The first Opium War was 1. The fundamental reason of the first Opium War was to open the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials.
2. The direct cause of the First Opium War: the destruction of opium in Humen (1839.6.3; Daoguang Emperor and Lin Zexu Yi Fa: The great victory of China people's struggle against smoking shows the strong will of the Chinese nation to oppose foreign aggression.
3. The direct reason for smuggling opium to China is to reverse the trade deficit and reap huge profits.
4. The harm of opium: ① A large amount of silver flowed into Britain, which aggravated the poverty and weakness in China; (2) It has seriously damaged the physical quality of smokers and ruined the family.
5. The process of the First Opium War: ① 1840 broke out in June; ② 184 1 Occupy Hong Kong Island at the beginning of the year; ③ 1842, China and Britain made peace and signed the treaty of nanking (nature: the first unequal treaty in the history of China; Contents: ① compensation of 2 1 ten thousand yuan; (2) cutting Hong Kong Island to Britain; (3) Opening five trading ports in Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai; (4) The taxes paid by British businessmen for import and export commodities shall be agreed by Britain.
6. Influence of the First Opium War: China began to change from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which was the beginning of modern history of China.
The Second Opium War 1, the root of the Second Opium War: further opening the China market and expanding the rights and interests of aggression.
2. The direct cause of the Second Opium War: the failure of treaty revision.
3. The course of the Second Opium War:1856.10-1860.10 was dominated by British and French allied forces, supplemented by the United States and Russia. 1860, Tianjin and Beijing were successively occupied, Emperor Xianfeng fled to Chengde, and the British and French allied forces burned the Yuanmingyuan.
Memory formula of opium war
/kloc-in the first half of the 0/9th century, British opium made huge profits.
After opium was imported into China, poverty and weakness in China became more serious.
1839 Lin zexu, destroying opium at the gate of Qizhihu,
Sold more than 2 million Jin of cigarettes, and was remembered by the descendants of national heroes.
1840 opium war, Qishan negotiated with Britain,
National hero investigated, 1842 signed the terms.
Treaty of nanking cut Hong Kong, with an indemnity of 2 1 ten thousand (Spanish silver dollar).
The opening of five commercial ports marks the beginning of modern history.
Sino-Japanese War (time:1894-1895)1. Reason:
Fundamentals: Meiji Restoration and the development of Japan's national strength.
Objective: To clean up the corruption of the Qing government.
③ Direct: A popular uprising broke out in North Korea.
2. Course: Korean War in July,1894-September naval battle in the Yellow Sea,1894-beiyang fleet was completely annihilated in early June, 1895.
3. Important naval battles:
Battle of the Yellow Sea, Battle of Ahava, Battle of Liaodong (Lushun Massacre)
Characters: Deng Shichang, Ding
4. Ending symbol: Ahava Battle, beiyang fleet was completely annihilated.
5. Results: 1895, Li Hongzhang signed treaty of shimonoseki with Japan.
Memory Formula of Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895
Japan dominated the ambitious wolf, and the Sino-Japanese War broke out in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.
Deng Shichang, a national hero, became famous in the Yellow Sea War.
Command "Zhiyuan" crashed into "Yoshino", and the Japanese fleet was hit hard.
The Qing government was so incompetent that treaty of shimonoseki signed it again.
"Liaotai Pengdao" paid Japan 220 million silver,
Let Japan set up factories to trade, and the semi-colony will be deeper.
Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China 1, date: 1900- 190 1 year.
2. Reasons for the Boxer Rebellion: The ethnic contradictions between foreign powers and the Chinese nation intensified, arousing the resistance of China people.
3. Nature: Anti-imperialist struggle
4. Reasons for Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China:
(1) Fundamentally: further control the China government (completely carve up China).
② Direct: Suppress the resistance struggle of the people of China and safeguard their interests in China.
5. Results: 190 1 year, the treaty of shame was signed with Britain, Russia, Germany, the United States, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain.
Westernization movement 1. Background of learning new ideas from the West: China's failure in the Opium War greatly stimulated a large number of patriotic intellectuals. They are eager to study the practical problems in China and actively think about ways to save the country and guard against the enemy.
2. Representative: Wei Yuan (the landlord class rebelled, and China was one of the pioneers who opened his eyes to see the world. His masterpiece: Atlas of the Sea.
3. Core proposition: learn from foreigners to control foreigners, and control foreigners with foreigners.
4. Purpose: In order to "control foreigners", that is, to resist foreign aggression and maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
5. Impact: Breaking through the ideas of China people and foreigners who have long imprisoned people's thoughts.
6. Background of Westernization Movement: After the Second Opium War, the Qing government was at home and abroad.
7. Purpose: To maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
8. Time: 19, 1960s-1990s.
9. Representative figures: centering on the heart, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong are in place.
10, class faction: Westernization School
1 1. advocates: learn from foreigners and strengthen yourself.
12, slogan: early slogan: self-improvement, late slogan: seeking wealth.
13, content:
With the slogan of "constantly striving for self-improvement", a number of modern military enterprises such as Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute (Zeng Guofan), Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration (Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang) and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau were established by adopting advanced western production technology.
(2) In the later period of Westernization Movement, some civilian industries were established under the slogan of "seeking wealth". There are mainly shipbuilders founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai, Hanyang Iron Works founded by Zhang Zhidong, and weaving layout in Hubei.
From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, three navies were established, namely Nanhai, Beiyang and Fujian.
(4) establish a new school. Shi Jing Wentong Museum was founded in 1862, which is the first new school founded by Westernization School.
14, failure symptom: beiyang fleet was completely annihilated.
The Reform Movement of 1898 1, background:
(1) The Sino-Japanese War was defeated, and the national crisis in China was unprecedented.
(2) the initial development of national capitalism, the national bourgeoisie on the historical stage.
2. Purpose: to save the nation and develop capitalism.
3. Time: 1895- 1898.
4. Class faction: bourgeois reformists.
5. After that:
Preface: Writing on the Bus (Liang Qichao, Kang Youwei)
② Development: Yan Fu translated the theory of evolution (providing a theoretical weapon for the reform movement of the reformists). He is one of the modern enlightenment thinkers in China. )
③ Climax: Hundred-day Reform
6. Hundred-day reform
Background: The great powers carved up the frenzy.
② Time: 1898.
③ Symbol: Ding Guo is a letter.
7. Content: Reform government institutions, lay off mediocre officials and appoint reformers; Encourage private enterprises to set up industrial and mining enterprises; Training a new type of army; Open new schools to train talents, translate western books and spread new ideas; Run a newspaper, give a lecture, etc.
The Memory Formula of the Reform Movement of 1898
"treaty of shimonoseki" spread to Beijing, and "Kangliang" took the lead in uniting the people.
The book on the bus swept the country, and the reform of the law began.