1. In the early stage, the military industry was established in the name of "self-improvement"; In the later period, with the slogan of "enriching the country", private enterprises were established in the form of government-run, government-supervised and business-run, and government and business jointly organized.

2. Introduction of Westernization School

Westernization is a political faction gradually formed and expanded within the ruling class after the Second Opium War, especially in the process of suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement. At that time, the main representative of Westernization School was Prince Gong in the late Qing Dynasty. The Manchu officials represented are Han officials represented by Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong.

3. Reasons for failure

First, the Westernization School tried to use some advantages of western capitalism to maintain feudal autocracy without touching the decadent feudal system. The contradiction between this means and the foundation makes the Westernization Movement doomed to be impossible.

Second, the class limitations of the Westernization School itself determine that they are not only the founders and operators of modern industry, but also their destroyers and destroyers. Their feudal yamen and bureaucratic system will inevitably lead to the failure of westernization enterprises.

Third, one of the purposes of the Westernization Movement is to resist foreign aggression. However, when conducting diplomatic activities, the Westernization School insisted on "harmony but difference" and surrendered to foreign countries. The modern enterprises they founded have the function of resisting foreign aggression and benefiting people, but they can't change the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social status of China.

Fourthly, in the process of establishing Westernization, the Westernization School gradually split into several schools in the process of development because there is no sound leading organization and unified leading core.

Fifthly, the Westernization Movement did not make China rich and strong.