In the early stage of its development, reform literature focused on revealing the disadvantages of the old system and emphasized the historical inevitability of reform. Feel the rhythm of the times, and every step of the reform is reflected in literature in time. The sharp conflict between the all-powerful "pioneer" and the conservative forces constitutes the basic framework of the reform of literary works in this period. In recent years, with the deepening of reform, writers reflect that the vision of reform is broader and deeper; While reflecting the social, political and economic changes, the works pay more attention to analyzing the backward cultural traditions of the people exposed in the reform, showing the impact of the reform on people's traditional values, revealing the gradual disintegration of the old lifestyle under the impact of the commodity economy, and the strong shock of all this in people's hearts. This is not only the deepening of literary reform, but also an effort by literature to make itself no longer dependent on politics. Zhang Jie's Heavy Wings, Jia Pingwa's The Twelfth Moon and the First Month, Impetuousness, Jiang Zilong's Pioneers and Lu Yao's Ordinary World are representative works in the reform literature.
As we all know, from the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee at the end of 1978, China began the top-down reform of the national economic system. At the same time, many writers began to turn their creative eyes from history to reality, paying attention to the reform and development in reality while expressing their thoughts and ideas on the development of the motherland in literature. This is coquettish' reform literature', and its opening work is Jiang Zilong's novella "Appointment of Director Joe".
Literature in the reform period
For farmers, the most important thing is "land", so after 1979, the implementation of land contract and production responsibility system set off a great change in rural economy and spirit. Many sensitive writers have grasped the new state of farmers' ownership of land and made a lot of creations. Representative works of rural reform novels in this period include: Chen Huansheng's series, He's short story Xiang Chang, Zhang Wei's short story Taking a Picture of a Black Baby, Autumn Wrath, Zhao Yan's Tragedy, Jia Pingwa's short story La Yue, and The First Month of a Jiwowa, etc. Throughout the rural reform novels, we can find that the original works are often simple "bright". Later, some writers began to reveal the resistance in rural reform and analyze its reasons. Some excellent works even touched the level of "traditional cultural psychology" of farmers in China, which changed during the reform. This process is deepening. For example, the early short story Xiang Chang (1980,8) tells the story of Feng Yaoba, a farmer who no longer lives on loans. After many years, he finally straightened his back. The photo of Heiwa (198 1 7) shows the pursuit of spiritual status by farmers with certain economic ability; Later, some works began to show resistance to the reform. For example, Autumn Wrath created the image of a rural cadre who looked like a patriarch, and Elegy of Zhao Yan put many obstacles on the head of Wu, a farmer reformer. In Jia Pingwa's novels, the resistance to reform comes not only from some drawbacks of state power, but also from the stubbornness and inertia formed by farmers themselves under the accumulation of thousands of years of traditional culture. For example, in the first day of the twelfth lunar month, Han, a rural Confucian, described the unreasonable difficulties created after "getting rich"-there is no contradiction between the former and the latter, and his difficulties with the latter seem to be only due to his dissatisfaction and jealousy of "profiteers" getting rich. I'm worried that my position will be violated, but it actually reflects the traditional cultural psychology left over from the patriarchal society in China for a long time, and I feel a strong impact when facing the new social system. The ideological dilemma of editing this paragraph
The so-called "reform literature" is a monument in the literary history of China in the 20th century. Compared with scar literature, educated youth literature, misty poetry and avant-garde literature, it may not be the most conspicuous, but its relationship with reform is the most direct. It is called a monument because as far as literary creation is concerned, it has become history-its mission and ambition have been achieved, and its significance belongs to history. 1979 or so, because of the long-term dependence of ideology, the weight of words has always been very heavy (or the weight of literature). At that time, it meant being able to "talk" and being a member of political life. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, sensitive writers stood up and spoke. Taking the appointment of director Qiao from 65438 to 0979 as the forerunner, the writing called "reform literature" in the history of general literature began. Later, Li Guowen's No.5 Garden Street, Gao Xiaosheng's Chen Huansheng's Entering the City, Jason's Heavy Wings, Jia Pingwa's Home of Chihuahua, Ke Yunlu's New Star and other novels came out one after another, and film and television made great efforts again. It goes without saying that "reform literature" caused a sensation. There are basically the same number of methods to "reform literature": although bureaucracy is a big problem, a wise master
"Ordinary world"
People can basically overcome many difficulties and achieve staged victory. Even if we have to face greater storms, we should also emphasize the indomitable spirit of the protagonist. The novel is basically full of indomitable enthusiasm for "victory". This is basically consistent with the social sentiment in the late 1970s and early 1980s. As mentioned above, literature also plays a role in judging responsibility. It believes that bureaucracy should be mainly responsible for social setbacks, and it enthusiastically supports the redistribution of administrative resources. Of course, it is understandable that ecstasy and caution are instinctive reactions under the thawing of policies. "Reform literature" is undoubtedly influenced by this basic judgment in its creative techniques, and it is still the way of popular literature. For example, in shaping typical figures such as factory director Qiao, we should pay attention to gag and highlight their wisdom and decisiveness, while there is still the problem of making faces when dealing with uncooperative and mischievous people. They are careful not to be divorced from the masses, abide by the instruction of "no right to speak without investigation" and criticize the past selectively. Judging from the overall layout of the text, the authors of "Reform Literature" still prefer the way that people like to see and hear, which some literary historians call realistic writing techniques. It should be said that the thinking mode of "reform literature" is old, but its "hope" is fresh and bold. Although this hope was born of optimistic historical evolution theory, it at least showed the courage and determination to break with the past. It can comfort the souls of survivors, and its criticism of bureaucracy is not unreasonable. It has created a strong and positive public opinion atmosphere for breaking the institutional deadlock. The authors of "reform literature" are inextricably linked with the past, but they are still worthy of the title of warriors. Thirty years later, China's system reform still needs to be explored, but at the very least, literature is no longer needed to lead the way or break through. Emotional concession and rational appearance-this is undoubtedly a kind of progress for the process of social civilization.
After the reform of China's economic system was really rolled out in an all-round way, the reform novels gradually lost their spirit, and writers began to reflect the living conditions of society, politics and economy more peacefully. As a literary trend of thought, reformed literature has completed its historical mission. However, because social changes have not stopped, the creation of such themes still appears from time to time. For example, Yuan Shan and Chun Hui's novella "Anti-Water" is a work that reflects the economic system reform in the 1990s.
Reform literature-heavy wings
After Ling Rui, the former chairman of "Zhuoyue Company" affiliated to Haixia Group, took over the whole group and became the general manager, in order to consider the overall interests of the group, the novel damaged the "Zhuoyue Company" established by himself, and therefore cracks began to appear between Ou Yangkai, an assistant who had cooperated tacitly and became brothers, and eventually the two sides fell apart, reflecting the sharpness and complexity of the current reform problem. At the end of the novel, after difficult integration, the originally bloated "Straits Group" finally got on the right track, and Ling Rui got into politics as he wished and was promoted to secretary of the Youth League Committee. Ou Yangkai became the general manager of "2 1 Century Computer Company" after the "defected group", and led a group of brothers to prosper. Everything seems to be going well for everyone, but the friendship between Ling Rui and Ou Yangkai has ended, and they seem to have no regrets. The new economic combination makes them have new "friends", but readers can't help but feel lost for the change of this friendship. In addition, the end explained a new message: someone in Ouyang Company "defected"! People who leave are partners who firmly support Ouyang to fight side by side with him. This seemingly unintentional stroke obviously implies that under the new economic relationship, the relationship between people can no longer be bound by traditional morality such as "reputation" and "friendship", and the proportion of "interests" is the code that determines all relationships. In this novel, the main resistance to reform no longer comes from traditional conservatives, but from new figures who also actively participate in this reform. Because they consider interests from different angles, various contradictions arise. It is difficult to simply distinguish between good and evil, justice and inferiority, but only in the complex and fast pace can we see people's complex and diverse thinking and mentality. In addition, Lu Tianming's novel Above Heaven published in 1990s is also a successful work reflecting the political system reform. Because the novel was adapted into a TV series, it has a great influence in the whole country. On the one hand, it shows that the slogan of "fighting corruption and promoting honesty" is deeply rooted in people's hearts, on the other hand, it also proves the powerful charm of high-tech media in the current society.
phylogeny
In the history of contemporary literature in China, "reform literature" was once a proper term, especially in the 1970s and 1980s. With the implementation of the contract responsibility system in rural areas, cities began to carry out economic reforms, and "reform literature" came into being. From 1983 to 1984, a large number of works describing social reform appeared, which formed a creative peak and caused quite a sensation in society. From 65438 to 0979, Jiang Zilong's novel The Appointment of Director Qiao was the beginning of "literature reform", which shaped the heroic image of the reformer Qiao Guangpu, and "Director Qiao" became synonymous with the reformer. Later, a series of pioneers similar to director Joe appeared in the reform novels, such as reformer (), trekker (Jiao Zuyao), Xian, 30 million (Lu) and so on. There are also some writers who criticize and expose various social abuses. The playwright Sha He and Yao Mingde's drama "If it is true" is the representative of this type. Gao Xiaosheng has a unique perspective. He has been paying attention to the changes of ordinary farmers in the new era. Li Shunda and Chen Huansheng in his works are small people in the countryside. While the author is gratified by the improvement of their lives, he also gives a warm ridicule to the backward things they inherited ideologically. 198 1 At the end of the year, Zhang Jie's novel Heavy Wings came out, marking the second stage of "reforming literature". This stage mainly focuses on the changes brought by the reform to the whole society, especially the changes in people's ideas, morality and ethics. Novels Hometown (Su Shuyang), No.5 Garden Street (Li Guowen), Men (Zhang Xianliang), Rising Star (Yun Ke Road) and novellas The Old Man's Warehouse (vigorous), Descendants of Lu Ban (Wang Runzi), Autumn Wrath (Zhang Wei) and Autumn Wrath. Lu Yao's novella Life profoundly describes the impact of commodity economy on traditional rural culture with the tragedy of rural youth Gao Jialin. After 1985, "reform literature" became more diversified in subject matter and perspective, and the initial idealism gradually faded. As a new trend of thought and phenomenon, "reform literature" has ended. However, literary works with the theme of reform and opening up are still emerging one after another.