Bai Fengxiang to arrest Chiang Kai-shek. Bai Fengxiang said, "I've only seen photos, but I've never seen myself. I'm afraid of making mistakes in the chaos. "
65438+February 10, Zhang Xueliang took it to see Jiang/Jie/Shi. Jiang is holding a meeting/discussion, officially launching the sixth "encirclement and suppression" plan, and decided to announce the mobilization order on 12.
On the evening of February 65438+1, Jiang invited Zhang Xueliang, Yang Hucheng, Jiang, Chen Cheng and Zhu Shaoliang to dinner. During the dinner, Jiang announced the appointment of the former commander-in-chief of the Northwest Anti-Banditry Army and the commander-in-chief of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. Command the Central/Central Army to take over the task of suppressing the Northeast Army and the Northwest Army.
What happened?
On the evening of June 5438+February 1 1, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng summoned the senior generals of the Northeast Army and the 17th Route Army respectively and announced that they would instruct the soldiers the next morning.
65438+February 65438+At 5 o'clock in the morning of February, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng launched a remonstration, and the Northeast Army went to Linqong Huaqingchi to arrest Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang Kai-shek jumped out of the bedroom window, hurt his back, hid behind a big stone and was found alive. The 17th Route Army also detained/left Chen Cheng, Shao/Li/Jiang,, and others in An. The Xi incident broke out.
On the same day, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng sent a telegram to the whole country about the eight propositions of saving the country, proposing:
Reorganize the Nanjing government to accommodate all parties and be responsible for saving the country. Stop all civil wars. Immediately release the love/collar/sleeve of the vamp/quilt/trap. Release all political prisoners in the country. Create love/national luck/sports. Protect/hinder people/gather people/assemble/organize all political affairs/autonomy/reasons. Always follow general sun's instructions. Call a national salvation/meeting/meeting immediately. At 1 1 30 that night, the Nanjing Central Committee held a regular meeting and a joint meeting/discussion with the central government, and decided to seize Zhang Xueliang's position and hand it over to the Military Commission/Staff Committee for strict handling. The meeting/discussion finally decided to suppress and use it, and he was the commander-in-chief of the rebel army and Yu Youren was the ambassador.
1February 12 on the evening, when Song Meiling heard about the Xi' an incident in Shanghai, he thought that his Australian friend Duane was a journalist born in Yus, New South Wales, Australia. His career is in China, and he sponsored Heart and Living in China. Later, he became the guest secretary of Beijing/Beijing Beiyang government; He is the counselor of Zhang's father and son. He has close contacts with Zhang Xueliang and is also a human being. Mrs. Jiang invited Duan Na to the apartment to discuss, and Duan Na felt duty-bound to the party. That night, she burned the midnight oil and accompanied Song Meiling to Nanjing.
12 13 at eight o'clock in the morning, Song Meiling called Zhang Xueliang and told Duan Na that he planned to fly to Xi 'an. Duan Na also sent a telegram to Zhang Xueliang. 12 16, after the country/civil affairs/government advised Zhang Xueliang to surrender, China's family exchanged letters and telegrams, asking for permission/cutting, so the Central Political Bureau/Central Political Bureau/Committee meeting decided what to appoint as the commander-in-chief of the rebel army, Herry Liu as the commander-in-chief of the East Road Regiment/Legion, and Gu as the commander-in-chief of the West Road Regiment/Legion, and assembled troops respectively. The air force immediately bombed the neighboring cities of Xi 'an and gradually turned to Xi 'an. Zhang Xueliang allowed the detained Jiang to return to Luoyang first, and asked the national army to suspend military operations to avoid escalating the situation.
12 17, the producer of China/China * * */who was determined to kill insisted on his release. At the same time, Izvestia and Pravda also openly supported Jiang Zhongzheng. After internal arguments, China/* * * finally decided to obey/obey the instructions of Si/Da/Lin, and China/China * * */the producer sent Zhou/En/to Ann to participate in the negotiation of the security incident.
12 17, Sri Lanka/Dalian/Lin Zhizhong/* *, considering that Jiang/Jie/Shi may become an important leader/guide of China/China anti-Japanese forces in the future, I hope to release Jiang. After internal arguments, China/* * * decided to obey/obey the instructions of Si/Da/Lin, and China/China * * */the producer sent Zhou/En/to Ann to participate in the negotiations on the security incident. A letter to Jiang/Xie/Shi after the incident.
On February 22nd, 65438, Song Meiling and Song Ziwen waited for Xi 'an. On the plane, Song Meiling handed his hand/gun to Duane and said, "If the rebels do anything impolite to me, you can shoot me with this gun at once." . Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng greeted them at the airport. After getting off the plane, Song Meiling and Zhang Xueliang said, "Han Qing, this is my thing. Don't check it again?" Zhang Xueliang immediately said, "Madam, how dare you! How dare you! " Zhang and Yang held talks with and respectively. Later, accompanied by Zhang Xueliang, Song Meiling and Duan Na went to see Jiang. Holding a plum box, Song Meiling meets Jiang/Jie/Shi. Jiang/Xie/Shi recorded in An Banyue Tan that Jiang Jiansong burst into tears and said, "Why are you here? If you go into the den! " It is suggested that Jiang go to the mansion of general Zhang Xueliang.
"It is better to kill your opponent than to resist Japan!" It is better to resist Japan, and victory and defeat are heroes, instead of dying at the hands of the rebels because they refused to resist Japan. Since then, Jiang/Jie/Shi's attitude has changed.
On February 24th, 65438, Jiang Zhongzheng accepted six agreements. Namely: reorganize the state/People's Party and the state/civil affairs/government, expel the pro-Japanese faction and accommodate the anti-Japanese faction. Release Shang/Hai Ai/Guo Ling/Sleeve (4), release all political/political prisoners and protect people's rights and interests. Stop the policy of "suppressing * * *" and unite with the Red Army to resist Japan. Call all parties, all walks of life and all armies to save the country and decide on the policy of resisting Japan and saving the country. Establish cooperative relations with countries sympathetic to China's anti-Japanese war. Other specific ways to save the country, but Jiang/Jie/Shi didn't/didn't want to sign any agreement for his promise. Some subordinates of the Northeast Army and the Northwest Army complained to Zhang Xueliang, saying, "We all hold your head for you. Why didn't you even sign it in the end?" Zhang Xueliang replied: "Your political/political awareness/understanding is not as high as mine. Although Jiang/Jie/Shi has been arrested, his political power is still there. Now we have to let him go and hold him as a collar/sleeve. If we force him to sign, he will go back on his word. It is also good to seek a gentleman's agreement now. " Zhang Xueliang's proposal was opposed by Yang Hucheng, who finally agreed to Zhang Xueliang's proposal of "releasing Chiang Kai-shek without signing" under the persuasion of * * */producer Zhou/En/Lai.
On the afternoon of February 25th, 65438, Jiang Zhongzheng left Xi 'an by plane, accompanied by Zhang Xueliang himself. Arrive in Luoyang on the same day. Before leaving Xi, Zhang Xueliang left a power of attorney and handed over the Northeast Army to Yang Hucheng for command.
On February 26th, 65438, Jiang Zhongzheng arrived in Nanjing and the Xi Incident was settled peacefully. Zhang Xueliang was detained.
Results and effects
After the Xi incident, the civil war stopped, which promoted the second cooperation between the two countries and established the anti-Japanese United front, which greatly aroused the anti-Japanese enthusiasm of the people of China.
After the Xi incident, China people/China * * */the production party got a rest. After the Xi Incident, the Japanese army accelerated its plan to invade China, and launched the Lugouqiao Incident seven months after the Xi Incident, and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out in an all-round way.
After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the country * * * began to "rob the Kanto", and Mao Zedong/Dong decided to send all people related to the Northeast to work in the Northeast, including Zhang Xueliang's fourth brother. On the National/People's Party, it was suggested that Zhang Xueliang should be reactivated. At the same time, China/* * formally requested Zhang Xueliang to return to the Northeast for the first time. Due to the high prestige of Zhang's father and son in Northeast China, the Central Committee of Kuomintang/People First Party drew up a proposal to appoint Zhang Xueliang as the head/post of Northeast Hangyuan, Hu Zongnan as the deputy head/post of Northeast Hangyuan, the head/post of Liaoning provincial government/government, and the secretary/post of Liaoning Hangyuan. However, this proposal was rejected by Jiang/Xie/Shi and was appointed to be in charge of the work in Northeast China. Later, Jiang/Jie/Shi. After most of the elite departments/teams of China/People's Party were wiped out by China/* * * in the northeast, their war situation in China/China turned into a state of defeat, and they quickly lost the whole of China/China.
After the Xi Incident, Zhang Xueliang sent Chiang Kai-shek to Nanjing. After arriving in Nanjing, he was tried by a military court and sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of 10 years. However, Zhang himself did not serve his sentence, but was soft/banned for a long time. Due to the continuous loss of territory of the national army during the Anti-Japanese War, the soft/forbidden places often change, and the soft/forbidden facilities and environment also change.
After being sent abroad, Yang Hucheng sneaked back to Hunan/Hong Kong to participate in the Anti-Japanese War, but was arrested by the Kuomintang/People's Party. 1949, Yang Hucheng, his children, guards, and Secret/Yi Shu * * 8 people were killed by the personnel of the Military Bureau in Daigong Temple. It was later confirmed that Mao Renfeng was the direct messenger of this massacre/killing operation.
Sri Lanka/Sri Lanka/Sri Lanka releases Jiang Jingguo to China/China.
Jiang/Jie/Shi suffered a serious back injury in the incident and never recovered from it. He relies on crutches or others to help him walk.