Heaven and Earth Society "earthquake in Gorkon, a river spring water show through the ages; The door faces the sea, and the three rivers flow forever. "-one of the secret folk societies in the Qing Dynasty. It is named after worshipping heaven as father and earth as mother. Also known as Hong Men, commonly known as the Red Gang. At present, there are several different opinions about the time of the establishment of the heaven and earth society, but there is no conclusion. At first, its members were mostly farmers or small-scale craftsmen, small traders, transport workers along land and water transportation and other vagrants without fixed jobs. In the future, the composition is more and more complex, but it is still dominated by the poor at the lower level. The slogans of the Heaven-Earth Society, such as anti-Qing, restoring sight, obeying heaven and justice, robbing the rich and helping the poor, reflected the national concept of the people at that time and the requirements of opposing class oppression. The lower socio-economic status of its members makes them more in need of mutual assistance. Therefore, loyalty and righteousness have become the highest moral standard in the meeting and an important guarantee for achieving organizational unity and economic mutual assistance. At first, the Heaven and Earth Society spread mainly in Fujian, East Guangdong and Taiwan Province Province, and later spread to Guangdong, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan and other provinces. After the Opium War, it spread to Sichuan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other provinces. In the early Qing Dynasty, in addition to the original name of Heaven and Earth Society, there were many names such as Heaven and Earth, Filial Piety, Double Knife, Parents, Sandian, Sanhe and so on 10. After the Opium War, a large number of branches, such as the gerontology society, appeared, resulting in a large number of mountain religions all over the country, which became a major feature of the Heaven and Earth Society. The Qing court practiced harsh autocracy, but the civil movement against Manchu rule never stopped, and the heaven and earth would hold armed resistance struggles many times. After entering the period of the Republic of China, China's Heaven-Earth Society became a tool for a few people to fight for power and profit or an accomplice of the reactionary ruling class to oppose revolution and suppress the people. Most overseas Hong Men organizations still exist as an important link to unite overseas Chinese, and only a few have become underworld organizations. Heaven and Earth Society is also called "Hong Men". The Main Secret Associations in Southern China in Qing Dynasty. There are three main theories about its origin. First, the Heaven-Earth Society. The swindler claimed that it was founded by monks from Shaolin Temple in Fujian in Jiayin Year of Kangxi (1674) or Jiayin Year of Yongzheng (1734). Another way of saying it is that after the Republic of China, Hong Men members said it was created by Zheng Chenggong; There is also a saying that a monk in Zhangpu, Fujian Province (that is, a monk in Honger) called Tixi was founded in the 26th year of Qianlong (176 1) or the 32nd year, according to the archives and official books of the Qing Dynasty. At first, it was originally a secret mutual aid group among lower-level workers. Later, it was repeatedly suppressed by the Qing court, and the anti-Manchu color became stronger and stronger. During the Qianlong period, the slogans were "chasing heaven to do good", "shaving corrupt officials" and "seizing the country for heaven". After Jiaqing, slogans such as "unclear prosperity" and "clear opposition" were put forward. Anti-Manchu content was added in the late Qing Dynasty. In order to cope with the oppression of the Qing court, facilitate the absorption of the congregation, and constantly create new names, it became a secret association system with dozens of names. Due to the scattered organizations, there is no unified leadership, and organizations in the same area are not affiliated with each other. There is no fixed doctrine and object of worship, but there are strict rules, which later developed into thirty-six oaths, requiring the congregation to be loyal to the oath and strictly keep secrets. In Qing Dynasty, there were many armed struggles, including Lin Uprising in Taiwan Province Province in 51 years of Qianlong, Chenzhouquan Uprising in Taiwan Province Province in 60 years, Jiashan Uprising, Dacheng Uprising and Shengping Uprising in Guangxi from the first year of Xianfeng to the fifth year, Shanghai Knife Society Uprising and Xiamen Knife Society Uprising in three years. During the revolution of 19 1 1, many members of the underworld and the old people's home took part in the armed struggle to overthrow the Manchu dynasty. After jiadao, the heaven and earth society developed overseas, spread widely among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and America, and organized overseas Chinese to hold many struggles against western colonists. People think that the Heaven and Earth Society was founded by an old man in the Ming Dynasty or Zheng Chenggong during the reign of Kang Yong, all of which are based on such secret documents. At first, the Heaven-Earth Society spread mainly in Fujian, East Guangdong and Taiwan Province Province, and later spread to Guangdong Province and Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan and other provinces. After the Opium War, it spread to Sichuan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and became the largest secret association in southern China. In the early Qing Dynasty, besides the real name of Heaven and Earth Society, there were more than ten names, such as Heaven Emperor, Filial Piety, Double Knife, Parents, Sandian and Trinity. After the Opium War, a large number of branches such as the gerontology society (which developed into an independent secret society after the gerontology society) appeared, resulting in a large number of mountain societies all over the country, which became a major feature of the Heaven and Earth Society. Secret association activities were forbidden in the Qing court and clearly stipulated in the Qing law. However, their activities against feudal rule of Manchu-Han landlord class never stopped. The Heaven and Earth Society held many armed struggles. In the early Qing Dynasty, besides Lu Mao's uprising and uprising, there were Lin's uprising in Taiwan Province Province, Taiwan Province Province's Daohui Uprising and Chen Zhouquan Uprising. After the Opium War, the armed uprising launched by the Heaven and Earth Society had a great influence. The important ones are Xiamen Knife Society Uprising and Shanghai Knife Society Uprising. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the activities of the Heaven and Earth Society were very active. Its leaders, Hong Daquan (Jiao Liang) and Luo Outline, led the congregation to join the Taiping Army. The short-term regimes such as Dacheng, Shengping and Yanling established by the Heaven and Earth Society in Guangdong and Guangxi also cooperated with the struggle of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. During the Revolution of 1911, the Heaven and Earth Society and its branches actively participated in and supported the armed uprising led by the revolutionaries. Overseas Hong Men organizations not only give revolutionaries strong financial support, but also send people back to China to participate in the revolution. However, after entering the Republic of China, the vast majority of heaven and earth societies in China have become tools for a few people to fight for power and profit or accomplices of the reactionary ruling class to oppose revolution and suppress the people. Most overseas Hong Men organizations still exist as an important link to unite overseas Chinese, and only a few have become underworld organizations.