Marked by economic industrialization and political democratization. 1. From the process point of view, the transformation of human society from traditional agricultural society to modern industrial society is an inevitable stage. 2. In terms of content, it is driven by science and technology, with industrialization as the core, with machine production replacing manual labor, and machine factories replacing family workshops and manual workshops as the main symbols. A social change that causes all-round changes in economic system, political system, lifestyle and even way of thinking. 3. In modern China, modernization means industrialization and the political, economic and cultural changes that accompany industrialization, that is, social transformation, that is, the transformation from feudal society to modern society. 4. To accomplish this historical task, we must solve two major problems: First, national independence and national liberation (premise and foundation). Second, social prosperity and sustainable development (purpose and requirement). Second, the development process and stage characteristics of China's modernization. (1) The early stage (1840 ~ 1895) was mainly the Westernization Movement led by the landlord class. The main feature is: taking "Chinese style" as the guiding ideology. Westernization movement. There are mainly "three bureaus and one factory": the earliest is Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute founded by Zeng Guofan in 186 1, and the largest is Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration sponsored by Zeng and Li. 2. In the later period, a number of civilian industries were set up under the banner of "seeking wealth", mainly including "three bureaus and one factory": the earliest was Li Hong in 1872. The industrialization with military industry as the main body has made progress, and it has gone through the development process from heavy industry to light industry, from military to civilian, and from state-owned to private. The form of investment has also changed from government-run and government supervision to commercialization, and has experienced a change from single to diversified. 4. At the same time, due to the need of Westernization Movement, modernization gradually penetrated from the economic field to the fields of science and technology, culture and talent education. The modernization of education in China has begun. (2) The overall development stage (1895 ~ 1927) is the most important stage of China's modernization. The main features are: the organic combination of learning advanced western science and technology culture and changing social system has made a big step forward in China's modernization. (2) In "saving the country by industry" .000000000006 (background) 2) After the Revolution of 1911 and the short spring of World War I, the textile industry and flour industry developed the fastest. (background) 2. Major breakthroughs have been made in the modernization of the political system. The national bourgeoisie began to step onto the historical stage and launched the Reform Movement of 1898 with 1) its upper-level reform movement, and the constitutionalists led the constitutional movement and the road protection movement; 2) Its lower revolutionaries set up a bourgeois political party, led the Revolution of 1911, overthrew the feudal autocracy for thousands of years, and established a bourgeois republic, which made democracy a trend of the times and effectively promoted the modernization of China. 3) The modernization of China's political system in this period showed the characteristics of wave-like advancement: (1) From the perspective of the Qing government. (2) From the inside of the bourgeoisie, there has been a struggle among royalists, constitutionalists and revolutionaries; (3) Judging from the rule of the Northern Warlords, China's modernization process encountered a countercurrent. (4) Judging from the establishment of China's * * * production party, formulating a democratic revolutionary program, leading the workers' and peasants' movement and cooperating with the state have created a new era of political, economic, ideological and cultural modernization in China. 3. Great progress has been made in the modernization of ideology and culture, and it has begun to change from traditional culture to modernization. Mainly manifested as: 1) the influx of western culture. 3) The revolutionaries developed the state theory learned from the West into the Three People's Principles, turned theoretical study and revolutionary propaganda into practical actions, and launched the Revolution of 1911; (Democracy and Ideological Trend) 4) Bourgeois radicals (intellectuals) strongly advocated democracy and science, and put forward the slogan of "Down with Kongjiadian", which shook the dominant position of feudal orthodoxy and set off a trend of ideological emancipation in society. 5) After the May 4th Movement, Marxism began to become the mainstream of new thoughts. 6) A new education system has been established. 1905 abolished the imperial examination system, which cleared the way for the reform of the education system. After the Revolution of 1911, the Nanjing Provisional Government established the Ministry of Education, and reformed the educational content and academic system, which made the education in the early years of the Republic of China develop and produced a new group of intellectuals. Their representatives are mainly cadres of the New Culture Movement. (3) Staggering forward stage (1927 ~ 1949), the main feature: struggling in the extremely acute and complicated historical environment of class struggle and national struggle. (3) The early period of the National Government was a decade of China's modernization (1927- 1937). For example, regain "tariff sovereignty" from foreigners, set up a national bank, unify the right to issue money, issue "legal tender", launch a national economic construction movement, and promote the modernization process of industry and commerce and the whole economic field. However, the formation and monopoly of bureaucratic capital is certain. The national government's concession to Japanese aggression has affected the normal development of the democratic system, such as the bloody slaughter of the * * * production party and workers and peasants. 3. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, China's modernization process was interrupted, and the original industry was seriously damaged by the large-scale aggression of Japanese militarism. 4. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the combination of American monopoly capital and bureaucratic capital of four big families pushed China's modernization to a desperate situation. The overall characteristics of modern industrialization in China were carried out under the historical background of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Therefore, compared with the modernization of European and American countries, it has very obvious specific characteristics: (1) modernization is not only stubbornly resisted by internal feudal conservative forces, but also trampled by external capitalist powers, with slow development and twists and turns. (2) Modernization was initially led by the Westernization School in the landlord class. The bureaucratic comprador class played a subtle role in the start-up period of China's modernization, while the bourgeoisie never really grasped the leadership of modernization. (3) Modernization lacks the necessary primitive accumulation of capital process, and technology, talents and ideological preparation are insufficient. Its driving force mainly comes from the outside rather than the inside. Therefore, it is not guided by the spontaneous establishment of modern enterprises by the people and the development of capitalism through free competition, but mainly depends on the power of political power. Starting with government-run military industry, from military to civilian, from state-owned to private, from heavy industry to light industry. (4) Abnormal development. The industrial structure of modern industry is uncoordinated and uncoordinated, and the proportion of industry in the whole national economy is very small, especially in heavy industries such as steel, machinery, electricity and petroleum. The regional distribution is uneven, mainly along the southeast coast and along the river. 4. What is the relationship between realizing modernization and accomplishing the two major tasks of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism? In the modern history of China, the task of accomplishing the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution and the goal of realizing modernization are intertwined and synchronized, which is a dialectical relationship of two-way interaction. (1) The development of industrialization provided the material foundation and class strength for the modern revolution, which cleared the way for the development of industrialization. (2) The history of the modern century has proved that the task of completing the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution and realizing national independence is the premise and fundamental guarantee of realizing modernization, and modernization is the ultimate goal of completing the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal task and realizing national independence. Without changing the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social status and solving the plunder and oppression of imperialism and feudalism, it is impossible to realize modernization. V. China's Modern Diversified Economic Structure and Its Influence (1) After the Opium War, the original feudal economic structure in China changed greatly due to the invasion of foreign capitalism. Commodity economy and capitalist economy developed to a certain extent, and the foundation of feudal natural economy was destroyed. Judging from the whole national economic structure, it is not a complete feudal economy, and we call it a semi-feudal economy. 1. In this semi-feudal economic structure, feudal natural economy, foreign capitalist economy and bureaucratic capitalist economy dominate. They colluded with each other and became a trinity. It has seriously hindered the development of social productive forces in China, the main obstacle to China's modernization and the object of China's democratic revolution. 2. Although the national capitalist economy has developed after its emergence, it has never become the main form of social economy in China due to its small capital, small scale and backward technology. It was gradually established and formed by China * * * Production Party in the process of independently leading China's new-democratic revolution and creating rural revolutionary base areas. By the end of the war of liberation, the economic pattern of five economic components, namely individual economy, state-owned economy, cooperative economy, private capitalist economy and state capitalist economy, had been formed in the base area. Among these five economic components, individual economy accounts for the largest proportion. The proportion of national capitalist economy is the smallest. (2) The diversified economic structure of modern China had an important impact on the modernization process of China: 1. It complicates the principal contradiction in China society. The contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the masses of the people has become the main contradiction in modern China society, and they are intertwined. (2) The social nature of China has been specialized. The reactionary forces at home and abroad are gradually colluding. China society gradually degenerated into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. 3. The revolutionary struggle in China is protracted. Due to the collusion between Chinese and foreign reactionary forces and the suppression of the revolution, China's democratic revolution was successful after nearly a hundred years of hard struggle. 4. The political forces in China society are diversified: 1) A diversified class structure and complex class relations have been formed. (1) Except for the landlord class and the peasant class. Add the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. (2) In terms of class relations, feudalism, bureaucratic capitalism and imperialism colluded with each other to oppress other classes and became the object of China's revolution. (3) The peasant class and the working class are deeply oppressed, and they are the main force of the China revolution; (4) The national bourgeoisie has duality. (2) There are different political factions. There are die-hards and westernization (reform) factions in the landlord class, reformists and constitutionalists, revolutionaries and Democrats in the bourgeoisie. (3) Political parties representing the interests of different classes have emerged. The Kuomintang, the * * * production party and the democratic parties, etc. The rise and fall of Chinese national capitalism and its historical position (1) Its origin: after the Opium War (65438+60s and 70s), in the process of China's feudal economic decomposition and the development of commodity economy, under the stimulation and demonstration of foreign enterprises and the induction of military industries, especially civilian industries, of the Westernization School, capitalist industries began to rise in China in 1960s and 1970s. 1. Early famous enterprises mainly included "three factories and one workshop". Before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, there were 260 modern commercial enterprises, most of which were light industries, mainly distributed in coastal areas such as Shanghai, Guangdong and Tianjin. 2. The investors of modern commercial enterprises are mainly bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen (including comprador manual owners). They have become the national bourgeoisie. 3. Although the national capitalist industry is an advanced mode of production, it emerged and developed in the process of semi-colonization of China society, and its strength is weak, and it is deeply oppressed and bound by foreign capitalism and feudalism in China. At the same time, there is a certain dependence on them, which inevitably makes the national bourgeoisie politically dual. (2) Initial development: After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, imperialism exported capital to China, which further destroyed the natural economy of China society and provided objective conditions for the initial development of national capitalism. In order to expand the tax source and solve the financial crisis, the Qing government relaxed the restrictions on private factories. At the end of 2009, China's national industries developed initially. As a new independent political force, the national bourgeoisie has stepped onto the historical stage. Its top reformers initiated and led the reform movement. (3) Temporary prosperity: (1912 ――1919) During World War I, imperialism was busy with war and temporarily relaxed its economic aggression against China. Give China's national industry a chance to develop. 1. From 19 12 to19, there are more than 600 new factories and mines in China, among which the textile industry and flour industry have developed the fastest. 2. During this period, encouraged by the victory of the Revolution of 1911 and advocated by some people of insight, they became two major ideological trends together. 3. A number of representatives such as Zhang Jian, Zhou Rong and Rong Desheng have emerged. 4. But it didn't last long. The end of the world war interrupted the development trend of national industry. This shows that imperialist aggression is the fundamental factor that hinders the development of national capitalism (especially in the early modern times) and has not got rid of the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social status. The national economy cannot develop normally. (D) Shrinking day by day: (1927-1937-1945-1946-1949) During the rule of the national government, China's national industry was shrinking day by day due to the oppression of imperialism and bureaucratic capital. During the war of liberation, the Kuomintang betrayed national sovereignty in an unprecedented way in order to launch a civil war.49932.999999998995 10, the Kuomintang and the United States signed the so-called Sino-US Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, which led to the flooding of American goods in the China market. The national industry and commerce suffered a heavy (devastating) blow. (5) Rebirth: (after the founding of the People's Republic of China) 1. In the early days of the People's Republic of China (1949- 1952), the capitalist economy beneficial to the national economy and people's livelihood was restored and developed under the leadership of the socialist state-owned economy. By adopting a series of transitional forms of state capitalism from low to high, such as processing and ordering, underwriting, distribution and consignment, private-public partnership of individual enterprises and public-private partnership of the whole industry, and paying fixed interest, the socialist transformation of capitalist economy and the peaceful redemption of the bourgeoisie have been successfully realized. 3. By the end of 1956, the socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce had been basically completed in China. Since then, the national industry has embarked on the socialist road. (VI) Historical position of Chinese national capitalism: 1. Economically, national capitalist industry is a new economic factor, and its emergence and development are conducive to social progress. 2. Politically, it led to the emergence of the national bourgeoisie, which provided a social foundation for the Reform Movement and the Democratic Revolution Movement. It also prepared the class conditions for the arrival of the new-democratic revolution and the establishment of China's * * * production party. 3. Ideologically, the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism constantly impacted and shaken the dominant position of feudal orthodoxy, which provided social conditions for the spread of western bourgeois ideology and culture. 4. From the development trend, the national capitalism has less industrial capital, small scale, weak technical force and no complete industrial system. The regional distribution is not reasonable, and it depends on foreign capitalism, domestic feudal forces and bureaucratic capitalism to some extent, so it is difficult to develop independently. Seven. Unfavorable factors affecting China's modernization (1) Internal unfavorable conditions: 1. Insufficient capital preparation, no primitive accumulation of capital and insufficient capital reserve. 2. Insufficient technical preparation, only manual technology, lack of mechanized operation technology. 3. Lack of talent preparation, only economic talents. There is a lack of scientific and technological talents and management talents who are familiar with the general trend of international modernization and can manage large-scale mechanical production. 4. Lack of ideological preparation, China's traditional concepts of valuing agriculture over commerce, valuing land over sea, valuing righteousness over profit, etc. They are all ideological obstacles to the development of modern industry. (2) Three major political obstacles: 1. Obstruction and destruction of foreign capitalism: 1. The privileges obtained by western powers on the basis of unequal treaties, such as tariff agreements, customs administration rights, one-sided MFN treatment and consular jurisdiction, have seriously violated China's sovereignty and hindered the normal and full development of capitalism in China. (2) Imperialism is also combined with feudalism in China. Support reactionaries as the mainstay of their rule in China. 2. Obstacles to feudal autocratic rule: China's feudal autocratic rule lasted for more than 2,000 years, the feudal political system was particularly perfect, and feudal thoughts were particularly tenacious. When the great powers opened the gates of China with guns, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty did not wake up from the defeat of the Opium War, but were ignorant and enterprising. 20 years of precious time has been wasted. 3. The suppression of bureaucratic capitalism: In China, bureaucratic capital has an overwhelming advantage, and national industries are unable to compete with it. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, China's national capitalist industry shrank day by day under the destruction and oppression of imperialist forces and bureaucratic capital such as Japan and the United States. 3. Lack of correct road, scientific decision-making and stable environment. The industrialization of European and American countries generally starts from light industry and then extends to heavy industry. At the same time of industrialization, great changes have taken place in agriculture, which provides support for industrial development. Since the modernization of China began in the field of heavy industry, agriculture has never experienced revolutionary changes, which hindered industrialization. Whether in Europe, America or Japan, before industrialization began, the bourgeoisie mastered sovereignty through political revolution, which provided political guarantee for the development of industrialization. The democratic revolution in China was not completed until the founding of New China, which limited the scale and speed of industrialization to some extent. 2. Judging from the decision-making, all the rulers did not put the change of knowledge structure in an extremely important position, which led to China being an illiterate and semi-illiterate country for a long time. The lack of modern knowledge is puzzling the modernization of China because of the lack of talents and technology. As successive governments represent the reactionary and backward classes, which are contrary to the interests of the broad masses of the people, it is impossible to formulate domestic and foreign policies based on the subjective desire to develop productive forces, which has hindered the normal progress of China's modernization to some extent. 3. From the environmental point of view, the political situation (social environment) in China has been in turmoil for a long time because of the war and revolution. 8. Enlightenment from China's Modernization (1) China's modernization is a long and arduous process, and the task of overthrowing imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism has not yet been completed. It is impossible to realize modernization. Only when the * * * production party leads the people of all ethnic groups to complete the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal tasks will China's modernization usher in a new era. (2) It is an inevitable trend of the development of world history to move from closed to open. The long-term closed-door policy has made China poor and backward, ignorant; It is the opening to the outside world that has enabled China to absorb and draw lessons from all advanced production technologies, business methods and management methods of developed countries such as Europe and America, and made China go to the world. To realize modernization, China must persist in reform and opening up. (3) Emancipating the mind and renewing ideas are the primary conditions for promoting modernization. The process of starting and developing China's modernization is full of struggles of progress and retrogression, innovation and conservatism, and every struggle is a criticism of feudal thought. They gradually updated their values. However, thousands of years of deep-rooted feudal ideas have hindered the process of modernization in China. Eliminating its influence will be a very arduous and arduous task. (4) The change of knowledge structure is the core and ultimate source of modernization. Among them, the level of science and technology and education is the basic content to measure the degree of knowledge structure change. The modernization process in Europe and America runs through three scientific and technological revolutions. Scientific and technological progress has provided a strong impetus for industrialization. However, due to various reasons, China's modern science and technology has never developed. At the beginning of Meiji Restoration, Japan announced "seeking knowledge from the world" and established the national policy of education as the foundation of the country. In about 30 years, it has created a huge group of modern intellectuals, which has continuously delivered a strong impetus to Japan's modernization. In China, it was not until 1905 that the imperial examination system was abolished and a new education system was established. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the knowledge structure did not change greatly. It is still a country where illiteracy and semi-illiteracy account for the vast majority, and it is still a country isolated from modern knowledge. Therefore, the country should be rich and strong, and the economy should develop. First, education should go first. Rejuvenating the country through science and education is a scientific decision to realize China's four modernizations. Nine. Industrial Development in New China (1) After the founding of New China, the people's government first confiscated bureaucratic capital and established a state-owned economy, laying the foundation for the restoration of the national economy. Subsequently, state-owned enterprises carried out democratic reform and production reform. (2) From 65438 to 0953, China began to implement the First Five-Year Plan. By 1957, the "First Five-Year Plan" was completed ahead of schedule, and the industrial and mining achievements were outstanding. Ansteel Seamless Steel Tube Factory, First Automobile Factory, Aircraft Factory and Shenyang Machine Tool Factory were completed and put into operation. In terms of transportation, more than 30 railways such as Baocheng and Xia Ying have been built, and Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, Kangzang, Qinghai-Tibet and Xinzang highways have been built. China's industrial development has been seriously affected. (4) After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, with the reform of urban economic system, industrial development has advanced by leaps and bounds, and now China has built a complete industrial system.