(Hitler): "National socialism takes neither individuals nor people as its starting point for considering problems, expressing opinions and making decisions. It consciously regards the nation as the center of its whole thought. For this nation, it is a phenomenon determined by consanguinity, which it believes is an integral part of human society endowed by God. Individuals will die, nations will live forever, and the worship of individuals in the free world will inevitably lead to the destruction of nations. On the contrary, national socialism requires protecting the country at the expense of individuals when necessary. Everyone must gradually realize that his ego is insignificant compared with the existence of the whole nation. "
Use the arson case in Congress to "exclude the political left before the election." "The adoption of the new emergency decree' Presidential Decree on the Protection of the People and the State' actually temporarily abolished all basic rights." Get a weak majority in Congress and be able to take office.
Amend the constitution and propose an authorization law to the National Assembly, "granting the government legislative power for a period of four years." After the authorization law was passed, Hitler issued a decree, "cancel the state parliaments and make the state governments completely obey the central government." In this way, Germany became a centralized country for the first time in history. "
Political parties and trade unions are prohibited. "The only remaining political party is the German National Socialist Workers' Party and its affiliated groups. And announced the law, this party was advertised as "inextricably linked with the country." "
Centralization, in Hitler's words: "It has become the ruling principle of national socialism that a person holds several positions in the party, state and administrative departments."
The slogan put forward by Italian fascists is: "Believe, obey and fight".
Nazism refers to the dictatorship that ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945, that is, the "Third Reich". Although Nazis usually claim that they support totalitarian nationalism as a form of socialism (contrary to Marx's international socialism), Nazism is usually associated with fascism.
The dictator Adolf Hitler became the leader of the German National Social Workers Party (NSDAP). Germany in this period was also called Nazi Germany. Nazism is also called national socialism (German). Believers in Nazism are called Nazis. Nazism has been banned in contemporary Germany, although there are still a few remnants in Germany and other countries, that is, neo-Nazism. Some historical revisionists are still spreading propaganda that denies and downplays Nazi acts such as the Holocaust, trying to beautify the policies and actions of the Nazi regime.
Hitler's Nazism is an extremely reactionary trend of thought, which is the product of the specific historical conditions during the German capitalist crisis in the 1920s and 1930s.
Nazism is not inherent in Hitler's mind, nor is it his original creation, but a patchwork of various thoughts in German history, especially the reactionary thoughts since the second half of the19th century, which Nazism confessed. 1on February 24th, 938, Nazism explicitly claimed at a gathering of Nazi party "veterans": "Many things we accepted, or many things I preached in this hall (Rauhaus Beer Hall in Munich) 18 years ago, had existed for a long time before this." (3) In the process of the formation of Nazism, Hitler and Nazi thinkers, in addition to tampering, distorting and quoting Kant, Fichte, Hegel and Heldring, essentially absorbed all thoughts that were hostile to progress, opposed to democracy, opposed to humanity and irrationality during the formation of Prussia-Germany and the German Empire. Among them, some important ideas of Nietzsche have also been absorbed and utilized. This left a clear mark on the standard theoretical work Mein Kampf of Nazism and the second book dictated by Hitler. Comparing the important ideas put forward by Hitler in these two books with some related ideas of Nietzsche, we can see that there is a certain connection between them.
(A) advocating the Germanic theory of racial superiority
Hitler wrote in his book Mein Kampf: Aryans, that is, contemporary Germans, are the race endowed with "ruling power" by God and the best race on earth. As long as they continue to maintain their master attitude mercilessly, they will certainly become "world champions" and "get the support of all countries" in the near future. (4)
Although Hitler's theory of German racial superiority mainly originated from the reactionary racist theory advocated by racist and anti-Semitic elements Gopinau and Horton Stuart Chamberlain, it was also influenced by Nietzsche's theory of German superiority. Nietzsche put forward that the German nation is a "noble" nation and has the historical mission of ruling other races in Zarathustra and Headless Idol without Brothers published in 1883- 1885. He believes that the characteristics of Germanic culture are formed through arguments with Christianity. However, in the struggle with Christianity in the Middle Ages, Germanic culture was buried. He proposed "re-evaluating all values", replacing Christian culture with German culture, and then developing into a world culture (5).
Hitler's Germans refer to Nietzsche's Germans. It's just that Hitler preached the Germanic theory of racial superiority naked, while Nietzsche preached the German theory of national superiority obliquely, which was put forward from the perspective of opposing Christianity and European-controlled culture based on Christianity. Nietzsche opposed Christianity, not advocating atheism, as some people say, but knocking down the "idol" of Christianity and establishing a new "idol" of German culture. It can be seen that the similarities between the two are obvious. Therefore, some people think that the statement that racism in Nazism has nothing to do with Nietzsche is not entirely true.
(2) Talking about struggle for existence
Hitler wrote in his book Mein Kampf: All life is in eternal struggle. This world is just a jungle where the fittest survive and the strong rule, a world where the law of the jungle prevails over the law of the jungle. "Only the weak who have no life will think this is cruel ... those who want to survive must struggle, and those who don't want to struggle don't deserve to live in this world of eternal struggle. Even if it is cruel, it is an objective reality. " (6)
Besides social Darwinism, "geopolitics" and other reactionary theories, Hitler's thought traces back to its roots and is also related to Nietzsche's "will to power".
The concept of "will to power" has double meanings, namely "strong will" and "will to power". This point is often ignored intentionally or unintentionally. At first, Nietzsche thought that "the will to power" was a "strong will" to pursue survival. He wrote: in nature, "competition, big or small, is everywhere, all for superiority, for survival and expansion, for strength, following the will to strive for strength." (7) Later, Nietzsche clearly pointed out that this concept is the "will to power" that pursues power and demands rule. He said, "All kinds of organic functions in life can be summed up as a fundamental will and a power will ... The power will can be divided into the will to pursue food, the will to pursue property, the will to pursue tools, and the will to pursue slaves (followers) and masters: this is taking the body as an example ... the strong will commands the weak will." (13)19 After the 1980s, Nietzsche interpreted "will to power" as the origin of all cultures, sciences, philosophy, religion, morality and art in the world, and proposed that "will to power" should replace moral concepts and advocate violence and cruelty. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the dual meaning of "will to power" and its ultimate meaning. It is not only one-sided, but also untenable to simply interpret "will to power" as "strong will" while ignoring the political side of power and denying that it has anything to do with Nazism.
(3) Promote living space and war.
Hitler trumpeted this argument in Mein Kampf and the second book, clamoring that "a healthy nation, in order to obtain a place to live, will inevitably demand the living space of the land in order to implement the policy of plundering the land." The struggle for living space can only be carried out through war. "He nonsense, the German nation is a" lack of living space "nation, frantically clamoring to expand abroad and launch a war of aggression. (9)
Hitler's above viewpoint was inspired by Nietzsche's praise of war, in addition to absorbing Hegel's and Xi von Tressick's praise of war. Nietzsche believes that the world will eventually form a whole from the obvious tendency of productivity development in the period when imperialism began to form, and from the colonial policy and imperialist world policy that have already begun to appear. In the world, there will inevitably be a war for world dominance in the 20th century, and the question "Who will be the master of the earth" is raised. (10) Nietzsche believes that war is the essence of existence and a necessary means to cultivate the will to power. He shouted: I advise you not to work, but to fight. I advise you not to be peaceful, but to win ... only war can sanctify all undertakings. War and courage have made great achievements, far exceeding compassion. "( 1 1)
(D) praise the elite rule
Hitler advocated the rule of social elites and leaders, and regarded the cruel violence of social hierarchy and upper ruling groups against working people as sacred. He strongly advocated the selection of inherent elites from the Germanic peoples, so that they gradually gained a dominant position. (12) Hitler clearly defined the principles of "elite" leaders of the Nazi Party and the Third Reich.
In this respect, Nietzsche's "superman" thought and leader's viewpoint particularly attracted Hitler. The concept of "superman" also has a double meaning. Nietzsche initially set out from opposing Christianity's suppression and destruction of human personality, and proposed that "Superman" is a perfect individual, which is a type of opposition to nihilists such as "modern man", "good man" and Christianity. (13) Nietzsche later explained Superman many times. With obvious political color, it is proposed that "Superman" is a powerful figure in the world for hegemony. He said: "Superman" has a special mission, and should learn to become the highest goal in human history, become the "world spirit", and be prepared to sacrifice the goodwill of countless people. A higher class is necessary ... to declare war on the masses. (14) He also said that the significance of history lies in the birth of "Superman" and the establishment of a completely new and special person-the world's "Superman". (15) "Superman and the elites around him should be the masters of the earth." Nietzsche's "superman" philosophy, which should be advocated, is the reactionary "hero" historical view of the bourgeoisie. It can be seen that it is one-sided and untenable to interpret Superman as a sound individual and obliterate his political side, thus obliterating his connection with Nazism.
(5) Oppose parliamentary democracy and revolution.
In Mein Kampf, Hitler lashed out at Weimar's parliamentary democracy and the fact that political parties owned the government at that time, cursing that democracy was stupid rule, and Weimar's parliamentary democracy "has become the bane of the German nation" (16), claiming that "Western democracy today is the pioneer of Marxism, (65438+).
Nietzsche claimed that "democracy is a sign of distrust of great men and the upper class" because it is "a means to make the beasts of Ukrainian society become masters". (19) He proposed that parliamentary democracy and legal equality must be eradicated, "human rights" and "universal morality" should be abolished, and violence and dictatorship should be advocated. Nietzsche's words against democracy are often quoted directly by fascists.
Hitler and Nietzsche's hat of opposing parliamentary democracy is not against the capitalist system, but that parliamentary democracy is too weak to completely monopolize the tasks of capital extreme reactionaries to suppress at home, oppose Marxism, expand abroad and dominate the world. Therefore, they strongly advocate replacing parliamentary democracy with the dictatorship of the big bourgeoisie.
From the above comparative discussion, it is obvious that Nazism and Nietzsche's thoughts are very similar on the main issues. Nietzsche's main ideas caused a strong buzz in Hitler's chaotic mind. Hitler inherited many useful ideas from Nietzsche's works. These things became a part of Hitler's patchwork. Hitler not only took away Nietzsche's main ideas, but also took Nietzsche's arrogance, his habit of not being afraid of exaggeration, and even his wording as his own. "Master of the Earth" is a common phrase in Mein Kampf and the second book. Hitler finally thought he was the "superman" predicted by Nietzsche.