Zhangqian (? ~ Former 1 14) Diplomats in the Western Han Dynasty. Hanzhong Chenggu (now Shaanxi Chenggu) was born. In the first year of Jianyuan (before 140), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty became Lang. Emperor Wu wanted to attack the Huns with the Big Moon Family, and Zhang Qian was recruited as the envoy. In the second year of Jianyuan, he left Longxi and was captured by Xiongnu. In Xiongnu 10 years, they got married and had children, but they always adhered to the Han Festival. After escaping, I went west to Dawan, passed Kangju, arrived at Dayue's house, and went to Daxia, where I stayed for more than a year before coming back. On his way home, Zhang Qian changed from South Road to Nanshan in an attempt to avoid being discovered by Xiongnu, but he got it from Xiongnu and was detained for more than a year. In the third year of Yuan Shuo (BC 126), the Huns were in civil strife, and Zhang Qian took the opportunity to escape into the Han Dynasty. He gave a detailed report on the Western Regions to Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, who made him a doctor in Taichung. When Zhang Qian was in the summer, he learned that he could spend the summer by taking the road from the southwest of Shu (now Sichuan Basin) and taking the poison of India (now India). Because he advised Liang Wudi to open the route to the southwest, it was blocked by Kunming Yi and failed to pass. In the sixth year of Yuanshuo, Zhang Qian made contributions to the Xiongnu with Wei Qing, so he made a fortune and looked forward to it. In the second year of Yuanshou (before 12 1), he and Li Guang left Beiping (now northeast Hebei) to attack the Huns; Zhang Qian, who came late in the army, was beheaded, and made atonement with Hou to avoid being Shu Ren. After Zhang Qian persuaded Wu Di to unite with Wu Sun (in today's Ili Valley), Wu Di took Zhang Qian as a corps commander, led 300 people, and brought tens of thousands of cattle, sheep, gold and silks to Wu Sun. Zhang Qian sent envoys to Wusun and sent envoys to the surrounding countries such as Dawan, Kangju, Yueshi and Daxia. Wu Sun sent messengers to send Zhang Qian back to Han, and offered a horse to thank him. Ding Yuan in the second year (former 1 15), Zhang Qian also. Died the following year. After he sent envoys, he led envoys from various countries in the western regions to Han; Wu Sun finally married Han, and * * * defeated Xiongnu. Zhang Qian is the founder of Hanergy's ability to communicate with the western regions. Because of Zhang Qian's prestige in the Western Regions, the envoys of the Han Dynasty later called themselves "princes" to win the trust of other countries. Zhang Qian has made outstanding contributions to the opening of the Silk Road from China to the Western Regions, which is praised by the world. There were no historical records in western countries at that time, which were reported by Zhang Qian and recorded in Historical Records and Hanshu. They were the original materials on which the history of Central Asia was studied, and they were of great value. Xuanzang (602 ~ 664) was a monk in the Tang Dynasty. Traveler, one of the four great translators, founder of Faxiangzong. Known as the monk mage. Commonly known as Tang priest. The common surname is Chen Ming. Luozhougou (now Yanshigou Town, Henan Province) is a native. /kloc-became a monk at the age of 0/3, and was given full precepts at the age of 20. Visiting famous teachers to learn Nirvana Sutra, Mahayana Theory, Pilu Theory and Reality Theory, I felt that there were different theories, and I didn't know what to do, so I decided to go west to find a solution. In the third year of Zhenguan (629), he set out from Chang 'an, went out of Dunhuang through Wuwei, Gansu, went south through Xinjiang and Central Asia along the northern line of the Western Regions, and learned from teachers along the way. In the fifth year of Zhenguan, he arrived at the King Snake City of Mohist Tuo, and went to Nalanduo Temple to learn the yoga teacher's theory of land, preaching the holy religion, the doctrine of the middle way, the theory of hundred places and the theory of Ming Dynasty. He was revered in that temple for five years, which is one of the top ten virtues. Zhenguan left the temple for ten years, went to India, southeast and northwest to study, and then returned to the temple. Teachers should guide and teach "take the greatest number theory" and "only know the choice theory"; He refuted Ziguang Shi's view with Hui Zong's theory. The book "On Controlling Evil" breaks the saying of Prajnaparamita. After the Anti-Japanese King held the Buddhist Debate Competition in Qunnvcheng, Xuanzang was the debater and made the Mahayana Dharma public. Thousands of people attended the meeting, and no one dared to argue against it. Ling won a great victory and was honored as "Mahayana Heaven" and "Freedom from Heaven". After that, he returned to Chang 'an on the 25th day of the first month of the 19th year of Zhenguan, which lasted 17 years and traveled 50,000 miles, bringing back 657 books on the law of multiplication of large and small. Later, he lived in Hongfu Temple and Ji 'an Temple, and gathered famous monks to build a translation workshop. In the past 20 years, he translated 75 volumes 1335, including the theory of land and the Mahaprajna Sutra by yoga masters. And translated Laozi into Sanskrit. Author of the Western Regions of Datang. There are Kui Ji, Yuance, Shenyun, Jiashang, Shentai and Bao Dao. Xu Xiake (1587 ~ 164 1) was a traveler, geographer and essayist in Ming Dynasty. China was the first person who took travel as his lifelong career. Ming Hongzu, the word is really wise, and the name is Xiake. Jiangyin, South Zhili (now Jiangsu) people. Born in a bureaucratic landlord family, he was eager to learn, read history books and maps since he was a child. After failing in the exam, I was deeply impressed by the political darkness and fierce party struggle in the late Ming Dynasty, so I broke the idea of fame and fortune and set foot on the journey from 2 1 year old with the ambition of "asking famous mountains and rivers". For more than 30 years, he traveled to the Bohai Sea in the east, Huashan in the west, Yanjin in the north and Yunnan and Guangxi in the south, and traveled all over Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou and Yunnan. He was prepared for the difficulties and obstacles in his journey, robbed, deprived of food and begged, which didn't discourage him. The observation was recorded on a daily basis and compiled into Xu Xiake's Travels after his death. He corrected many mistakes in ancient local chronicles by observing facts and broke some superstitions and hypotheses. Starting from a simple scientific method, he expounded the principle of groundwater pressure, obtained the analysis that the river velocity is inversely proportional to the process, and observed the influence of topography, temperature and wind speed on plant ecology. In particular, he surveyed more than 100 limestone caves on the spot and correctly pointed out the causes and characteristics of karst landforms. This discovery predates Europeans by about two centuries. His travel prose adopts rich descriptive means. It has lasting aesthetic value. 1. David Livingston: The result of "breaking into" Africa: the first visit to Central Africa: 184 1 turn 1873 For David Livingston, a Scottish doctor and missionary, crossing the deserts, rainforests and barren hills in Africa means realizing his dream. He once struggled with a lion and almost lost an arm; He discovered one of the largest waterfalls in the world and named it "Victoria" after the Queen of England. He lost his sight on the way to find the source of the Nile. Five years later, reporter Henry Stein found Dr. Livingston in front of a hut and put forward the famous slogan: "Dr. Livingston, I want to do it!" " This slogan inspired countless later explorers. 2. Robert Pirelli: Achievements of Expedition to the North Pole: The earliest time to reach the North Pole: 1909 Robert Pirelli, his trusted partner Mather Hansen (another talented explorer) and four other team members went north together. On the way to the North Pole, they eradicated the ice peak at an altitude of 15 meters, endured extremely cold weather and encountered endless fog, as if it were black smoke burning in the whole North American prairie. When they finally reached the North Pole, Piri, who was in rags, was very excited. He waved the American flag sewn by his wife and really felt that he was on top of the world. 3. Rod Amundsen: Antarctic exploration results: the earliest time to reach the South Pole: 19 1 1. On the way to the North Pole, Rod Amundsen suddenly decided to go to the South Pole. Because he thinks it is "cooler" to be the first person to reach the South Pole than to inspect the developed land. I will beat you there! Amundsen told the news to his competitor, robert scott, an explorer on his way to the South Pole. In the coldest place in the world, Amundsen glided on the snow-covered wasteland by dogs dragging sledges. Facts have proved that this is a wonderful idea. Because Scott chose a pony as a means of transportation, the result was terrible, and the horseshoe kept slipping on the snow. Finally, Amundsen Biscottes arrived at the South Pole four weeks ahead of schedule. 4. Pang Sai Delean: Discovery of the "Sunshine Country" Expedition: Discovery of Florida Time: 15 13 ... There is a legend that there is a spring called the fountain of youth, and the first person who tastes the fountain of youth will get wealth, fame and a chance to be young again. But the problem is that no one knows where the legendary spring is. Spanish explorer Pang Sai Delean set sail from South America and reached Turkey and San Salvador all the way, but he couldn't find it either. Although Pang Si didn't find the fountain of youth, as the first European to set foot on this land and named it "Florida of pascua" (which we call Florida today), he did gain wealth and fame.