What does tout Dao mean?

Question 1: What does "master" mean now? 1. Master is a time-honored brand. According to the current understanding, it is a staff officer and a consultant.

2, touts, formerly known as screen friends, screen guests, screen guests, aides and so on. Generally, there is no official title, and it is not in the * * * system, but the curtain boss is hired privately, and the curtain boss is an employment relationship. The host of the curtain calls the host a guest of honor and a friend, and the host calls the host Dong Weng and Dong Jia. They are people who give advice to employers. I also have to write articles and official documents for the host.

3. In the Ming Dynasty, touts, as a special profession, were included in the establishment of "civil servants", such as touts. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, bureaucrats often gathered to recruit some talented and knowledgeable people, which is called "mutual respect between men and women" in novels. They are actually a kind of teachers, who not only give advice and write official documents for the host, but also accompany the host to chat, recite poems and paint, travel and other entertainment activities.

Question: what does tout mean? The curtain is Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu: "Xi Sheng is a guest in the curtain". Han Zhen's "Screen Friends" said: "Those who are in charge of the governor's affairs to rule the seventeen provinces on their behalf are also screen friends."

Screen friends mainly include criminal name, Qian Gu, Shu Qi, Zheng Bi, counting room, marking, Zhu Mo and registration, among which the first three are the most essential. In the Qing Dynasty, screen friends were employed from the governor to the magistrate. Most of the screen friends in the Qing Dynasty came from eight counties in Shaoxing, so they were also called "Shaoxing masters", forming a huge regional "master gang". Gong E, a Shaoxing-born teacher, said in Xue Hongxuan's Letter: "The career in my hometown is worth thousands of people in Qian Qian." Chen Tianxi said that touts are like "hunger and thirst are to diet, and cold and heat are to Qiu Ge, but they cannot be separated". In Ji Yun's Notes on Yuewei Caotang, these people are considered to be "without officials and light weight". During Yongzheng period, Wu Sidao was Tian Wenjing's guest. Zhao Yi, Bao, Li, Wang Shiduo, Hua, Lin Zexu and Zuo all made guest appearances on the screen. Zeng Guofan's shogunate has as many as eighty or ninety people, and Li Hongzhang is one of them. Mu Bin played an important role in local governments in Qing Dynasty. "The official's examination depends on the people's health and home" [1].

Due to the limitation of China Imperial Examination, most officials are only familiar with literature and Confucian classics, but not with complicated local politics and common affairs of law and practice. So most local officials need the help of screen friends. Although Mu Bin lived in the shogunate, he was neither an official nor an official, with no goods, no position and no salary. So there are bribes such as "charcoal respect" and "ice respect". Zhou Xun's "Shu Hai Congtan" records that in the late Qing Dynasty, the Governor of Sichuan, the Second Division of Fan Yi, the curtain friends of Yandao Tea Ceremony yamen, and officials from various yamen states and counties all went to the town to pay homage. There are more than 22 seats in each county and city, and the supervision department is slightly thicker; Each "small seat" ranges from twelve to four or two. It is recorded in Clearance Notes that Ren Lin, the "Shao Shi" who acted as a curtain in Hunan, made a curtain for his disciple "the moon must be divided into libraries and the grain must be divided". Wang Huizu's "George's Medicine Talk" said: "Our generation is engaged in curtain, and all kinds of Confucianism are scouts, but they can't repair dozens of gold a year; The number of people in the curtain workshop is several times, or ten times. " [2] He also said: "The people in the curtain hall can't be without clothes, and their followers can't stay alone, so they can celebrate their achievements and their relatives and friends can ask for money. Nothing can be saved. It costs 100 yuan a year to repair, but when I get home, I can't afford to spend 60 or 70 yuan. The population house is just a perfunctory thing, in case it is not ready for a long time. There is no way to borrow it. " . Zhang Xuecheng said in the book "On Current Politics and Governance": "If there are thousands of dollars in accommodation in counties and counties, small officials will take advantage and seek the benefits of thousands of dollars; The governor's 10,000 gold accommodation, the state and county have to take advantage of it and seek 100,000 benefits. " .

Mubin is often confused with petty officials, but his position is much higher than that of petty officials.

Question 3: What does the master's vernacular mean? The meaning of a strategist

Question 4: What is the popular style of "Master, you translate for me"? What happened? It comes from letting bullets fly.

Huang Shirang: Three days later, I must give the county magistrate a surprise. Pockmarked Zhang: Master Tang, he is your benefactor now. You translate for the translator, what is a surprise? Translation translation, what is a surprise? Master Tang: This needs no translation. I already told you. Pockmarked Zhang: I asked you to translate it for me. What is a surprise? Master Tang: No translation is needed. This is a surprise. Huang Shiro: Don't you understand what a surprise is? Zhang: I just want you to translate what a surprise is! Master Tang: Surprise! Pockmarked Zhang: Translate it for me, what a fucking accident! What a fucking surprise! Master Tang: What the fuck is a surprise? Huang Shiro: The surprise is that I will give you1800,000 in three days, let you go out of the city to fight bandits and take my leg! Do you understand? Master Tang: This is a surprise. Asako Zhang: Translation, translation, translation! Master Tang: The surprise is that three days later, I will give you1820,000 silver to go out of the city to fight bandits and take his leg! Pockmarked Zhang: Ha, big brother, what a fucking accident. Little brother, I am willing to wait for you for three days. Huang Shiro: OK.

Question 5: Who ended the master of Shaoxing in Qing Dynasty? Master is a highly professional staff group, which started in Ming Dynasty and prevailed in Qing Dynasty. Generally speaking, a master must have at least three years of curtain learning, the ability to formulate strategies, the heart to provide strategies, and the skills to write official documents. Although the master is not a shogunate official, military and political officials at all levels are often restricted by him and have the power to control them. In the profession of touts, Shaoxing touts have the largest number and the greatest influence.

Shaoxing touts * * * appeared on the political stage during the Yongzheng and Qianlong periods of the Qing Dynasty. Taking advantage of the situation that those in power at that time were in urgent need of a large number of talents, they joined the government one after another by virtue of their intelligence, which was highly valued by administrative officials at all levels. Wu Sidao, the representative of the master in this period, not only won the favor of Tian Wenjing, the master of the shogunate, but also was valued by Yong Zhengdi for his rich political and officialdom experience, and became a recognized master of Shaoxing.

Teachers can be divided into three categories according to their functions: teachers who play music, teachers who are famous for their crimes, teachers who open books, teachers who compare figures and registered teachers. Among them, teachers who play music and teachers who are famous for their crimes have the greatest relationship with screen experts. The master of folding and playing is mainly responsible for drafting the book, which requires reasonable content and elegant writing. The host must be familiar with the history of the Book of Songs, understand the political system and people's feelings, and understand the mountains and rivers. Those who participate in the military curtain still have to learn the art of war, make suggestions for the curtain master, and assist the military and political affairs. The Master of Criminal Sciences specializes in criminal and civil cases. Various legal provisions and precedents have accumulated countless times since Shunzhi entered the customs in the Qing Dynasty to rule the Central Plains. Without the guidance and special study of famous teachers, criminal and civil cases cannot be tried in accordance with the law. Master Qian Gu specializes in fiscal and taxation affairs. The appointment and removal of local officials in the Qing dynasty, to accept the handover, to make a four-column inventory, to check the accounts, is not only complicated, but also full of rigidity. Master Shu Qi is mainly responsible for writing official documents and handling letters. , equivalent to the post of secretary, the salary is lower than other masters. Master Zheng Bi is mainly responsible for surveying and verifying land tax, which is similar to the function of Master Qian Gu. Registered touts are mainly responsible for approving documents, that is, approving documents by acting chief officials. Their status varies depending on whether the principal officials depend on it or not. If the chief official delegates power, he can ask a wide range of administrative affairs, and sometimes he can undertake part of the work of Qin Ming and Qian Gu, and his position is extraordinary. Otherwise, it is only responsible for daily affairs such as correspondence, official document registration and making lists, which is insignificant.

In the Qing Dynasty, Shaoxing teachers were all over the yamen, in charge of copywriting, Xiaguan folding, criminal name, money valley, book opening, registration, levy and comparison and other major events related to the national economy and people's livelihood. They are intertwined and intertwined, using the relationship between relatives, teachers and students or fellow villagers and the same level to weave a net and communicate with each other, which not only controls all local public affairs, but also controls some functions and powers of the governor's counties. To this end, gentlemen, businessmen and administrative officials at all levels from all over the country have moved closer to Shaoxing touts to safeguard their own interests.

From the legal point of view, the habitual "system" of officials at all levels privately hiring "teachers" to handle official duties is really "unreasonable". When the corrupt atmosphere prevailed during the reign of Jia Dao, the masters quickly became corrupt, which contributed to the rapid deterioration of official management.

If the master's quality is so low, he will naturally not get positive social evaluation. Scholars after Daoguang often add the word "Xia" to screen friends, which is called "Xia Screen". Many thinkers began to attack George, trying to get rid of this fixed habit.

Various criticisms of the "system" of touts in the late Qing Dynasty eventually led to the termination of this strange custom. And its terminator is Zhang Zhidong, the famous leader of the Westernization Movement.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, people quoted his elder and Hunan native Chen as saying that Zhang Zhidong's screen friend system ended with Zhang Zhidong.

After Zhang Zhidong became the governor of Huguang, he abolished the habit of hiring screen friends such as criminal names, Qian Gu and copywriters, and set up the "General Copywriter Office of Criminal Names" in the department as the official organ of the Governor's Department, appointing officials to take charge of affairs and paying remuneration from state funds. Only the teachers in the prefect's office are hired privately, so they can be called "Old Master Q", and all official duties have become officials. This reform has spread to the government offices at the provincial, provincial, prefectural and county levels, all of which have changed their criminal names to "section chief" and employed officials with * * * funds. "The interests of the provinces, the livelihood of Shaoxing touts and the livelihood of Zhang Zhidong have all been swept away."

Beginning in the Republic of China, the reform situation promoted by Zhang Zhidong was also maintained. * * * All departments have secretaries, senators and other clerks, and their responsibilities and amounts are clearly defined in the organization laws at all levels. The screen friend tradition that has been followed for hundreds of years is over. ...& gt& gt

Question 6: The origin of the owner of Shaoxing: Shào xρn Shρyé, the aide of the Qing government office, was called Shaoxing because of its large number of people. Later, it was extended to the title of counselor, sometimes with derogatory meaning.

background introduction

The word "Shaoxing" in the word "Shaoxing" refers to Shaoxing House in Qing Dynasty. Shaoxing House in Qing Dynasty includes Shi Ye Museum in Shaoxing, Yin Shan.

Huiji, Xiaoshan, Zhuji, Yuyao, Shangyu, Shengxian and Xinchang are located in the south bank of Hangzhou Bay. The whole area is centered on Huiji Mountain, flanked by Puyang River and Cao 'e River, with beautiful scenery, which is the heart of the ancient Yue State. Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it has become one of the famous cultural centers in China. The so-called "master" is a common name for aides in ancient yamen. The ancient generals went out to war, did not unify the localities, and took the shogunate as the government, so they were called shogunate. Those civilian assistants who work in the shogunate, such as secretaries and staff officers, are called aides or screen friends. They are specially trained scholars with expertise and skills in law, accounting and secretarial work. They are employed by local governors at all levels as private consultants in a certain field and participate in government affairs without official positions. Officials call the screen friends "Xi Bin", "Xi", "Old Master Q" and "Sir", while the screen friends call the officials "Dong Weng" and "Dong Jia". Usually screen friends and officials can meet with equal courtesy.

Shaoxing touts are the product of the combination of feudal official system in Ming and Qing Dynasties and Shaoxing's humanistic background. This regional and professional staff group began in Ming Dynasty, prevailed in Qing Dynasty, and declined before and after the Revolution of 1911. From beginning to end, he was active in the feudal ruling institutions in China for 300 to 400 years, and became famous at home and abroad, becoming an important part of the staff class of feudal officials in China. Together with local administrators, gentlemen, businessmen and other groups at all levels, they manipulated many aspects of feudal society, such as politics, economy, military and justice, and became an indispensable tool of feudal autocratic rule, which played an important role in the implementation of feudal bureaucracy. Shaoxing has unique historical, geographical, economic and cultural conditions for training and bringing up teachers. Since then, the industry is generally a person who has fallen from the family and has no chance to take the official position. Generally, teachers should study "curtain learning" for at least three years, have the ability to study nuclear strategy, have the heart to provide strategy, and have the basic skills to write official documents. Although the master is not a shogunate official, military and political officials at all levels are often restricted by him and have the power to control the leader. ? Master, it is a courtesy title for the screen friend of the old official department. Ancient generals led troops to fight against impermanence and took the curtain as the government, so they were called "shogunate". From then on, the shogunate became the representative of military and political officials at all levels, and even its military and political officials themselves were called shogunate. At the same time, the bachelor of arts recruited by military and political officials to help handle various affairs will also be called aides, screen guests, screen friends, etc. Folks, since the Qing Dynasty, have always called such aides "teachers". In the shogunate, the master made suggestions and participated in confidential work; Or draft a proclamation, suggesting sparse representatives; Or handle the case file and cut it for approval; Or ordered to contact officialdom. All these and so on, to name a few. Beloved has no official title, but is hired by the curtain owner, not an administrative appointment. The curtain master called touts "Old Master Q" and "Xibin", while touts called touts "Dong Weng" and "Dong Jia". Although they treat each other as guests and hosts, it is actually an employment relationship. Shaoxing people have a long history of entering the screen. In the Ming Dynasty, many Vietnamese people took learning the law as the screen and became famous all over the world. At that time, professionals working in Beijing, "from Jiuqing to leisurely Cao Xiju, were nothing more than ordinary people" (Wang Shixing's Guang Zhi Yi). "Thirteen divisions of the household department are all from Shaoxing" (Gu Ri Zhi Lu). Xu Wei, known as "the first gifted scholar in Ming Dynasty" during Jiajing period, was a typical master of Shaoxing. "Ming History" contains: "Xu Wei, a long word, was born in Yinshan. It is famous for all the students. "Shogunate governor Hu Zongxian long yan, zhang. "Zong Xian got a White Deer Plain, which will be dedicated to all generations to make the grass grow like grass." "Table, sejong yue, easy to spoil different ZongXian. Zong Xian regarded the idea of "emphasizing benefits on Wei" as a way to suppress the enemy, and Xu Wei often made suggestions for Hu Zongxian. " Ming History says: "Wei Zhibing, curious. Zong Xian captured Xu Hai and lured Wang Zhi, all of which were premeditated. "It serves to show that he has been in office for five years, with outstanding achievements, and he is an early representative of Shaoxing touts. Shaoxing touts really became a regional and highly professional staff group in the early Qing Dynasty, especially during the Shunzhi and Kangxi periods. The so-called "no salt and no officials" is a true reflection of this situation. Shen was the representative of Shaoxing touts. Shen, Hui Jiren, went north to study alone at the age of 23. In the winter of the third year of Tiancong (1629), he was captured by the soldiers of Houjin Eight Banners in Zunhua City, and then moved to Shenyang, where he was elected to the Museum of Cultural Relics, and began to make suggestions for the Qing army to enter the customs, which gradually attracted the attention of Huang Taiji. In August of six years, Huang Taiji summoned Shen and others, gave them meat to eat and asked them face to face about the political affairs of their country. Shen proposed a series of > >

Question 7: What is the relationship between the Tathagata and the Taoist, and the Taoist is allowed to mention it? The five of them are in the same level.

Tathagata is a Taoist priest with many treasures, and he is the head of Hinayana Buddhism, one level lower than the above five.

It's Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi and Bodhi.

Question 8: What does that man mean? That man (), this song is an episode of the Korean drama Wang Jinzhuo Begging for Bread, and the original song is Li Chengzhe.

Seung-Cheol Lee

? That man, love, painful heart

The one who makes me laugh.

The one who made me cry.

? The man uses her warm lips.

? ? Someone who found my heart.

That Aegean cannot be erased from the bottom of my heart.

Love cannot be forgotten.

That man is as important as my life.

? ? People like that have gone.

? That man, love, painful heart

People who know nothing.