There are three paradigms of western aesthetic modernity: the first is the perceptual or even irrational paradigm of classical aesthetic rationality and intellectualism value orientation; The second is to oppose classical aesthetic moralism? External? The aesthetic independence paradigm presented by the value orientation; The third is aimed at all kinds of modern society? Alienation? The use of reality and representation? Aesthetic dimension? Criticizing the paradigm of modern society.
Keywords Paradigm Aesthetic Modernity Perceptual Irrational Aesthetic Independent Aesthetic Criticism
Although there are many schools and viewpoints in western modern aesthetics, does it surpass classical aesthetics? Classical? However, there are three relatively concentrated paradigms:
First, the perceptual and irrational paradigm based on classical rationality and knowledge.
The keynote of western traditional civilization is rational knowledge, which has always been one of people's highest ideals. As Zeiler said: In the 6th century BC, Greek philosophy boldly and almost violently embarked on the road from myth to rationality. ? [1] (P336) Fully trusting reason and pursuing knowledge and wisdom with reason are the keynote of ancient Greek civilization. Democritus only believed in reason. In his later years, in order not to be influenced by sensibility and know the truth, he deliberately blinded his own eyes, which is evident. People ask Alaxagora why it is better to live than not to live. He said that because living can study the structure of heaven and the whole universe, we can see the primacy of the value orientation of knowledge. Plato and Aristotle regard rational knowledge as the highest standard. Perception is just a horse to Plato? Bad horse? Aristotle also thinks that sensibility is easy to make mistakes, so he evades imagination and thinks that if people are dominated by reason, then a rational life is the highest happiness. ? [2] (P228) Does Plato think that literature and art arouse people's emotions? Sentimental? With what? Poor? , what else? The truth? After three floors, the poet was dismissed. Aristotle doesn't expel poets, because he thinks people are happy to see art imitate something, because people can remember that it is true? what's up So as to acquire knowledge. In the middle ages, secular perceptual enjoyment was regarded as sin, asceticism of absolute rational belief and? The other shore? Promise to suppress sensibility. This spirit of rational knowledge, together with Descartes' suspicion of everything? I think? It has been further strengthened. As Cassirer pointed out in Enlightenment Philosophy, Descartes spirit permeates all fields of knowledge, so that it dominates not only philosophy, but also literature, ethics, politics and sociology. Is the Enlightenment the same? Use your reason boldly? , put everything in? Rational court? Come before the judge.
This rational intellectual spirit has become aesthetics? Classical? The basic spirit, so boileau said in the poem, first of all, need to love righteousness, all articles, always only with righteousness can get value and light, what do you think? Truth is beauty? . Does art come from this rational knowledge? Imitation theory? Reflection theory, mirror image theory, The truth? Realism and other issues have become the most important issues in classical aesthetics. The form of art has become to depict the truth. Bitter medicine? Outside? Honey. Just to spread knowledge better, it is not of great value in itself. As belinsky summed up, philosophers speak with syllogism, and writers speak with images, but their purpose is to know the truth of the world, but in different ways. So Balzac declared that he wanted to put the whole society in his mind and asked his work to be? Panorama of mankind? . Engels also said that he learned more from Balzac than from economists at that time. People blame poets and often say that they can't give it to others? True knowledge? At the same time, defend it that it can give people knowledge. Until the19th century, Peacock criticized the poet in this way, thinking that the poet could not be a useful or rational person. And Shelley's defense thinks poetry? It is both the center of knowledge and its circumference; It contains all science, and all science must be traced back to it. ? [3] (P77) One said that poetry can't give people real knowledge, and the other said that poetry is the source of all knowledge. In short, opposition and defense, survival or destruction, must be decided by knowledge. Therefore, the ultimate goal of classical aesthetics is to know the world and gain true knowledge, which can be said to be an epistemology and epistemology aesthetics.
It is precisely because of the rebellion against classical traditional rational knowledge that modern aesthetics has established the principle that aesthetics belongs to sensibility. As early as Descartes strongly advocated the principle of reason, Pascal also proposed it? Thinking logic? Facing rational logic. What are the heroes of the Renaissance? Human discovery? The joy of boldly shouting? Is the happiness of the world enough for me? Slogan, the aesthetic world is all people? An eternal smile. Italian Vico proposed? Poetic wisdom? The concept emphasizes that aesthetic art has its own unique operational logic; Rousseau, another epoch-making figure, opposed the so-called rational civilization with stronger natural passion and shouted loudly? Back to nature? Taking natural and perceptual human nature as the ideal, it opposes the civilized tradition of western rationality supremacy, and thinks that human thinking state is a state against nature, while meditating person is a changed animal. The perceptual principle established by Rousseau became the core idea of romantic aesthetics against traditional aesthetic rational epistemology in the future. It is in this wave of rationalism that the rising perceptual trend of thought makes? The father of aesthetics? Baum Tong Jia thinks there should be specialized knowledge to study? Sensibility? Okay, like this? Perceptual science? That is, aesthetics is born properly. Bacon once pointed out with deep feeling in New Tools that people always have an ancient and deep-rooted prejudice, that is, they think that human reason spends a lot of energy stubbornly studying experience and special, perceptual and material things, as if it is detrimental to their dignity. Now people don't see it that way. I already have one? Sensibility? Has changed. So, f? Schlegel said? I don't care about what I can't see, only what I can smell, taste, touch and stimulate all my senses. ? [4] (P75) The romantic movement that swept the world later took imagination, emotion and genius as its aesthetic value orientation. Has this perception paradigm developed to Barclays? Being is being perceived? Feuerbach's theory of biological sensibility reached the extreme. And develop to? Unconscious instinct? 、? Intuitive in nature? 、? Will. 、? Intuition? 、? Watch the trial? 、? Dream? 、? Impression? 、? Here? The revelation and publicity of instant feelings developed into an irrational sensualism.
It is a modern transcendence of rational knowledge of classical art, so? Modern? A core idea of art is irrational personal emotional expression, abandonment? Can do anything? Perspective and Exquisite and Perfect Structure: Symbolism? Induction? Walk with the world? Psychic? ; Surrealism comes from dreams? Automatic writing? ; Psychoanalysis regards creation as? Daydreaming? ; Futurism, on the other hand, advocates that syntax must be eliminated and nouns should be listed randomly; On the other hand, Dadaism claims that it will stop painting, literature, musicians, sculptors and religions. All these show subversion and rebellion against the value orientation of traditional art, showing great irrationality. As Gorky said:? Writers in the past generally had broad ideas, a harmonious world outlook and a strong sense of life, and the whole vast world was within their sight. Modern writers are becoming more and more unpredictable, more and more vague and, to tell the truth, more and more pitiful. ? [5](p256) Until the 1960s, Gadamer? Hermeneutics? Derrida led it? Deconstruction? Represented by Lyotard? Postmodernism? , deconstruction? Center? , against? Grand narrative? , digestion? Depth? 、? Meaning? Indulge in? The difference? 、? Pluralistic? 、? A plane? And explanatory? Visual fusion? In fact, these are the results of resisting the classical rational knowledge tradition. From rationality-sensibility-irrationality, this is a deep logical line of the evolution of western aesthetic value orientation from ancient times to modern times.
Second, the aesthetic independence paradigm based on classical moralism.
Classical aesthetics is also a kind of value aesthetics, showing a strong ethical color. Taking social moral value as an important measure to judge art, social function and moral function often become the most important criteria to judge a work of art, so classical aesthetics has become a kind of? Pan-moralization? Aesthetics.
In Socrates, he regarded beauty and goodness as the same thing, and he said:? Do you think kindness is one thing and beauty is another? Don't you know that everything that is both beautiful and good is linked to the same purpose to make it both beautiful and good? ? [6](p48) Therefore, a good thing is beauty, and beauty is good. They are the same thing. Plato also said that if you think the paradigm of good is more beautiful than truth and knowledge, that's right. Good has a more noble and honourable position than science and truth. Goodness must be incredible beauty, it is the author of science and truth, and it is far better than the beauty of science and truth. Plato regarded goodness as the highest value, and it was from the perspective of goodness that he started from education? Utopia? From the young people's point of view. Aristotle is reading a poem? Purification? 、? Cultivate? The function of forgiving poets. Asked Horace of ancient Rome? Fun and education? , to reconcile the contradiction between the two. From the perspective of advocating absolute spiritual belief, the Middle Ages cursed the immorality and depravity of secular literature and art. What about Sidney? Defend poetry? Miss poetry? The purpose is education and pleasure? , have the right to exist. Take art as a priority? Moral training? As an educational form and tool, it is a universal paradigm in classical aesthetics. Poets and artists have become judges and defenders of human moral conscience. Therefore, Diderot said that poets and artists are teachers of human beings, comforters of life pain, punishers of evil and rewards of virtue. In short, art has become a just judge of human morality and law. Schiller proudly said: Where the field of human law ends, the jurisdiction of the theater begins. ? [7] (P 12) Drama, literature and art have acted as another moral judge in the world. This kind? Pan-moralization? Aesthetics is aesthetics? Classical? Another important connotation of.
It is precisely because of the rebellion against the moral standards of the classical aesthetic world that modern aesthetics has established art to create? Beauty itself? For the purpose of principle, it emphasizes the difference between aesthetic art and scientific knowledge, ethics and morality, thus establishing the basic concept of aesthetic independence. In laocoon, Lessing clearly pointed out that beauty is the highest goal of art, and in the eyes of ancient Greeks, beauty is the highest law of plastic arts. Anything else that plastic arts can pursue, if incompatible with beauty, must give way to beauty; If you are compatible with beauty, you should at least obey it. Yue Knowles, a British aesthetician, also pointed out in his speech 1769 at the Royal Academy of Art that the goal of art is beauty, and the task of art is to discover and express this beauty. Art aims at beauty. Without beauty, there is no gradually formed artistic concept. Bartos in 1746 published the article "The Art of Simplifying to the Principle of Single Beauty", which is clearly divided into pleasure orientation? Art of beauty? And practical mechanical art, put? Art of beauty? Be independent. Kant's Critique of Judgment and Hegel's Aesthetics both point out that their theories are about? Art of beauty? The theory of. Raiguel pointed out. Art should not and cannot create anything except beauty, which is the purpose and essence of art itself. In this way, this modifier becomes an unnecessary burden. ? 【8】(p303)？ Art of beauty? This modifier? Beautiful? It is completely redundant, which shows that the idea that art aims at beauty rather than knowledge and morality has gradually become the knowledge of an era.
Modern aesthetics, while establishing that art aims at beauty, also emphasizes the difference between art and science and philosophy, so as to establish the principle of aesthetic independence. Kant pointed out in Critique of Judgment:? There is no science about beauty, only judgment about beauty; There is no science of beauty, only art of beauty. As for a science, if it is as beautiful as science, it is a monster. ? [9] (P 150) Kant regards beauty as a subjective form and establishes the independence of aesthetics. As Cassirer pointed out, Kant clearly and convincingly proved the autonomy of art for the first time in Critique of Judgment. In the past, all systems sought an artistic principle within the scope of theoretical knowledge or moral life. Schiller followed closely regarded aesthetics as freedom? Games? It is emphasized that art cannot be judged by scientific standards, and art and science are two independent fields. He pointed out that the wider the boundary of science, the narrower the boundary of art, and the romantic philosopher schleiermacher also took it as his duty to point out the unique essence of aesthetic art, and he proposed? Consistency activities? And then what? Personal sexual activity? Distinguish. So-called? Consistency activities? It is an activity of philosophy of science, and artistic activities are based on individuality, difference and diversity. Therefore, we can't use philosophy and scientific logic to demand aesthetic art. Where philosophy ends, poetry begins. , John? Mill even said? Poetry and science are opposites? . In fact, these are the principles of knowledge, science, art and aesthetics to emphasize the independence of aesthetics. This idea of aesthetic independence has gradually become a universal paradigm of the times since the middle and late18th century.
Therefore, this principle of aesthetic autonomy has developed into aestheticism represented by Wilde and jean paul gaultier. Art for art's sake? It should be said that it is logical to hold high the non-utilitarian principle of aesthetics and emphasize the independent existence reason of art itself. Croce, an intuitionist, emphasizes that art is not a physical fact, moral activity, utilitarian activity, concept or logical activity, and thinks that art is independent of utility, morality and all practical values. Without this independence, the intrinsic value of art cannot be discussed. Croce's idea of emphasizing aesthetic independence is not a particularly new theoretical creation. It is an inevitable link in the long river of aesthetic independence and a continuation of the value paradigm of pursuing artistic independence. The Russian formalism theory, which arose in the 20th century, gave a detailed explanation of the poetic language form itself. Literature and art And then what? Defamiliarization? Technology; British and American New Criticism Theory? Look carefully? The text itself; Does structuralism find itself within the text group? Structure? ; Semiotic aesthetic creation? A symbol of emotion? Wait, these so-called ... Internal research? All aesthetics is the result of this aesthetic independence paradigm, which embodies the spirit of pursuing aesthetic independence.
Third, for society? Alienation? Aesthetic criticism paradigm
With the modernization of western society, what is the influence of modern science and technology on people? Alienation? The criticism of western aesthetics on the increasingly developed modern society is also increasingly strengthened. Trying to save the disadvantages brought by social modernity with aesthetics, taking aesthetics as the road, hoping to escape the evil consequences of social modernity, has become a popular aesthetic paradigm.
As we know, after several innovations in global navigation, religious reform, industrial revolution, Enlightenment, French Revolution and science and technology, western society has entered a modern society with highly developed productive forces and extremely rich material goods. But it also brings people's? Materialization? With what? Mechanization? Socializing? Do not agree with ... Imbalance? The destruction of spiritual home and the loss of poetic dwelling. As Marx once pointed out, the bourgeoisie has made more achievements in a short period of time than the sum of all previous eras, but at the same time it has destroyed all feudal, patriarchal and idyllic relations. Modern western society is such a dual society. It has created miracles for the rich, but brought abject poverty to the workers. As Dickens pointed out at the beginning of A Tale of Two Cities, it was the most prosperous and declining era. Weber called this modern society. Despire？ Society; Holderlin called it? An era of poverty? ; Heidegger called it? God's departure? 、? World night? 、? Homeless? And then what? An era hanging in the abyss? ; Nietzsche called it? God is dead? Foucault called it the times? Human death? The era of.
It is in the face of the new pain brought by modern society to human life that modern aesthetics and art have saved modern people? One-sided pinning our hopes on perceptual aesthetics, which requires aesthetic survival and aesthetic survival. For modern material civilization and mind? Imbalance? The harm brought to mankind began to be criticized as early as Rousseau's sensitive mind. Schiller consciously made aesthetics shoulder the mission of saving modern people earlier. Schiller pointed out in "Letters on Aesthetic Education" that it is the excessive development of modern civilization itself that has caused the trauma of human nature division to modern people. He pinned the hope of redemption on aesthetics and thoughts: only aesthetic taste can bring harmony to society, because he has established harmony in his own mind, and all other appearances are dividing people. ? Aesthetic [10] (p27)? Game impulse? There are both sensibility and rationality, so what can be done to save the split between sensibility and rationality? Fragment man? The only hope is aesthetics. Heidegger faced this? The age of technology? The world has forgotten its own society and hopes that poets can save modern people. He thinks that in this era, maybe only poets can really make us feel that there is still? Living poetically on the earth? Hope, can you do it for us? Uncover? . In What is a Poet, he pointed out that in the dark age of the world, people must experience and bear the abyss of the world. But for this reason, someone is bound to go to the abyss. This? Rolling in the deep? This man is a poet. Only poets can? Reveal the secret? Really exist, gradually make it exist? Uncover? And then what? Is that clear? Get up. So, in Heidegger's view, what is the existence of this exposure? No cover? It's beauty. ? This shining point embedded in the works is beauty. Beauty is a way of appearing as an undiscovered truth. ? [1 1] (P276) Beauty and art became what Heidegger believed in? Living poetically in this land? The hope lies.
For the Frankfurt school, their purpose is to point out that the progress of material civilization has brought to mankind? Barbarians? State. Frankfurt School brought people out of this illiberal mechanical society? Depression? The hope of salvation lies in aesthetics. Marcuse believes that people's sensibility is numb under the repression of modern mechanical society, and people's freedom is rooted in people's sensibility, so liberating sensibility has become the goal of modern society. Perception has become an important way to build a new life and resist the existing society, and the liberation of personal feelings has become the prelude and foundation of universal liberation. In Marcuse's view, the liberation of human beings must first liberate sensibility, and the liberation of sensibility has become a political struggle against the contemporary alienated society. Practice? Activities, so Marcuse said: the liberation of individual senses may be the starting point or even the basis of universal liberation. ? [12] (p132) perceptual liberation undertakes the mission of saving the oppressed and alienated modern people. What kind of sensibility is it now? Revolution? With what? Rebellion? Yes, it's a kind? New sensibility? Yes Therefore, aesthetics has become a real way for modern people to exist.
Freud's basic understanding of psychoanalytic aesthetics is that modern civilization is based on the suppression of human instinct, and the development of civilization is at the expense of the satisfaction of instinct. Therefore, Freud believes that saving modern people is to fully satisfy people's instinct and get out of depression. Aesthetics is an important means to resist the oppression of modern society and save mankind. Therefore, Freud regards the pleasure of satisfying sexual instinct as the essence of aesthetic pleasure and points out that aesthetic feeling definitely extends from the sexy field, and there is an ulterior sexy purpose in the love of beauty. ? [13] (P409) In this way, beauty is linked with the most primitive and basic instinct of human beings, and aesthetic feeling becomes the satisfaction of primitive irrational pleasure, so beauty has the nature of resisting modern civilization. Nietzsche, who had a far-reaching influence on modern aesthetics, also felt the loss and decadence of modern people, the numbness of machinery and the disappearance of the strong will of physical life, so he emphasized that the exuberant primitive vitality and fundamental problem were based on the body and the body was the clue. Therefore, for Nietzsche, beauty is a person who expresses the strong will of perceptual life. In Twilight of Idol, he said:? Nothing is beautiful, only people are beautiful, and all aesthetics are based on this simple truth, which is the first truth of aesthetics. We immediately added the second truth: nothing is uglier than a declining person. The field of aesthetics is therefore limited. ? [14] (p67) Nietzsche regards the state with primitive vitality as a real aesthetic state. What makes our life full of vitality and richness is an aesthetic and artistic state, which? Life aesthetics? Is it for society? Modern disease? From dissatisfaction.
American scholar Karinescu once said:? To be sure, at some time in the first half of the19th century, there was an insurmountable split between modernity as a stage in the history of western civilization and modernity as an aesthetic concept. ? [15](p48) In Kalinescu's view, aesthetic modernity is to criticize and protest social modernity in an aesthetic and perceptual way. It should be said that this is indeed an important paradigm of western aesthetic modernity.
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