The origin of Paris

As early as the earth, there was no such country as "France", but there was ancient Paris that we called "France" more than 2,000 years ago. However, there is only a small fishing village on Xidi Island in the middle of the Seine River in Paris. The owner of the island is the "Paris Greeks" of the ancient Gaul tribe. In BC 1 century, the Romans began to register here and gradually developed into a city. It's called Luz. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, the Greeks in Paris named the city "Paris" in memory of its earliest owners.

At the beginning of the 6th century, Paris became the capital of France. /kloc-at the end of 0/0, King Hugh Karp built a palace here. Two or three centuries later, the owner of Paris was Philip August (1 165- 1223). At this time, Paris has developed to the banks of the Seine River, with churches and buildings everywhere, becoming the political and cultural center of the West at that time.

At the end of 16 and the beginning of 17, then King Henry IV expanded Paris on a large scale. 18 and 19 centuries, Paris was still expanding gradually, and a lot of cultivated land was occupied by cities. In the late period of the First Empire of France, Paris had more than 700,000 residents and 1000 streets. After the establishment of the Second Empire, Paris annexed some surrounding villages. When I arrived in Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte, I began to open some wide streets and build many gardens and parks in Paris, which made Paris become what it is today.

Places of interest in Paris

Based on Chatelet Square, it is surrounded by the Champs Elysé es, that is to say, the center of Paris is the oldest and most lively place in the city. The "center" of the city center is Notre Dame de Paris surrounded by the Seine River and Conciergerie on Cite. It's in the north of Sidi Island. Place de la Concorde, Gagniere Opera House, Saint Mary Madeleine, Louvre and jardin des tuileries are all located on the right bank of the city center. Starting from the Arc de Triomphe in caluso, enter the Dolores Garden, cross the obelisk in the Place de la Concorde, go straight to the majestic Arc de Triomphe along the Champs Elysé es, and then continue to the big arch of La Defense. This central axis is a world-famous landscape.

If you take the Champs Elysé es as the dividing line and look west, the symbols of Paris-the Eiffel Tower and the Invalides are on the left bank. Further north, the white spire of Basilique du Sacre Coeur on Montmartre stands like a landmark, which is the landmark scenery of Paris after the Eiffel Tower.

World-class French cuisine

Paris is the gourmet capital of the world, and a great chef is regarded as a rich and powerful celebrity. Five-star restaurants are the focus of social discussion and the topic of tourists. Top restaurants slogan "once-in-a-lifetime luxury", which makes people feel like they have endless regrets in life; The so-called French cuisine has another inconvenience: it may not be gorgeous, but suits, ties, skirts and high heels must not be sloppy. Etiquette must be gradual and graceful. Paris is the food capital, because there are restaurants, pubs and restaurants on the street, which does not disgrace the name of the food capital; Where are the clothes? Make yourself at home. Look, a novelist in simple clothes and casual shoes came in. A retired banker in khaki pants, with a pipe in his mouth, likes the old seat in the corner restaurant he is familiar with; A pair of sisters who came to Paris from the south of France to look for performance opportunities fell in love with the old man's hometown flavor in the alley. Coffee, drinking outdoor coffee, is a national sport in Paris and a sign of leisure. The French word "Cafe" comes from Arabic, and the history of Paris Cafe is over 300 years. The first one is the predecessor of the famous Le Procope restaurant in Saint-Germain. Along the way, the cafe has become a part of Paris culture and life, and it is also a place that the French are proud of.

The characteristics of Paris Cafe are not like American Japanese or Italian coffee playing with all kinds of spices. They are pure and crisp, with fragrant black coffee, which is Expresso. The most important thing is to taste the atmosphere and environment. If you think black coffee is too strong, you can try the distinctive Olay coffee (coffee with milk).

Dijon

Dijon, located in Burgundy, the hometown of wine, is a land rich in sugarcane. It preserves many luxurious palaces and relics of old nobles, and is famous for its castles all over the country. People are friendly and lively, and the atmosphere there will fascinate you deeply. There are many consciousness and religious relics in several museums in the city, which are worth watching carefully. Dijon is now the capital of Boyndi, and it only takes about 1 hour to take TGV from Paris. The station is close to the city center and the main tourist spots are very concentrated. Follow the map. Just follow the map. It's quite suitable for a day's hiking.

Speaking of Dijon, its main specialties are snail dishes and mustard. In the Middle Ages, large banquets were often held in Dijon's palace, but now it is impossible to know whether there were snail dishes on the table at that time. But it is clearly recorded that duke of burgundy used 320 liters of mustard at a banquet in the14th century. Dijon mustard has its special flavor, which is made of local wine fermented from high-grade mustard seeds and immature grapes, usually in granular and paste form. Grey Poupon Mustard Store, established in 1747, has a long-standing reputation. It wants to operate under the name of moutande maille, and its customers keep coming. The store specially recommends Au Vin Blanc as long as 15F. In addition to mustard, ceramic bottles used to hold mustard can also be used as art collections.

At the same time, Dijon is also a well-known wine town in France. Not only are there world-famous wines, but local cuisine is also more attractive. Therefore, people who love wine and food tours must not miss this wine area. Duke of burgundy's magnificent buildings and century-old mansions in the urban area have also added many stories to the city. After many wars, reorganizations and continuous development, its ancient city flavor is still charming. Elegant architecture, rich cultural resources such as food and wine, and even painting art have created a unique art of life and taste for the local humanistic environment in Dijon, making the status of the ancient city of Dijon in today's France eternal.

Minister of heraldry

Lyon, located in the southeast of France, is the most populous city in France after Paris. It is an ancient city with a long history, especially after 1998 was listed as a world heritage city by UNESCO. The center of the old town of Lyon is full of medieval buildings and churches, which makes it a city with a pink heart.

In recent years, Lyon has made great progress in industry and commerce, transportation, science and education, and its population, including suburbs, has reached 65.438+0.26 million, making it the second largest metropolitan area and economic and cultural center in France after Paris, and enjoying an increasingly important position in the world.

Places of interest in Lyon

Bellecour Square

The center of Lyon is the huge Bellagio Square, which was once called the Royal Square. The most important and only ornament in the square is a tall statue of Louis XIV riding a horse. The biggest difference between Bellecour Square and the general central square is that its ground is all paved with red clay. Although this feature can't make it beautiful, it can leave a deep impression on people. People who don't like it call it a "huge tennis court". The red tone of the square is in harmony with the red roofs and other warm colors of the old buildings in Lyon. Bellecour Square was once an important stage for the riots of textile workers in Lyon in the mid-Kloc-0/9th century.

The square is surrounded by four or five-story buildings built at the beginning of19th century. There are many flower shops, cafes and restaurants, which are the best rest places for citizens. Located in the southeast of the square is the Musée des Arts décoratifs, which has various collections.

old town

The fertile soil square is the heart of Lyon, and further north is the aforementioned silk industrial center, Crewe Varus. I have been to the Thorne River in the west, and Vieux Lyon Town comes into view. This sleepy old block has preserved many antique old houses from 15 to 17 centuries, with bright orange-red tones. Walking on the narrow streets, the buildings hundreds of years ago are mixed with dignified air, which makes people feel a strong ancient atmosphere, as if they were in the Middle Ages. Many Gothic, Renaissance and classical houses are connected with each other, which makes people feel the long historical tradition of Lyon under the changing times.

Primary saint jean

Strolling through the old block, you can see the ancient Primatiale St-Jean on the River Thorne. This church is not particularly grand, but it is famous for its old qualifications and high status. It has a history of nearly a thousand years and has both Roman and Gothic styles. It is said that the Archbishop of Lyon enjoys the status of Chief Archbishop, so his cathedral was named as the Chief Cathedral. It witnessed the coronation ceremony of Pope Pope John XXII, and also celebrated the grand wedding of King Henry IV and Queen Marie de Medicis. These are historical events and glories that the citizens still relish today.

Fulvi Yersil

Looking up at Mount Fur in the west of the cathedral, there stands Notre Dame, which is regarded as a symbol of Lyon. You can get there by cable car or walk up the hill along the steep slope. Built in the19th century, this church combines Byzantine and medieval styles, decorated with marble, with colorful patterns on the glass, and exquisite mosaics and murals. On the top of the church of Notre Dame on the right, Mary's statue is elegant and shining in the sun. Standing on the platform on the left side of the church, overlooking the scenery of Lyon, the endless red tile roof is like red clouds, which is impressive.

Museum of Gallo-Roman Civilization

Not far from the south of Notre Dame, there is a museum of Gaul-Rome built on the mountain, which is full of creativity and ingenious design. The entrance is located on the fifth floor, facing the next floor. All the way down, we have walked through the long river of history. The treasure of the town hall is the bronze plate of Claudie discovered by 1528, which is engraved with the speech of Roman emperor Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus in the Senate in 48 AD. You can also enjoy many artworks, such as chariot wheels or bronze Poseidon statues. Looking out from the window, there are two Roman amphitheaters, just like borrowing scenery from China gardens, which makes people feel like they are in Roman times. Two thousand years ago, Lyon was a city located on a hill, with two theaters, one large and one small, as the center and surrounded by city walls. Caesar, who swallowed mountains and rivers, used this place as a base for conquering Gaul. Now the nearby streets are not what they were then, and we can only recall the past glory on the ruins of the Roman theater.

Marseilles

Marseille is the second largest city and the largest seaport in France, with a population of 654.38+0.23 million. Surrounded by mountains on three sides, the city has beautiful scenery and pleasant climate. The southeast of Marseille is close to the Mediterranean Sea, with a wide water surface, no rapids and rapids, and the 10,000-ton ship can be unimpeded; The Rhone River and the flat valley in the west are connected with northern Europe, and their geographical position is unique. Hong Kong is composed of Marseille, Ravela, Forsyth and Rhone Saint Louis, with an annual freight volume of 65,438+billion tons, making it the largest gateway to French foreign trade. Marseille is an important industrial center in France, where 40% of France's oil processing industry is concentrated. There are four large refineries in Faust-Talbot area, which can handle 45 million tons of oil every year. Marseille's ship repair industry is also quite developed, and the ship repair volume accounts for 70% of the national industry. There are 10 docks in Xingang District, of which the pier 10 is 465 meters long, 65 meters wide and1~12.5 meters deep, which can repair the world's largest ship-800,000-ton oil tanker.

Marseille is almost the oldest city in France. It was founded in the 6th century BC, incorporated into Roman territory in 1 century BC, and then almost disappeared, and rose again in 10/century. 1832, the port throughput was the third largest port in the world after London and Liverpool. 1792 During the French Revolution, Marseilles marched into Paris singing "Battle Hymn of the Rhine", and their passionate songs inspired people to fight for freedom. This song later became the national anthem of France and was called "La Marseillaise". During World War II, French warships gathered in the harbor refused to yield to Nazi Germany and all died heroically. Marseille once again shocked the world.

St Charles Central Station is built on a high ground overlooking the town. This is a modern subway station. There are money exchange offices, banks, toilets and so on near the exit. If you want to stay here for a few days, you should make good use of subways and buses. It was the subway sign that bent the letter m into the shape of an arrow.

Let's first look at the whole city from the central station and get a general idea of its direction and location. The white church, located on a slightly higher rocky hill, is the Notre Dame de Jared, and the statue of Maria on the tower radiates golden light. In the distance is the Mediterranean floating in Ifu, and in front of us is the old harbor where yachts and ships are moored. Every morning, there are cries of selling, pricing and counter-offer from fishermen, fishmongers and other fish buyers at the Balju Wharf in the center of the old port. There is a cruise ship from this pier to Ifu. On Ivo Island in the old port of Marseille, there is a famous French writer Dumas, who once described Ivo Castle in his novel The Count of Kido. Notre Dame stands on the 48-meter-high ground, with a 10-meter-high statue of the patron saint at the top of the tower, which is a famous pilgrimage site in Marseille. The street extending from the old port is called Kanupur Street. Look along this street in the opposite direction to the old port, and you will see the palace in lush green, with facilities such as art galleries.

Walk down the broad marble steps of the station and continue to walk towards BD. D' Athens minutes, and then come to Ganombir Street. If it is before Christmas, there will be some lovely Christmas dolls (nativity statues made of colored clay) on the left side of this street. Turn right and walk along the street with shops. It's an old port, and the smell of tide is floating in the air.

French cuisine

Speaking of French cuisine, we should start with King Henry IV of France in the 6th century. Before he took office, France was still in a "wild" state of grasping rice, and the so-called food was out of the question. All this until Henry IV married an Italian princess. With the Queen's marriage to France, a large number of Italian chefs accompanied her to Paris. The Queen herself is also a "Mrs. Ma" who loves the kitchen. Since then, the situation of food in Henry's court has changed, and many Italian delicacies have become popular in the court. Knife and fork became popular, and the French, led by Henry IV, began to learn to dance gracefully with them. In the late period of Henry IV, the court and even local lords hired chefs from Italy to hold banquets. On that day, the so-called aristocratic banquets were often held while eating, drinking and having fun, and food and performances were all eaten while eating. During the dinner, there will be performances by wandering poets and jugglers, and dishes will be served by servants in turn, and guests and friends will taste them. By the end of the banquet, serving dishes had become a part of the performance. Riding the east wind of the Renaissance, French cuisine also began to prosper, getting rid of the darkness and backwardness of the Middle Ages. However, there is still a gap from the real French cuisine.

By the time of Louis XIV, French cuisine had another chance to leap forward. With the rise of France's national strength during this period, and because Louis XIV himself liked luxury, the luxury of French court meals became the highest in Europe. James II, who was expelled because of the "glorious revolution", visited the Palace of Versailles. In order to welcome him, Louis XIV held a grand banquet, which lasted for three days and nights, and the evening was also a banquet. That later, James II was greatly surprised. He recalled his past "bitter days" and repeatedly lamented that all his previous dishes were eaten for nothing. At the same time, Louis XIV began to train local French chefs to get rid of the dependence on Italians. His practice is to hold a national cooking competition, and the winner will be recruited to Versailles to award the so-called CORDO NBLEU, which has become the dream goal of all French chefs, and this award has been retained to this day.

Later, Louis XV further developed French cuisine on this basis. Chef's social status has also been greatly improved, becoming a noble artistic profession. For a time, hundreds of schools of thought contended in the French gourmet market, and it was a thriving scene. In religious circles, Catholicism advocates the use of sugar, Protestantism advocates the use of butter, and in ideological circles Voltaire is the first to put mushrooms in turkeys to add flavor. Rousseau also became the first vegetarian in the west who opposed eating meat. Diderot even said the following quip: "I can live without poetry, music, art, conscience, feelings, friends and books, but as a civilized person, I can't live without food." Lavalette, a famous French chef, first published The French Chef, the earliest food book in French history.

French cuisine is one of the three major cuisines in the world. In France, everything related to eating is regarded as a sacrament, because it provides two most appreciated aesthetic enjoyment-food and conversation. In addition to the exquisite taste, the combination of wine and dishes and elegant dining etiquette are prerequisites for entering French cuisine. You can't go to France without ordering famous dishes such as truffles and foie gras. Although the weight is small, it is exquisite and worth tasting slowly.

It is suggested that you don't need to order all the dishes when ordering. You should do what you can and see the budget. Generally, there are several grades of French restaurants: Bistrot (home-cooked restaurant), Brasserie (small restaurant) and Gastronomie, and the consumption quota also increases with different grades. It should be noted that if you want to go to a high-end restaurant, you should make an appointment in advance. Men wear suits and ties, and women wear dresses or suits.

Good food must be accompanied by good wine, or wine. French people are used to eating red wine with red meat or heavy dishes, and white wine with chicken and seafood. It is a common phenomenon that red wine and white wine appear on the table at noon and dinner, which is generally called wine in the meal. The order of serving French food is: 1 appetizer; 2 soup or salad (seafood); 3 cups of smoothies; 4 main course; 5 salad (vegetable leaves); 6 cheese plate; 7 desserts; 8 coffee or tea, don't forget to pay attention to it when you have the opportunity to taste French food next time.

[foie gras]

French cuisine plays an important role in modern European cuisine and is often used as a blueprint for serving and menu combination in first-class restaurants and hotels. In French cuisine, French fried foie gras is known as the three major cuisines in the world.

The Romans knew how to make fried foie gras about 2000 years ago. Later, in the period of Louis XVI in France, foie gras was deeply loved after being presented to the French court. Since then, it has become a delicious dish widely used in the court. At that time, many famous musicians, writers and celebrities rushed to praise it, and since then it has established the status of top food.

Since foie gras can be regarded as the top food in the world, the feeding process of geese also has its own uniqueness. Within 14 weeks after hatching, geese will be kept outdoors, providing a natural environment and greatly enhancing their immunity. 14 weeks later, the breeder began to force feed the geese with special millet three times a day for four weeks. In order to prevent the geese from being nervous or even dying in the process of forced feeding, all the geese will be fed one by one, and they will be patted or listened to music constantly to help them swallow and calm their emotions. This is also the reason why foie gras is so expensive, because its labor has almost accounted for most of the cost.

In French, foie gras is foie gras, and the soup is fried, so if you see that foie gras is fried in the appetizer of a French restaurant, it is French fried foie gras. When tasting fried foie gras, it is best to match the sauce cooked with sweet wine, or add dried figs to fry it together, so that the aroma of foie gras can match the aroma of figs and taste different.

[caviar]

Caviar, the three most familiar cuisines in the world, is actually salted fin fish eggs. This famous delicacy was known as the best in the world as early as13rd century. It is rumored in a Danish newspaper that a local factory received an order to make finfish caviar, which should be the earliest record of caviar.

In addition to fin fish, caviar also uses materials such as trout, sturgeon, cod and snakehead. Among them, snakehead is the most special, because its growing place is limited to the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. Caviar can be paired with any material without losing its delicious taste, whether it is cold dishes, wine, cakes, etc. And caviar can be combined into a wonderful dish. If caviar is really the most commonly used place, it is probably an appetizer with champagne!

As for how to eat caviar, first spread it gently on your tongue, and slowly crush the caviar one by one with the tip of your tongue, and you will feel the rich, sweet and clear sauce. The higher the grade, the higher the fish fat content in caviar and the lower the salt content. Therefore, caviar with high quality and trade generally has a sticky taste and a more refined flavor.

Besides eating, pay great attention to the spoon used to scoop caviar. In order not to let the vessel overwhelm its elegance, but also to prevent the quality of caviar from being affected by high temperature, it is generally eaten with a shell spoon. As for the metal spoon used in general dining, it will seriously damage the aroma of caviar, so it is definitely forbidden to use it.

[Truffle]

Truff, also known as "black mushroom", "foie gras" and "caviar", is an underground mushroom. Truffles, which have the reputation of "black diamonds" in France, are not mushrooms strictly, because they are parasitic on tree roots and buried deep in the soil. Therefore, it is necessary to rely on a well-trained dog with a keen sense of smell to find its trace.

Truffles are very sensitive to temperature and humidity. If it is not handled properly, it can be "thin" by one tenth in just three days. Losing weight means losing money, which often makes bosses feel distressed. So in order to preserve truffles, open them, for example, someone puts truffles in a sealed rice bucket or in a room with eggs. The result was unexpected. Rice and eggs fully absorb the taste of truffles, and at the same time, the moisture of truffles will not evaporate quickly, creating another taste of truffles. The best tasting season for truffles is1February to March of the following year. Bordeaux wine can be drunk with ordinary red wine.

[buttermilk]

Fromage is world-famous, and cheese is absolutely indispensable on the French table. In France, there are 345 kinds of cheese only through official regulations, and each kind of cheese has its own unique personality. No wonder someone once said that in France, you can eat different kinds of cheese every day from 65438+ 10 to 65438+February. In addition, some French people say, "As long as a good piece of farm cheese, a glass of wine and a piece of freshly baked bread is the supreme enjoyment on earth." This shows that the French like cheese.

The essence of cheese is determined by the difference of climate, geographical environment, pasture, cattle and sheep. The texture and flavor of cheese are subtly influenced by yeast, container, preparation method and ripening time. In Normandy near the sea, cattle and sheep ate slightly salty grass, which gave birth to distinctive dairy products. This barren inland land is famous for goat cheese. Cattle and sheep eat fertile pasture in spring and summer and produce abundant milk. In addition to processing and drinking, farmers also make all kinds of cheese for storage in winter. Every autumn, it is the time when cheese turns yellow slowly. "Gourmet" recognized that the cheese at this time had the best texture, the most charming taste, and was sweet and delicious.

Fried scallops with foie gras.

Features: through ingenious combination, matching of materials and techniques, it presents an elegant food that melts at the mouth.

Ingredients: 3 slices of French foie gras, 6 fresh scallops, 6 asparagus strips, onion 100g, 30g carrot and 20g onion (sliced and fried with salt, twisted into paste).

Production: soak fresh shellfish in water, that is, soak them in ice water, then cool them quickly, add onion and ginger salt wine, fry until the stamens of yellow asparagus are taken out on both sides, and scald them with salt water as a dish decoration; Take out the foie gras, fry it slightly, put it on fresh shellfish, and add sauce to serve.

Description: French onion soup

Features: typical French flavor, rich fragrance.

Ingredients: 2000g beef, 500g onion, 0/50g salad oil/kloc-,20g salt, a little pepper, a little slice of bread and a little sauce.

Production: Slice the onion and fry it in salad oil until brown. Add onion and beef soup into the pot and stir until it boils. Add salt and pepper. When the soup is served, put the slices of bread into the soup basin and sprinkle with sauce.

Description: French spicy pork chop

Features: fresh and tender meat, spicy and appetizing.

Ingredients: 4 pork chops, salt, coarse pepper, 250 ml concentrated milk, garlic, French mustard sauce and coriander leaves.

Production: pat pork chops evenly on both sides with the back of a knife, put them in a plate and sprinkle with salt and pepper; Heat the pot, put oil, add pork chops and fry until golden brown; Add cream, garlic slices and mustard sauce to a frying pan and bring to a boil. Add the right amount of salt to adjust the taste. When the soup is cooked into a thin paste, add chopped coriander and take it out of the pot.