Lenin was born in Simbilsk, Russia, on April 22nd, on 1870. His father was an educational activist with democratic ideas, and his brother Alexander was executed for his participation in the assassination of the tsar. Under the influence of his family, Qiu Lunning entered the Law Department of Kazan University on 1887. However, because he participated in the student movement, he was quickly expelled, arrested and exiled from school. The following year, after returning to Kazan, he began to study Marx's Das Kapital and plekhanov's works. 1892, he started to form a Marxist group, translated the Manifesto of the Producer Party into Russian, and wrote his first book, New Economic Changes in Farmers' Life. At this time, Lenin has changed from a revolutionary Democrat to a producer of * * *.
1895, Lenin established the Petersburg Workers' Liberation Association in Petersburg. At the end of this year, he was arrested and imprisoned again. After 14 months in prison, he was exiled to Siberia. During his three years in Siberia, he began to use the pseudonym "Lenin", wrote the book "The Development of Russian Capitalism", and married another revolutionary, Krupskaya.
1900 In February, Lenin's exile in Siberia ended, and soon after he returned to Petersburg, he went to Western Europe and founded the first newspaper of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, Mars, in Germany. 1903 On July 30th, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party held a congress in Brussels, at which a Bolshevik with Lenin as the core was formed, which means the majority. The emergence of Bolsheviks and their ideological system marked the formation of Leninism.
1905165438+10 In October, after the Russian bourgeois democratic revolution broke out, Lenin returned to the motherland to directly lead the revolution and put forward the strategy of the proletarian party in the democratic revolution. In February 65438, the armed uprising in Moscow failed, and Lenin began his second exile for more than ten years. During this period, he wrote a series of works, such as materialism and empirical criticism, Marxism and revisionism, which made Marxism develop in an all-round way. After the outbreak of World War I, Lenin put forward the slogan of "turning the imperialist war into a civil war" and expounded the theory that socialism can win first in one country or several countries. In March, the czar government was overthrown. After hearing the news of the fall of the czar, Lenin immediately returned to Russia and actively prepared to launch an armed uprising. Under the leadership of Lenin, the Russian people finally won the socialist revolution in October. This great victory ushered in a new era in human history.
After the victory of the revolution, Lenin was elected as the chairman of the first Soviet government. He led the people to smash the three armed attacks and domestic rebellions of imperialism, and gradually put the economic construction of Soviet Russia on the right track.
Lenin suffered from cerebral hemorrhage in his later years, but he still dictated articles and letters such as On Cooperative System. Lenin's works amount to 55 volumes, so some people say that he is a prolific writer. 1923, Lenin's condition began to deteriorate and he died the following year at the age of 54.
Eisenhower, supreme commander of allied forces in western Europe during World War II, was the 34th president of the United States.
Eisenhower was poor in childhood and graduated from West Point Military Academy in 19 15. Commanded a tank training center during World War I, and did a good job. He was promoted to captain. 1922- 1924 served in Panama Canal Zone, inspired by General F. Connor. With Connor's help, he entered Leavenworth Command and Staff School, and entered the Army Academy for further study with excellent results, graduating from 1928. Later, he was sent to France to write a summary of the battlefield of World War I.
1933 Assistant to D- MacArthur, Chief of Staff of the Army. Two years later, he went to the Philippines with MacArthur to help rebuild the Philippine federal army and was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. After Germany invaded Poland, he returned to the United States from the Philippines. 1941March was promoted to colonel as the chief of staff of the 3rd Army. He was praised by G-C- Marshall, Chief of Staff of the Army, because he carefully planned a well-planned military exercise with 500,000 participants. In September this year, he was promoted to brigadier general. After the United States entered the war in February 65438, Marshall appointed him to be in charge of the operational planning department, preparing for the allied strategy of attacking Europe. 1March, 942, he was transferred to the position of Director of Operations and promoted to Major General; In June, Marshall selected him as the commander of the US military in Europe.
Under the background of unsatisfactory military career, his rapid promotion benefited from his insight into military strategy, excellent organizational skills and his ability to persuade, mediate and accept opinions. People of different backgrounds and nationalities are moved by his friendliness, humility and optimism, like him and trust him. In July, he was promoted to lieutenant general and was ordered to command the allied forces to implement the "Torch Action Plan" in French North Africa. This was the first large-scale attack by the allied forces in World War II. The attack started at 1942 1 1.8 and ended successfully in May of the following year.
During the campaign, Eisenhower decided to cooperate with J-F- Dallang, a French admiral who had worked with the Germans, which caused protests from the allies, but President Roosevelt supported his action. He was promoted to general in February this year. Later, he commanded an ambitious attack on Sicily and Italy, which resulted in the occupation of Rome on June 4, 1944 at/kloc-0. At the same time, he participated in the plan of crossing the English Channel and landing in France.
1943 65438+On February 24th, he was appointed as the supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force and immediately went to London to prepare for the landing operation. 1June 6, 944, despite the bad weather, he ordered to cross the sea. About 4,000 ships and/kloc-0,000,000 troops landed in Normandy, France, and began to advance to central France. Paris was liberated on August 25th. 65438+February smashed the German crazy counterattack in Ardennes. Cross the Rhine in March the following year. On May 7th, Germany surrendered and the European War ended. 1944 65438+February Eisenhower was promoted to a five-star general.
/kloc-0 returned home triumphantly in June, 945. 165438 10, President Truman appointed him to replace Marshall as the army chief of staff to lead the demobilization work and put all services under centralized leadership. 1948 Retired in May and became the president of Columbia University. This autumn, his book "European Crusade" was published, which sold well and made him a rich man. The training and experience of soldiers are not suitable for the job of university president, and he is not very successful in this position. 1in the autumn of 950, Truman appointed him as the supreme commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1in June, 952, he resigned from the military and returned to the United States to participate in the presidential election, and finally won the election as the party's presidential candidate.
In foreign policy, he and Secretary of State Dulles committed themselves to ending the Korean War and establishing a collective defense agreement. After they took office, they visited South Korea, probably partly because of Stalin's death, and finally reached an armistice agreement through negotiations in July 1953. In February of the same year, 65438+ put forward the proposal of "atomic energy for peace" (which was finally established by 62 countries in 1957). 1At the summit held in Geneva in July, 955, the leaders of Britain, France and the Soviet Union put forward the proposal of "creating the world" (that is, the United States and the Soviet Union allowed each other to conduct continuous aerial inspections of their military facilities). Although it was welcomed by world public opinion, it was rejected by the Soviet Union. 1September 1954, southeast asia treaty organization was founded;1February 1999, Chiang Kai-shek signed the Common Defence Treaty.
1956 He won the presidency in the general election, while the opposition party (Democratic Party) controlled the Congress. 1957, 1 In June, he put forward the so-called Eisenhower Doctrine to Congress, and promised to send troops to any Middle Eastern country that requested assistance to resist imperialist aggression. 1957 In September, when Arkansas Governor O- Forbes stopped the segregation policy in public schools, he sent thousands of federal troops to Little Rock. 1957 passed the first civil rights bill since 1875. 1957 1 Soviet Union1After launching the first artificial earth satellite on October 4th, he took measures to increase the funds for space research and established the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1959 Dulles' death in the spring highlighted his leading role in foreign policy. He visited Europe, Africa, Asia and Latin America, improved relations with the Soviet Union and invited Khrushchev to visit the United States. 1960 In May, the U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane of the United States was shot down over the Soviet Union, which cancelled his plan to visit the Soviet Union again. 196 1 On the eve of Eisenhower's resignation in June, the United States broke off diplomatic relations with Cuba.
After retirement, he settled in Gettysburg Farm to write his memoirs. He has published Authorization Change (1963), Striving for Peace (1965) and Stories to Tell Friends in Leisure (1967).