/kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, with the development of Hungarian capitalism, the proletariat gradually grew. On the eve of World War I, there were about 1 10,000 workers in Hungary, half of whom worked in large and medium-sized enterprises and half in small factories. Large-scale industries are basically concentrated in the capital Budapest and its surrounding areas. At that time, the working class and working people were brutally exploited and oppressed by the big bourgeoisie and lived a life inferior to that of cattle and horses. On average, factory workers work as long as 12 to 16 hours a day, and even children aged eleven or twelve work as long as 12 hours or more. The wages of workers are very low. The salary of adult workers is only 2/3 of that of Austrian workers and12 of that of German workers. The wages of child workers and female workers are even less, and life is very miserable.

For a long time, due to the national oppression of Habsburg dynasty, Hungary became Austria's agricultural vassal country. Therefore, Hungary in the early 20th century was basically an underdeveloped capitalist country dominated by agriculture. 64% of the country's residents are engaged in agriculture, and 1/2 of the land is in the hands of 24,000 big landlords. More than three-quarters of farmers have no land at all, or only a little land. The situation that farmers lack land is very serious. At the same time, capitalist relations have also developed in rural areas, accelerating the class differentiation of farmers. Except for a few peasants who become rich peasants, most peasants have to do long-term and short-term jobs for landlords and rich peasants because they have no land or little land. Many farmers are forced to leave their homes and go out to make a living. Besides being enslaved and exploited by landlords and rich peasants, they were also exploited by businessmen and usurers. Coupled with various taxes, they have worked hard for a year and have no food and clothing. The peasants hated the Habsburg dynasty and longed for land and liberation very urgently. Therefore, on the eve of the revolution, the contradiction between the Hungarian people and the Habsburg dynasty, the contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the working class before, and the contradiction between the feudal big landlord class and the peasants were extremely sharp. 1 91810/0. In October, the Hungarian working class protested against the German and Austro-Hungarian governments' rejection of the peace treaty proposed by the Soviet Union, and a general strike of 300,000 workers broke out in10. The strikers shouted: "Long live Russian Soviet federal socialism and the country"! The general strike in January started in the capital and soon spread to other cities, forming a nationwide political general strike. Strike workers in szeged urged the government to sign a peace treaty with the Soviet Union. The strikers in Ozd passed a resolution with infinite joy and named the square where the mass meeting was held "Lenin Square". The workers' strike movement and the activities of revolutionary socialists accelerated the spread of revolutionary ideas among soldiers. 1 965438+February, 20081day, Catoro sailors uprising, involving 60,000 sailors from 40 warships. They arrested officers and set up sailors' committees, which were suppressed by the government's main fleet and German submarines. On May 20th, soldiers of the 6th Infantry Battalion in Becky City also launched an uprising. The rebels occupied the armory, seized a batch of rifles and machine guns, and occupied the neighboring barracks and stations. The reactionary government suppressed the uprising with artillery.

The reactionaries' suppression of the mass revolutionary movement by force can only add fuel to the fire. 1 918 in June, a general strike broke out in Budapest, which was another large-scale action after the1month general strike. During the strike, bloody clashes took place between workers and reactionary gendarmes. During the general strike, many Soviet organizations appeared in the capital and other places. Some farmers also rose to seize the landlord's land.

In order to save its crumbling rule, the reactionary Hungarian government suppressed it by force, and at the same time used newspapers to create counter-revolutionary public opinion to trick the domestic people into stopping the strike. And tried to compromise with the allies in order to concentrate on suppressing the mass revolutionary movement. 19 18 10 In June, the Austro-Hungarian army suffered a fiasco on the Italian front and quickly disintegrated. The Austro-Hungarian Empire fell apart, and domestic grievances in Hungary boiled. 10/0 On October 30th, workers in Budapest, led by revolutionary socialists and leftist social Democrats, started a general strike and held a massive demonstration. Demonstrators chanted slogans, sang the Hungarian national anthem and Marseillaise, and marched in the street. The people on the roadside warmly welcomed the demonstrators. Women and girls waved handkerchiefs from the window. The soldiers tore off the dynasty cap badge on the military cap, stepped in the mud, grabbed the officer's command knife and pistol and took part in the demonstration. That night, workers and soldiers in the capital launched an armed uprising. The next day, the rebels occupied the important strategic strongholds in the city-bridges, post offices, telephone offices, arsenals and the Yugoslav defense headquarters, and opened prisons to release arrested revolutionary comrades. The rebels demanded the establishment of an independent Hungarian Republic. However, because there was no real revolutionary party in the Hungarian working class at this time, the Social Democratic Party adopted a compromise policy, and the fruits of the people's victory were seized by the bourgeoisie, and the so-called "Coalition government" headed by Mikhail Karoli was established. This "coalition government" did not sever relations with the Habsburg dynasty, but was sworn in to the emperor. The new government also announced the end of the revolution, allowing workers to return to factories and soldiers to return to barracks. All this has aroused strong dissatisfaction among the people. On June 1 65438+1October1day, revolutionary socialists organized a large-scale mass rally to protest against the "coalition government" against the will of the people. The General Assembly passed a resolution: "The domestic working people and soldiers unanimously demanded the immediate establishment of a republic and the severance of all ties with the dynasty." . At this time, the struggle to establish the Republic of * * * swept the country, and the political power in many places was in the hands of the workers' representative Soviet; The peasant movement is also very active. In the Carpathian region, a movement was launched to seize the landlord's land. Under the strong pressure of the people's revolutionary movement, the Karoli government officially announced the establishment of the Hungarian bourgeoisie and abolished the Habsburg dynasty on June1916. The establishment of the Hungarian bourgeois republic marked the victory of the Hungarian bourgeois democratic revolution. However, due to the lack of political struggle experience of the proletariat and the working people, many workers' representative Soviets established in the revolutionary struggle were dominated by the right wing of the Social Democratic Party, and as a result, Karoli once again stole the presidency. The Republic established by the bourgeois-democratic revolution in October was not the socialist Republic that the working class hoped for at all. The Karoli government did not solve any major problems of the democratic revolution. For example, the land problem has not been solved at all, and equal rights for ethnic minorities and democratic reform are all empty words. On the contrary, the Karoli government regards suppressing revolutionary forces as its bounden duty. The Hungarian people just got rid of the national oppression of the Habsburg dynasty and were chained to the capitalist oppression by the "national" bourgeoisie. This situation further intensified the class contradictions in Hungary and promoted the rapid development of the revolutionary movement.