The Boxer Rebellion was initiated by the Boxer Rebellion in the19th century, which mainly happened in North China and was widely participated by all walks of life in China. Due to the joint strangulation of the Manchu court and foreign invaders, the Boxer Rebellion finally failed. This incident has had a great impact. Historians in China also called this incident "the change of boxer" or "Eight-Nation Alliance", and some people disparaged it as "fist chaos". Some western countries also use the name "boxer rebellion" (Boxer Rebellion).
Originated in Shandong
As a result of German aggression in Shandong, Shandong people left a very bad impression on foreign aggression. As early as 1897, the Juye religious case happened, and Li Bingheng, the husband of Shandong cru ised, was demoted. Since then, the teaching contradictions of Shandong people have increased. 1897, the conflict between people and church in Theater Village, Maozi County, Shandong Province was caused by the land dispute left over from history. Zhang Aosanduo, a Meihua boxer in Wei County, often went to help at the invitation of Yan and others in the village. Zhao Sanhou changed his name to Meihua Boxing and Gengyi Boxing. 1in June, 898, Zhang Rumei, the governor of Shandong Province, played in the imperial court, thinking that the Boxer Yihetuan was originally a state regiment, and suggested "changing the Boxer Yihetuan into a people's regiment". Combining them, it is clear that righteousness and boxing are "righteousness and regiment", and the concept of "righteousness and regiment" was put forward for the first time among Manchu officials. In the same year 10, Sanduo Zhao and others launched a "revolution" in Jiangjiazhuang, Maozi County under the banner of "going abroad by hand", which was suppressed by the Qing emperor and failed. The following year, namely 1899, Jiang Kai, the magistrate of Pingyuan county, Shandong province, cracked down on the Boxer Rebellion. Li Changshui, the local boxer leader, claimed to be Ren Lian, and Gao Tang, the leader of the Boxer Rebellion, supported it with a red light. The red light officially played the banner of "The Boxer Rebellion in the world, the Boxer Rebellion, the Boxer Rebellion". 1October 1 1 day, Jiang Kai led several brave soldiers to suppress and was defeated by boxer. This incident was later called "Revolution in the Plain". Later, the Manchu court sent Yuan Yidun and others to suppress it, and defeated the battle of boxer in Mori Palace. Later, the Qing army ranger shot Ma Jinxu and captured Yijing and the boxing champion Scarlet Light alive, and really became a monk and others. At that time, the governor of Shandong was wise, and he was more sympathetic to the people's hatred of foreign aggression and anti-foreign conflicts. He recalled Jiang Kai and Yuan's escape ... and so on. And fu yi and fist are combined, and fu is the main one. It is said that it is precisely to change boxing into a group. He also put the responsibility of teaching people contradictions on the court side and on the church. His attitude was hostile to foreign countries, and he was dismissed from office by Ge in the negotiations with foreign powers. However, he also suppressed the Boxer Rebellion. Before he left office, he ordered the killing of Chi Guang, Xin Zhen Monk, Yu Qingshui, etc .. 18991February, and Yuan was appointed as the late Governor of Shandong.
The continuation of the war
On June 6th, at 438+00, despite the obstruction of the Qing government, the powers sent troops from Tianjin to Beijing, which marked Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China. However, due to the fact that most of the railways along the road have been destroyed by the Yituan, and the constant attacks by the Yituan and the Sweet Soldiers, Xixi was in trouble in Yangcun, and was forced to retreat. On the return trip, he was attacked by the Yituan Gallery Store and the Nie Private Ministry, and was injured and retreated to the Tianjin Concession. When talking about this battle, Xixi said that "the Boxer Rebellion is used to build armaments and supplies for the West, so the allied forces will be completely annihilated." Historians in China call it "an overwhelming gallery shop". While the Boxer Rebellion was at war with Langdian Seymour, the powers continued to assemble their troops, and on June 16, 2006, they gave an ultimatum to the defenders of Daguhuabao, demanding to hand over the fortress, which was rejected. The next day, 70 minutes before the time limit of the diplomatic note, the warships of the great powers exchanged fire with the guards, and the guards were defeated by the enemy, and Dagu was defeated by the enemy, defending Kashgadur and making a glorious sacrifice.
Pure government declared war on foreign countries.
In the face of the urgent situation of the great powers, the cracks in the Manchu court were more serious. On June 5th, the Qing government sent Zhao Shuyang and A Ying, and on June 6th, it sent fortitude to Zhuozhou to "persuade the Yihetuan" to investigate the actual situation. As a result, it is determined to "speak forcefully and punch the people", and it is added that it is easy to support. The turbulent bureaucrats and the Qing government gradually began to recognize the Boxer Rebellion as a legal organization, which directly led to a large number of Boxers entering Beijing in early June. Under the tense situation, Empress Dowager Cixi Xi held protests in succession, and finally made a decision to go to the capital to arrest the allied forces by force. One of the important decisions was to declare war on foreign countries. There are different opinions on the reasons why the Qing government declared war on foreign countries, but most of them think that the opinions of Empress Dowager Cixi Xi played a decisive role. The decision of the Manchu court to use force against foreign countries was strongly opposed by the ministers of the Lord and the Party, but the Lord and the Party lost their support in the conflict. The five ministers of the Lord and the Party, Xu Jingcheng, Chang Yuan, Xu Yongyi, Zheng Shan and Yuan Meng, were killed one after another when the allied forces approached Beijing. On June 2 1 day, the pure government declared war on the outside in the form of a release on. At this time, it has been four days since my aunt lost to the enemy.
The Manchu court issued a declaration of war, and pointed out which country to declare war on, and also passed the news of the declaration of war to the diplomatic corps. During the war, the Manchu maintained diplomatic relations with the powers. In the past, some people thought that the Manchu court declared war only in name, just 1 mobilization order.
Siege the legation
After Linde 2 was killed, the foreign embassy in Beijing became the target of attack. The siege of the Liao Dynasty by the Manchu court was also an endless unsolved case. According to the Qing soldiers and the Boxer Rebellion in Beijing at that time, although the foreign troops guarding the embassy district and Xishiku had overwhelming advantages, they could never capture them. This is related to Empress Ci Xi, the actual decision-maker of the Qing government, who left enough room for herself and was unwilling to attack the legation with all her strength. Pure soldiers stopped the attacking legation many times and also sent a car full of rice, noodles, vegetables and watermelons to the legation. The siege continued until Beijing was captured by the allied forces. After the breakthrough, the French minister went to Xishiku Church to meet the Bishop of Fan Liangji. They "congratulated each other for more than a year and embraced each other as a gift".
Boxers kill people blindly.
Due to the deepening of the invasion of foreign powers and the manipulation of some progressive party bureaucrats, some Boxers lost their rationality and generally rejected western culture. Among them, the biggest tragedy will be blind vendetta against educating the people.
(The following data are quoted from Wei Ji 100 section)
In the Boxer Rebellion, large-scale genocide against foreigners and even Christians in China occurred widely in all provinces of China, mainly in North China, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Northeast China. According to the statistics of church people, most of the following casualties and death figures have not been confirmed by official historical data: According to statistics, if foreigners from China (53 Catholic missionaries, 53 Protestant missionaries and their children 188, including 53 children) are added, there are 24 1 Christians (18000 for Catholics and 5000 for Protestants).
In Shanxi, it is said that there are more than 5,700 China Catholics killed and thousands of Protestants killed in the whole province, among which the mainland has the largest number of churches, while others belong to the Justice Society, the British Baptist Church, etc ... On July 9, in front of the governor's yamen in Taichu, the governor killed missionaries of the Catholic Quartet 12 people (Italian Irish hero and rich space, 2 hot bishops, 3 priests, 3. The western mountainous area is the province where the national enemy killed the most foreign permanent peaceful residents.
On July 19, 2009, in Inner Mongolia, the crackdown brigade broke into the 24th House, where the Bishop's Office in the southwest diocese of Mongolia is located, and a large number of Catholics in the village were killed. The bishop presided over by the Belgian Han Mo was "tied by brothers and tied with bamboo poles", and then "the iron rope pierced the shoulder bones and the cage was caged", and paraded through the streets to show the public. On July 24, Nai Keci City was killed. In the eastern diocese of Mongolia, Luanping County buried the immortal alive. Except for more than 5,000 parishioners who took refuge in the main church of Xiwanhezi (Jiangbei Chongli), the vast majority (more than 3,200 people) of the central diocese of Maungolia were killed.
More than 400 Catholics were killed in Shenyang (Liaoning), including a bishop, 10.
Quji in Zhejiang is two countries, and genocide has also occurred. The deities of the bishops of Hengzhou and Xiaxiye in Hunan Province were killed. In Shandong, south of the Yangtze River, churches were destroyed by 78%.
Southeast of mutual protection
Mutual insurance in the southeast really protected the achievements of capitalist economic development in the southeast provinces at that time, which was indeed a wise move. Officials in all parts of the south are well aware of the magical property and the great harm that may be brought by being exploited and "tempered" by the Qing Dynasty. The officials in the south, who are richer and have a large population, obviously don't want to be dragged down by the Qing government, so they take an ambiguous resistance attitude towards sending troops on a large scale. This also reflects that the court has begun to lose control of the gradual economic modernization in the south, which is actually a harbinger of the future "southern independence" and the collapse of Manchu.
Tianjin defending war
After the defeat of Dagu, the Qing soldiers and the Boxer Rebellion actively resisted the invasion of foreign countries, including Cao Futian and Zhang Decheng, heads of the Boxer Rebellion. Leading the militia to attack Tianjin, the invading soldiers and the defending governor Yu Lu exchanged courtesies. With the help of pure soldiers, the militia carried out the defense of the railway station and the battle of Zizhulin, the leader of ol d group. Yu, the governor of the garrison, also talked about the achievements of the Boxer Rebellion in his moving chapter. But at the same time, the allies are rapidly strengthening their forces. On July 9, the Japanese Imperial Army took advantage of the situation to attack Zhuangliji's home, defeated the Boxer Rebellion, and then attacked Nie Yibing and other allied units from two wings. Nie Yibing's unit was defeated because there were too few people to fight. Nie Liecheng died for his country in eight episodes.
After Nie Liebing's sacrifice, Ma Yukun, as a pure soldier, will change his attitude towards the Boxer Rebellion. Ma Yukun's department will let the boxer charge in the front and kill the boxer with a gun in the back. For example, on the night of July 9, when "the Chinese soldiers were behind, the militia were in front, and the game broke the boundary;" Foreign soldiers fired a volley of guns to resist, and arrived at dawn, killing more than 2,000 people in the militia ... The fist was mostly held in front of the knife, and the foreign soldiers shot and bombarded, and the front row was dead; In the latter, government troops are used to shoot. In the past, Xi boxing killed so many people, but not all foreign soldiers were killed. " Later, I came to Tianjin to celebrate the song "Meet and Kill". As a result, "three flags were laid in the city in half a day", which greatly weakened their own strength. However, the allied forces made full preparations after launching the general attack on Tianjin on July 6, 2003. After a bloody battle, the allied forces, under the instructions of the traitors, blasted the city walls and invaded Tianjin on July 6, 2004. Allied forces established "Quanyamen" to colonize Tianjin.
Russia invaded Northeast China.
Soldiers from all sides participated in Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of North China. In addition, Russia sent troops to invade Northeast China. Since July, Russia's north and south armies have invaded Northeast China in two ways, and finally conquered Shenyang Tieling and the three northeastern provinces on October 6. On July 17~2 1 day, China also committed a murder case in Hailan 64 village in Paohe Jiangdong, killing a large number of Russian civilians. In the face of the invasion of China, Russian soldiers and civilians struggled to resist. Ai Hundu, a deputy general, and Han soldiers were embedded in Huang Man and Yang Fengxiang. The general committed suicide in Heilongjiang. People from all parts of Northeast China joined various anti-Russian organizations such as Liuhe Quan and Volunteers, and resolutely resisted aggression.
Urban battles filmed by suburban ancestors
On August 4, the allied forces began to attack Beijing. The pure soldiers and the Boxer Rebellion broke through before the fall of Tianjin, belonging to a joint army with ancestors under the command of the northern governor. On August 5th, the allied forces attacked North Mag and chased the Qing soldiers to Yangcun. On August 6th, the Qing soldiers were defeated again and Yu Lu committed suicide.
Before Amali in North C was defeated by the enemy, Minister Li Bingheng, who was inspecting the navy in the Yangtze River, had led his troops into the city of "Qinwang" and fought to the death with the main force of Empress Dowager Cixi and argued with foreign enemies. So Eight-Nation Alliance commander Xi sent his troops to resist the allied forces in the Forbidden City. Li Bingheng led Wang Jun and 3,000 volunteers from various provinces to set out on August 6th and arrived in Hexi on August 9th. After a day of confrontation with the allied forces, all the troops were defeated, and Li Bingheng committed suicide and died for his country.
Beijing lost to the enemy.
On August 6th, 2003, the allied forces entered the gates of Beijing. In the early morning of August 4th, Eight-Nation Alliance launched a general attack on Beijing, and breached Dongshou. The embankments of Chaosun, Dongzhe and Guangmen entered Beijing, and the Xiangbing and the Boxers of Dongfuxiang persisted. At the same time, contemporary people called this war "the most aggressive, and Dongfuxiang had one soldier and one pawn". At this time, Cixi Xi saw something bad, so she led the emperor, the Jade Dragon Queen ... and so on. On the morning of Guangxu 15, some princes and eunuchs appeared in the martial arts gate and fled to the west. Allied forces continued to attack Beijing, and after street fighting, they captured Beijing on 16. 194381February 6, the powers set up a management committee in Beijing to manage Beijing. Beijing's defeat to the enemy also symbolizes the failure of the boxer exercise.
Sorry, some places can't be translated, and they are omitted.