The Battle of Feishui is a famous example in the history of China. The pre-Qin Dynasty, which had absolute superiority, was defeated by the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the country declined and perished. The northern nationalities broke away from the pre-Qin rule and split into several regimes dominated by post-Qin and post-Yan. The Eastern Jin Dynasty used this Northern Expedition to push the border line to the Yellow River, and there was no foreign invasion in the Eastern Jin Dynasty for decades.
Name of Basic Introduction: Battle of Feishui Location: Near Feishui, Huainan County, Yuzhou, Eastern Jin Dynasty Time: 165438+ AD 3831October Participants: Eastern Jin Dynasty, former Qin Dynasty Results: Jin Dynasty won a great victory. The number of participants is 80,000.
There were 300,000 soldiers in the former Qin Dynasty and 500,000 casualties in other troops: 5,000 in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The direct forces of the former Qin dynasty were completely eliminated, and other forces rebelled in succession. Main commanders and fighters: Eastern Jin Dynasty: Xie An, former Qin Dynasty: Fu Jian's influence (former Qin Dynasty): the country was devastated, Fu Jian was killed by the rebel army (Eastern Jin Dynasty): part of the lost land was recovered, and General Peace was more than forty years (former Qin Dynasty): Fu Jian, General Rong (Eastern Jin Dynasty): Xie Xuan, Xie Shi. Campaign process, pre-war preparation, the first stage: the battle of Huainan, the second stage: the decisive battle at Lishui, the result of the campaign, historical influence, analysis and evaluation, the reasons for the failure of the former Qin Dynasty, the reasons for the victory of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, historical relics, historical allusions, hanging whip, fear of everything, tooth collapse, comeback, campaign background. The corrupt politics in the late Western Jin Dynasty caused great social unrest. In the south, Si Marui, the evil king of Jinlang, proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) in 3 17 A.D. and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty, occupying most areas south of Hanshui River and Huaihe River. The territory of the Battle of Feishui is in the north, and ethnic minority regimes are in constant dispute. The pre-Qin Dynasty founded by De successively destroyed the separatist countries such as Dailiang and Liang Qian, and unified the Yellow River basin. In June (357), the former Qin Shouguang three years, the Lord of Qin wanted to get rid of Fu Jian, and Fu Jian took the lead, killed him and became the King of Qin (not called the emperor). After Fu Jian reused Wang Meng, a Han Chinese, his national strength increased greatly. In 373 AD, the Eastern Jin captured Liang (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) and Yi (now Chengdu, Sichuan), annexed Tuoba, the representative country of Xianbei, to the north, and made an expedition to the western regions to unify the north. Wang Meng stopped Fu Jian's southward policy before he died, and advised Fu Jian not to attack the Eastern Jin Dynasty, because he thought that the former Qin Dynasty was stronger than the Eastern Jin Dynasty. However, because the former Qin Dynasty had just unified the north, the time was not yet ripe, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty had the natural barrier of the Yangtze River. Seven years after Wang Meng's death, Fu Jian thought the time was ripe and decided to attack the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the first year of Taiyuan (376), Sima Zhi, the filial piety emperor, began to take charge of state affairs, and was promoted to the position of supervisor of the Chinese Library, in charge of minister affairs. Chen became the last "big official" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the same year, Fu Jian unified northern China, and the war between the former Qin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty drew near. At that time, in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were controlled by Huan family, and the lower reaches were Xie family. Xie An tried his best to reconcile the relationship between Huan and Xie and prepare for the coming war. In 377, two years before the war, the Eastern Jin court appointed Huan Si, the son of Huan Chong, as Jiangzhou secretariat. Wang Yun, Minister of the Five Armies, was appointed as the military commander in the south of the Yangtze River and the secretariat of Xuzhou. Xie Xuan, who was appointed as the secretariat of Yanzhou and the commander of Guangling, was appointed as the secretariat of Yanzhou and producer of the military north of the Yangtze River. Later, Xie An recommended his nephew Xie Xuan to defend the northern territory. Xie Anze personally supervised military affairs in Yangzhou, Yuzhou, Xuzhou, Yanzhou and Qingzhou, and was in charge of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Huan Chong is the secretariat of Jingzhou, defending Jingxiang area; Guangling, Xie Xuan Town, and Xie An defend Huainan area. In order to strengthen the central military power, Emperor Wu of Jin Xiao ordered Xie Xuan to recruit people in Huainan to the north, select elite soldiers in Guangling, train elite soldiers, select Liu Laozhi and others, and form the northern government soldiers. Analysis of the Battle of Feishui in the first stage: the Battle of Huainan: the victorious country in 378: the defeated country in the Eastern Jin Dynasty: in the third year of Taiyuan in the former Qin Dynasty (378), in February, Fu Jian, the former king of Qin, sent a general to the south, and the commander-in-chief conquered the military department, guarding the Shuling and Changle Gongpi, and the generals Gou Chang and Shang Shu Murong led 70,000 cavalry to invade Xiangyang. General Lu led ten thousand elite cavalry out of Luyangguan, while General Jing and General Yang Wu led fifty thousand troops out of Nanxiang. Leading generals Gou Chi, right general Mao Dang and strong crossbow general Wang Xian led 40,000 soldiers out of Wudang to attack Xiangyang together. Xiangyang is surrounded by three roads with a total investment of 6.5438+0.7 million troops. Map of the Battle of Feishui In April, the former Qin army reached the north of Mianshui. Zhu Xu, the secretariat of Liangzhou, thought that the former Qin army had no ship and was unprepared. When he led five thousand cavalry across the Hanshui River, he was frightened to disgrace and was trapped in the city. Shi Yue conquered his outer city and captured more than 100 ships to transport the rest of the soldiers. Changle Gong Fu Cha led people to attack Midtown. He captured Wan, captured Zheng, and met Fupi in Xiangyang. Zhu Xu, the commander-in-chief of Xiangyang, was captured in February of the fourth year of Taiyuan (379). Fu Jian sent Peng Chao to besiege Pengcheng, and the battle of Huainan in Qin Jin broke out. Xie An in health protection, and Xie Xuan rate of 50000 north government soldiers, from Guangling arise, Xie Xuan four wins, adowa the enemy. Xie An was named the Duke of Jianchang and the Duke of Dongxing in Xie Xuan. The second stage: the decisive battle at the water: August 383 AD. Location: beside the Feishui River. Commander-in-chief and strength of both sides: the vanguard with a rate of 250,000. Fu Jian led 600,000 infantry, 270,000 cavalry and an army of * * *1120,000. Xie An's nephew Xie Xuan, a pioneer in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, led 80,000 "northern government soldiers" with strong combat effectiveness after seven years of training to meet Qin Jun's main force along the Huai River. As a result, the Eastern Jin Dynasty won. After the defeat of the former Qin Dynasty, Fu Jian was killed and the north split again. In May of the eighth year of Taiyuan (383), Huan Chong invested 100,000 Jingzhou soldiers in the State of Qin to contain and relieve the downstream pressure. On the second day of August, Fu Jian sent rising tone troops to melt Zhang Hao and others, with * * * cavalry of 250,000 as the pioneer, and appointed Yao Chang, the secretariat of Yanzhou, as General Long Xiang, to supervise Iraq and Liangzhou. On the eighth day of August, Fu Jian sent his troops to Chang 'an, led by 600,000 infantry and 270,000 cavalry, and began to invade south on a large scale. In September, Fu Jian went to Xiangcheng, Liangzhou army went to Xianyang, Zitong prefect Pei Yuanlve led 70,000 navy troops down the river from Bashu, and troops from Youzhou and Jizhou also went to Pengcheng, east and west Wan Li, hand in hand with water and land. Yangping Gongrong and other 300,000 troops arrived in Yingkou ahead of schedule. Facing the siege of the army, the Eastern Jin Dynasty issued imperial edicts, appointed the servant of Shangshu as General Lu, appointed Xie Xuan, Xu and Yanzhou as the governor-general for conquest, and, together with the western general Huan Yi and assistant Lord protector, commanded 80,000 soldiers to resist the former Qin Dynasty. And let Hu Bin, the general of Long Xiang, lead 5,000 water troops to rescue Shouyang. * * * Three military forces went north to meet Qin Jun before, and Qin Yangping and Gong Rongrong attacked Shouyang before October. 18, Shouyang was conquered and Pinglu general Xu Yuanxi and others were captured. Mu Rongchui captured Yuncheng. Fu Rong led troops to attack Shi Xia, and Hu Bin retreated. Liang Cheng, a former Qin and Wei general, and others led 50,000 troops stationed in Luo Jian and deployed along the Huaihe River to contain the troops in the east. Fu Jian thought he could make a quick decision and sent Zhu Xu, a former Qin minister, to surrender to Xie Shi, but Zhu Xu privately suggested Xie Shiyi to pre-empt and defeat the pioneer of the former Qin Dynasty. He said: "Although there are millions of people in Qin Jun, they are still marching. If we concentrate our forces, the Jin army will be hard to resist. Things are different now. We should take advantage of Qin Jun's incomplete arrival to launch an attack quickly. As long as we can defeat its vanguard troops and demoralize them, we can break the Qin million-strong army. " At first, Xie Shi thought that Qin Jun was very strong and planned to stick to it until the enemy was tired and then waited for an opportunity to counterattack. Zhu Xu's words made him feel very reasonable, so he changed his operational policy and decided to turn from defense to attack and take the initiative to attack. The Battle of Feishui In November, Xie Xuan sent Guangling Liu Xianglao to Luo Jian, which opened the prelude to the Battle of Feishui. Liang Cheng, the general of Qin, guarded the mountain stream and arranged to meet them. Liu Laozhi won a great victory in Luo Jian, killing Liang Cheng and Yiyang satrap Wang Yong, while Qin Jun lost ten generals and fifty thousand main troops. He sent troops to block the Huaihe River ferry, annihilated fifteen thousand troops of the former Qin Dynasty, and captured Wang Xian, Yangzhou secretariat of the former Qin Dynasty and others alive. The Jin army went west and confronted the water. 1February, someone suggested to Fu Jian to retreat for a decisive battle. General Qin Jun thinks it's safer to stop the enemy at the water bank, while Fu Jian thinks it can take the initiative to kill halfway. When retreating, the Jin army crossed the water and suddenly attacked. After the war in Qin Jun, Zhu Xu shouted: "Qin Jun in front has lost!" Qin Jun chaos, then jin go all out, defeated Qin Jun, Xie Xuan, Xie Yan, Huan Yi led jin seventy thousand, defeated Fu Jian, Fu Rong's former Qin Jun one hundred and fifty thousand, and cut Fu Rong together. As a result of the Battle of Feishui, the Battle of Feishui ended in the overall victory of 8 Jin Army. History influenced the Battle of Feishui. More than 700,000 people in Qin Jun fled in total annihilation, and only the 30,000 troops of Xianbei Mu Rongchui Department were still intact. Fu Jian's hope of reunifying the north and the south was completely dashed. Not only that, the temporary unification of the north has also collapsed, and it has once again split into more local ethnic regimes. Mu Rongchui of Xianbei nationality and Yao Chang of Qiang nationality rose again and established new countries respectively. Fu Jian himself was captured and killed by Yao Chang two years later, and the former Qin Dynasty perished. In the Battle of Feishui, the situation that China was divided into north and south continued to be maintained. The Eastern Jin Dynasty used the Northern Expedition to recover its homeland south of the Yellow River, but it soon turned to the defensive because of the death of Prime Minister Xie An and the retirement of front-line coach Xie Xuan. Although the winner of this war, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, failed to restore the sovereignty of China, it effectively curbed the intrusion of northern minorities on the South, creating conditions for the social and economic recovery and development in the south of the Yangtze River. The battle of Feishui has also become a famous example of how to win more with less, which has been recorded in military history and has had a long-term impact on the war view and decisive battle thought of later strategists. The result of the Battle of Feishui stabilized the rule of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, effectively curbed the intrusion of northern minorities into the South, and provided the necessary opportunity for the social and economic recovery and development of the south of the Yangtze River. In the long run, the most important role of the Battle of Feishui is to continue and develop the Central Plains culture of the Han nationality who fled to the south, and directly affect the spiritual essence of the unified dynasties such as Sui and Tang Dynasties. It can be said that the Battle of Feishui preserved the core part of China culture and gave it a chance to breathe and rise again after the "Five Chaos". Analysis and Evaluation of the Reasons for the Failure of the Pre-Qin Dynasty First, the Battle of Feishui was held in 1967 after Fu Jian unified the north. At that time, the former Qin Dynasty was only unified militarily, with unstable internal rule and lack of solid material foundation. Coupled with Fu Jian's years of war, the people are tired of war, the army's morale is not high, and there is a lack of popular base. As Engels said, "Years of war will exhaust even the most powerful country". Before the Southern Expedition, Prince Fu Hong told Fu Jian that the Eastern Jin Dynasty was going to cut down, but the main task at present is to "strive to accumulate chestnuts for the violent owners". Fu Jian should have accepted this opinion, continued to restore and develop the northern economy, and established the unstable unified regime of military and political union on a deeper foundation, thus unifying the whole country. However, Fu Jian, who was more and more proud of his sudden victory, rushed to launch the gold attack war regardless of subjective and objective conditions, recruiting millions of soldiers, which brought a heavy burden to the people of all ethnic groups in the north, so that it was unpopular and had low combat effectiveness, so that the local contact with the Eastern Jin army led to the annihilation of hundreds of thousands of troops in the former Qin Dynasty. Second, the failure of Fu Jian and Fu Jian in the battle of Surabaya is another important reason why he chose fools instead of wise men and rewarded the blind. Fu Jian prized the upper classes of the ethnic minorities in the Qin Dynasty before the surrender, and shared loyalty and traitors. However, he was wary of Han Chinese officials who were loyal to him wholeheartedly and did not pay attention to them. Even Wang Meng, although Fu Jian said that their relationship is "if Liu Bei meets Kong Ming", is also wary. After Wang Meng's death, Fu Jian thought he was a master of English, and he was even more proud. He didn't choose good and stupid people. His ministers' stern suggestions were no longer listened to, but he appreciated flattery doubly. On the issue of attacking gold, he refused to listen to all the useful dissuasions of his lieutenants, but listened to the slanderers of ambitious people and others, went his own way, "tried to dissuade them" and "didn't reward meritorious service and didn't punish the guilty", so he could not form a strong and United leading group, and his defeat was foreseeable. Third, Fu Jian was overjoyed, lacked objective analysis, did not have careful strategic deployment before the war, and made a series of mistakes in tactical command in the face of the war, which was also an important reason for the failure of the battle of Feishui in the former Qin Dynasty. Regardless of subjective and objective conditions, Fu Jian only relies on its military strength of "a million people with a mountain of sticks" and its military strength of "waving a whip in the river, enough to cut off its flow". He thought that the conquest of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was "like the autumn of commercial wind, and he rashly embarked on the road of expedition. He reported that he had won by luck, was strategically proud and despised the enemy. After the fifty thousand troops led by the vanguard troops were wiped out by the generals in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, their morale was badly hurt. Fu Jian was shocked by this and began to have the fear of gold. So, when he and the former commander-in-chief De Rong boarded Shouyang Building, they saw that 8 Jin Army was "well-organized, a strong soldier, and looked at the vegetation on Bagong Mountain in the north, all in human form. Gu said, Rong said,' this is also a strong enemy, what is less! Worry is terrible. "So, Fu Jian changed from underestimating the enemy to fearing the enemy, from being aggressive to being defeated and fleeing, and finally ended up with a tragic ending of" nerves "and" neuroticism ". Fourth, the warring forces of the two sides are equal, but the fighting capacity of the northern government soldiers in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is far better than that of the former Qin Dynasty. The reason for the victory of the Eastern Jin Dynasty is 1. Xie An, the main war fighter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is fearless in the face of danger, resolutely resisting the war, and has a firm attitude and will. 2. The army has a strong fighting capacity, and the Lord must have the ability. If the command is determined, the soldiers will work together to achieve new morale. 3. The people also organized military forces to fight against the former Qin Dynasty, which won the hearts of the people. 4. There is a natural barrier at the foot of the water, which occupies the best geographical position and is fully prepared to give play to our own advantages. 5. Proper tactics, taking advantage of the internal instability of the former Qin Dynasty, alienating the internal relations of the former Qin Dynasty and disintegrating morale. 6. Inspire the enemy with wisdom, lure him into chaos, and then use the gap to cover up and kill him; Resolutely implement strategic pursuit and expand the results. Shouxian, a historical site, is located in the north and south, and is known as "the barrier of the Central Plains and the throat of the south of the Yangtze River". It has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times. Wars have often happened here in history. In 383 AD, the Battle of Feishui in Qin Jin took place at the foot of Bagong Mountain and Shouyang City. This war not only once again created a famous war example in China's military history, but also left some meaningful historical anecdotes and cultural relics for future generations. When Fu Jian decided to invade the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he was persuaded by the ministers of the DPRK, pointing out that the Eastern Jin Dynasty was founded by the Han people and supported by the people of China. Moreover, there is a natural barrier along the Yangtze River, which is difficult to capture, but Fu Jian responded disdainfully: "I have a million troops. As long as I give the order, all the soldiers will throw whips into the Yangtze River, which is enough to cut off the river. What is there to be afraid of in the Yangtze River natural barrier? " Later generations used "flogging" to describe the heyday of the military lineup, or the emergence of strong institutional talents. Source: "Go my way, throw the whip at the foot of the river and interrupt its flow. "Canon" Book of Jin "volume 114, Fu Jian record. The vanguard troops of the former Qin Dynasty were ambushed by 8 Jin Army nearby, and were in flight, which not only hit the morale of Chi, but also shook the confidence of Fu Jian, who had always been proud. He learned that the Jin army was advancing on Shouyang, so he boarded Shouyang Chengtou with Fu Rong to observe the movement of the Jin army. He saw the nomads from the other side, neatly arranged and densely packed with warships, and felt that the nomads from the other side were well trained. Look at Bagong Mountain in the north, which is covered with countless vegetation. The north wind blows, and the vegetation shakes, just like countless soldiers are moving. He immediately said to Fu Rong in shock: "What powerful opponents the Nomads are, how can you say they are weak?" Later, people described people as neurotic and suspicious with "all plants and soldiers". Source: Book of Jin (volume 1 14) "Fu Jian's Note": "Faithful, hibiscus climbed to the city, and saw that the weapons were neat and the soldiers were elite. Looking north at the vegetation on Bagong Mountain, all of them are humanoid. Gu said,' This is also a slap! What is small? I'm scared. Before the jittery, Jian's army was defeated in the Battle of Feishui, and Fu Rong died. Fu Jian was shot by an arrow and led the surplus soldiers to flee to the north desperately. When they heard the sound of the wind blowing and the chirping of flying cranes, they all thought that the nomads from behind were still chasing, so they fled day and night, hungry and cold. As a result, when they returned to the north, the million-strong army had lost 78% of the ten. Later generations used the word "trembling" to describe that people's hearts become fragile after suffering from * * *, and they can't tolerate the slightest trouble. They can also describe the precarious situation. Source: Book of Jin, Volume 79, Xie An Biography. The Jin army recovered Shouyang, and Xie Xuan sent a flying horse to Jiankang to report good news. Xie An is playing chess with the guests at home. After reading the good news from Xie Shi, he put aside the good news with a straight face and played chess as usual. Knowing that it was the battle report coming from the front, the guest couldn't help asking Xie An, "How is the battle?" Xie An said slowly, "The child finally defeated the Qin people." Hearing this, the guest was so happy that he didn't want to play chess again. He wanted to tell others the good news quickly and then left. Xie An sent the guests away and returned to the inner city. His excitement could no longer be contained. When he crossed the threshold, he tripped and broke the clogs' teeth. This is the origin of the famous allusion "broken tooth". Source: Book of Jin, Volume 79, Xie An Biography. In August 383, Fu Jian set out from Chang 'an with an army of 870,000. When the news reached Jiankang, Emperor Xiaowu of Jin and all the officials in Beijing panicked. The military and civilians in the Jin Dynasty were unwilling to let Jiangnan fall into the hands of the former Qin Dynasty, and everyone hoped that Prime Minister Xie An would make up his mind. Xie An is a native of Yang Xiachen Jun (now Taikang, Henan Province). Born in a gentry, he often travels around the mountains and rivers of Dongshan, reciting poems and talking about articles. He was very famous among the literati class at that time, and everyone thought he was a very talented person. But he would rather live in seclusion in Dongshan than be an official. At that time, there was a saying among the literati: "What will the people do if Xie An doesn't come out to be an official?" It was not until he was in his forties that he came out to be an official again. Because Xie An lived in seclusion for a long time, he later called it a "comeback" and came out as an official again. Source: Book of Jin, Volume 79, Xie An Biography.