This reform took place in the 5th century BC, and finally established and reached the peak of Athenian democracy, which is called the "golden age" of Athenian democracy. This reformer is in the charge of Pericles.

All adult male citizens can hold almost any official position. Except for the ten generals, all official posts at all levels are open to all citizens and are selected by lot. They can also attend the citizens' assembly and reach an agreement on the important affairs of the city-state.

2. Shang Yang Reform

During the Warring States Period, Qin Xiaogong, king of Qin, was determined to reform and recruit talents. Shang Yang entered the State of Qin from defending the country, and put forward a set of reform and innovation development strategies, such as abandoning mineral fields, attaching importance to agriculture and mulberry, rewarding meritorious military service, implementing unified quantity and establishing county system, which won his trust and made him a regular.

In 356 BC and 350 BC, two reforms were carried out with the main content of "abandoning ore fields to open buildings, implementing the county system, rewarding farmers and fighting, and implementing the method of sitting together".

After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin's economy developed, and the fighting capacity of the army continued to strengthen, and it developed into the most powerful centralized country in the late Warring States period. ?

3, follwed restructuring

Wang Mang's reform, also known as Wang Mang's New Deal, was a series of new measures adopted by the new emperor Wang Mang at the end of the Western Han Dynasty to alleviate the growing social contradictions. Including land reform, currency reform, business reform and official county name reform.

In the first year (8 years), Wang Mang accepted Liu Ying's abdication and proclaimed himself emperor, changing his country name to "Xin" and Chang 'an to Chang 'an. As the capital of the new dynasty, Wang Mang set a precedent for China to be an emperor by abdicating. The comprehensive social reform initiated by Wang Mang.

4, the reform of emperor wu of song

The reform of Emperor Wu of Song refers to the various reforms carried out by Emperor Wu from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the early years of Liu. There is also a title: Yixi Reform. Since 405 AD, Emperor Wu of Song has carried out a series of reforms on political and social issues since the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

Including the implementation of the land law, the restoration of the system of filial piety, the rectification of the tax system, the abolition of exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees, the prohibition of powerful people to close mountains and water, the suppression of mergers, the relief of the poor, the revitalization of education, the streamlining of overseas Chinese counties, the weakening of gentry power, and the strengthening of centralization.

It further dealt a blow to the decadent and dark aristocratic gentry forces, improved the political and social situation, and alleviated the suffering of the working people. It laid a solid political foundation for the "rule of Yuanjia" and also laid the basic political pattern of the Southern Dynasties. It has also played an important role in promoting the economic development in Jiangnan area. At the same time, the reform of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty also played an important role in the history of China's ancient economic center moving southward.

5. The reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty

The reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty, commonly known as the localization of filial piety, refers to the political reform carried out by Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Its main content is the Sinicization Movement, including the implementation of the equal land system and household regulation, the official system and legal reform, the relocation of the capital to Luoyang, and the change of customs in China.