In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe changed dramatically, the Soviet Union disintegrated and the Cold War ended, which once made the Latin American socialist movement suffer a great impact and was at a low ebb. Socialist Cuba has suffered a great political and economic blow and is in extreme difficulties. Latin American countries * * * production parties have been strongly impacted, some have changed their flags, some have dissolved themselves, and some have persisted. However, it is noteworthy that in the face of temporary setbacks in the world socialist movement, Latin American left-wing forces quickly came out of the low tide. Socialist Cuba adheres to and "renews" the development of socialism, and walks out of the extremely difficult period after the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, showing new vitality. Other left-wing and socialist movements in Latin America have also sprung up suddenly, becoming a new trend of world socialist development in the new century. One of the signs of the recovery and development of the Latin American socialist movement after the Cold War is the development of the Latin American Production Party. The * * * production parties in Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Colombia, Peru and other countries have withstood the test of drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, not only persisted, but also made progress. For example, the Brazilian Productive Party has now developed into a big party with more than 300,000 party member. All the * * * production parties in Latin American countries have become "legitimate" political parties and openly participated in activities. Today, there are still more than 20 * * * production parties in Latin American politics. Some party member from Brazil, Chile, Venezuela and other countries were elected as members of Congress or appointed as cabinet ministers.

The second symbol is the establishment and development of Sao Paulo Forum and the rise of Latin American left wing. At a time when the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries were undergoing drastic changes and the world socialist movement was at a low ebb, at the initiative of the Brazilian Labor Party and the Cuban Producer Party, 13 left-wing political parties and organizations in Latin America held their first meeting in Sao Paulo, Brazil, to discuss how the Latin American left responded to the changes in the world and Latin America after the end of the Cold War and their own development. So far, Sao Paulo Forum has celebrated its 23rd anniversary and held19th meeting. When S? o Paulo Forum 1990 was founded, Cuba was the only country in Latin America ruled by a leftist political party (that is, the Cuban Producers Party). Now, in addition to Cuba, more than a dozen Latin American countries such as Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Uruguay and Peru have left-wing political parties and organizations in power. The establishment and development of the S? o Paulo Forum played an important role in promoting the rise of the Latin American left and brought about major changes in the political structure in Latin America. Today, its influence is growing, and it has become the most important forum for left-wing political parties and organizations in Latin America and the world. 2013 from July 3 1 to August 4, the 9th meeting of Sao Paulo forum was held in the birthplace of the forum. More than 65,438+0,000 delegates and more than 65,438+0,000 political parties, organizations and social movements from more than 40 countries in Latin America, Europe, Africa and Asia attended the meeting. China producers also sent observers to attend the19th meeting of the Sao Paulo Forum. Lula, leader of the Brazilian Labor Party, said at the opening ceremony of the 19 meeting that when 1990 was founded, the Sao Paulo Forum had only 23 Latin American and Caribbean political parties, but now there are nearly 100 Latin American and Caribbean political parties and organizations. Without the Sao Paulo Forum, the Latin American Left Party would not have come to power. Lula said, "We have a responsibility not to lose what we have achieved so far. The leftists in Latin America and the Caribbean should reach a consensus that it is possible to govern in another way. " In the "Final Statement" adopted at the19th meeting, he expressed his belief that as long as we continue to deepen reform and accelerate regional integration, we will be able to move towards socialism in Latin America and the Caribbean, which will be an original cause of the Latin American people.

The third sign is that the number of Latin American left-wing parties in power has increased. Since the end of the 20th century, more than a dozen left-wing parties or organizations in Latin America have successively won national elections and come to power. Hugo Chá vez (1999.2-2013.3) and Maduro (2013.4-present), the Fifth Republic Movement of Venezuela (later renamed the United Socialist Party of Venezuela); Lula (2003.1-201.1) and dilma rousseff (201-present); Tavare Vá zquez, President of Uruguayan Broad Front (2005.3-20 10.3), José mujica (20 10.3 to present); Evo Morales (2006,438+0-present), the leader of Bolivia's socialist movement, took office twice; Rafael Correa, leader of the Union of Ecuador's Sovereign Motherland (2007+0 to present), three presidents; Daniel Ortega (1979- 1990, 2006+0 1- present), leader of the Sandinista National Liberation Front in Nicaragua, in power for 18 years; Argentine Justice Party leaders Kirchner (2003-2007) and Cristina (2007- present) have been in power for ten years; Ollanta Humala, leader of the Peruvian Nationalist Party (since July 2006); On 20/2006-20 10/0, the Chilean Socialist Party became president, 20 13, 1 1, and she will run for the general election again. According to the opinion polls, she is likely to win, so the left in Chile is likely to make a comeback.

At present, among the regional organizations established by Latin American countries, Latin American countries dominated by left-wing parties are: Bolivarian Alliance of America, Southern Common Market, Petrocaribe and Union of South American Nations.

The fourth sign is that these Latin American leftist countries have clearly put forward the slogan of socialism. At present, among more than a dozen left-wing countries in Latin America, Cuba's Producer Party, Venezuela's United Socialist Party, Ecuador's Union of Sovereign Motherland, Bolivia's socialist movement and Brazil's Labor Party have clearly put forward socialist slogans or goals. Among them, Venezuela and Ecuador put forward "2 1 century socialism", Bolivia put forward "community socialism" or "Indian socialism" and Brazil put forward "labor socialism". In recent years, Ecuador and Bolivia have put forward "Good Life Socialism". The five socialist countries that put forward socialism have all started to practice socialism. The leaders of these left-wing parties in Latin America call themselves "socialists" and want to lead their countries in "socialist construction". In the process of criticizing neoliberalism, some left-wing scholars in Latin America also put forward theories such as "post-neoliberalism" and "new development".

20 1 1 The Sixth Congress of Cuba held in April adopted the Outline of the Economic and Social Policies of the Party and the Revolution, emphasizing "continuing socialism and ensuring the irreversibility of socialism". Raul Castro, the newly elected first secretary of the Central Committee of Cuba, pointed out that Cuba is "defending, maintaining and continuing to improve socialism". The focus of the outline is to "update" Cuba's economic and social development model in order to uphold and improve socialism.

Hugo Chá vez, the former president of Venezuela, died of illness on March 5th, 20th13rd. Maduro, Hugo Chá vez's designated successor, won the general election in April 14 and took office in April 19. Maduro said that he would continue to carry out Chavez's Bolivarian Revolution and "2 1 Century Socialism" (20 13-20 19) in Venezuela, promote the country's economic development, continue to benefit the people, resolutely crack down on corruption and criminal activities, and improve the domestic security situation. On the diplomatic front, we will continue to strengthen friendly and cooperative relations with Cuba and other Latin American countries, strive to promote the development of Latin American integration, and continue to develop a comprehensive cooperative strategic partnership with China. On September 23rd, 20 13, Maduro said at the Central Party School during his visit to China: "Venezuela's' 21century socialism' is original and unique, and we will continue it in the next few decades." He believes that Venezuela's 2 1 century socialism has always been multi-layered, involving spiritual, political, economic and other aspects. Among them, the economic level is very important and determines the future historical trend. Maduro said: "Only by taking the socialist road can we open up a broader space for the development of our country and people."

Bolivian President Morales pursues "community socialism", emphasizing people-oriented and realizing social justice in Bolivia; The so-called "community" mainly refers to Indian social groups. He believes that there is socialism in the peasant community. He admitted that Bolivia is a multi-ethnic and multicultural country; Oppose neoliberalism, defend national sovereignty and the right to development, and realize the nationalization of oil and gas.

In Ecuador, Correa established the Union of Sovereign Motherland on June 5438+065438+ 10, 2005. When he took office in 2007, he put forward the slogan of "2 1 century socialism". He advocated the implementation of "citizen revolution", including constitutional revolution, moral revolution, economic revolution, social education and health revolution, sovereignty and Latin American integration revolution, in order to promote his "2 1 century socialism". In the general election in February of 20 13, Correa put forward the ruling program of 20 13-20 17, put forward "35 suggestions for a better life socialism", and the slogan was "ruling for deepening reform". He planned to carry out political, economic and social reforms by formulating and implementing a series of socialist laws and policies.

The Brazilian Labor Party put forward "labor socialism". Starting from 2003, the Labor Party was first ruled by Lula (later honorary chairman) for eight years, and then continued to be ruled by Labor Party member dilma rousseff, at the beginning of 20 1 1. Up to now, the Labour Party has been in power for ten years, which has made Brazil create a miracle in economy. Brazil became the sixth largest economy in the world in 20 1 1. More than 30 million people have been lifted out of poverty, and the proportion of the Brazilian middle class in the total population reached 54% in 20 12. However, during June and July of 2065438+2003, large-scale demonstrations and protests broke out in Brazil, exposing many problems of the Labor Party's governance, such as serious corruption within the party and the government. 1 and * * * oppose neoliberalism. At present, Latin American socialism is a new social movement in the process of criticizing and denying Latin American capitalism and neo-liberalism, and it is a reflection of the social ideological trend of replacing capitalism with "another world".

2. Emphasize people's extensive participation in politics, carry out social reforms to eliminate social injustice, improve the status of the poor, and carry out socialist exploration with their own characteristics.

3. Instead of advocating violent revolution, it is better to put forward an internal and external policy campaign platform different from the right-wing party's ruling government, win public support, become the ruling party through general elections and social movements, and then directly implement the party's ruling platform and policies.

4. The obvious political color of personal charm mainly depends not on the leadership of advanced political parties, but on the charm and talent of leaders to realize their "socialist ideals".

According to their national conditions, the leaders of Latin American left-wing ruling countries decided to implement their own new socialist model on the basis of analyzing the disadvantages of capitalism, especially neoliberalism, and summing up the experiences and lessons of the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the disintegration of the Soviet Union and traditional socialism, and took it as the guiding ideology to solve their own political, economic and social problems and explore new development paths. Although these theoretical propositions and practical measures have not formed a unified theory, they are still developing, but there are many progressive ideas and sparks of innovation, which deserve our attention and in-depth study and discussion. Various socialist ideological trends in Latin America have emerged one after another, which has become a hot spot in the current world socialist movement.

Except Cuba, all kinds of socialism put forward by the leaders of Latin American radical leftist countries are being explored and have not yet formed a clear and complete theoretical system; Their guiding ideology is very complicated, including Marxism-Leninism, Trotskyism, utopian socialism, nationalism, populism, democratic socialism and religious color. Their socialist ideological sources and practical styles are both diverse and obviously local. Due to the lack of systematic theoretical guidance and institutional limitations, their practical exploration is still in the exploratory stage. This kind of socialism should be thoroughly investigated and studied. First, how to put forward and establish the socialist theory with national characteristics on the basis of summing up the experience and lessons of China and the world socialist movement.

Second, properly handling the relationship between reform, development and stability, developing economy and achieving social stability as soon as possible are urgent tasks and great challenges faced by Latin American leftist governments that put forward socialist slogans. For example, the Maduro government in Venezuela faces a strong opposition, with serious domestic inflation, currency devaluation, shortage of supply, declining oil production and export, serious budget deficit, insufficient investment, worrying domestic security situation and serious corruption of government officials. Since June 20 13, millions of people in Brazil have taken to the streets to protest against the government's insufficient investment in society and official corruption. In the last two years, Brazil's economy has developed slowly, and the poll support rate of the Rousseff government of the Brazilian Labor Party has declined. Recently, the leaders of Cuba and Venezuela also put great emphasis on the anti-corruption struggle within the party and government.

Third, how to deal with the relationship with other political parties and forces in the ruling Coalition and maintain and consolidate the ruling position. Because the left-wing governments in Brazil, Nicaragua, Argentina, Uruguay and other Latin American countries are mostly in power with other political parties or forces in the form of political alliances, their internal components are complex, their opinions are different, and they lack centripetal force. The risk of disintegration due to domestic and foreign influences is still great.

4. Attacks by right-wing forces in the United States and Latin America. For example, Fernando Lugo, the center-left patriotic change alliance of Paraguay, won the general election on April 28th, 2008 and became the president of Paraguay on August15th of the same year. But soon, with the support of the United States and the opposition of Paraguay's right-wing forces, Lugo was impeached by the Senate and House of Representatives on June 22, 20 12. The United States also tried its best to support the Venezuelan opposition in the attempted coup against the Chavez government in 2002. In recent years, the United States has also conducted intelligence surveillance activities against Brazilian President Rousseff and his government agencies, which aroused President Rousseff's strong dissatisfaction and led her to cancel her planned visit to the United States and publicly criticize American espionage activities at the United Nations General Assembly.

Generally speaking, despite the enormous challenges, Latin American left-wing and socialist movements are still on the rise, and the political pattern in the dominant areas of Latin America will not be fundamentally reversed in the near future. The renewal of the Cuban model will enable socialist Cuba to continue to consolidate and develop, and the Cuban Party and government also attach importance to promoting successors (53-year-old Miguel Dí az-Canel is the first vice-chairman of the State Council and the Council of Ministers). Latin American leftists and socialist movements will not be greatly affected by Chavez's death. Most Latin American left-wing regimes that have emerged in the past two decades are relatively stable. Left-wing regimes in Latin America already have their own leaders, such as Lula and Rousseff in Brazil, Correa in Ecuador, Morales in Bolivia, Cristina in Argentina, and Bachelet in Chile. New left-wing leaders from various countries will continue to emerge, such as Maduro in Venezuela, "The waves behind the Yangtze River push the waves before". The left-wing forces in Latin America support each other and develop independently. With the shift of the balance of power in the international pattern in favor of developing countries, the integration power in Latin America has been strengthened, and there are still conditions and space for further development of the Latin American left wing and socialist movement in the near future.

The rise of socialism in Latin America has expanded the momentum of the world socialist movement. Some ideas of Latin American socialism have further enriched the theoretical connotation and development model of world socialism. The bold practice of socialism by some left-wing ruling countries in Latin America is a useful exploration and attempt on the road of socialist development, which will further enrich the practice of socialism in the world. In a word, the new exploration of socialism by Latin American leftists will undoubtedly promote the socialist process in the world. The emergence and development of socialism in Latin America reflects the strong attraction and vitality of socialism to those who pursue social progress in the capitalist world, and also shows that the world socialist movement is developing in diversity in the new century.