Malaysia did not exist as a unified country until 1963. Previously, since1the late 8th century, the United Kingdom had established its influence in the colonies in this territory. The western half of modern Malaysia consists of several independent kingdoms. This group of colonies was called British Malaya until it disintegrated in 1946 and was reorganized into the Malayan Union. Due to widespread opposition, it was reorganized into the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and later gained independence on August 1957. Singapore, Sarawak, British North Borneo and the Federated States of Malaya merged in September 16 1963 to form Malaysia. The initial tension of the new alliance triggered an armed conflict with Indonesia, and Singapore was expelled on August 9. [ 13][ 14]
In the late 20th century, this Southeast Asian country experienced economic prosperity and rapid development. Malacca Strait is an important international shipping hub, and international trade is an indispensable part of Malaysia's economy. Manufacturing is the main component of this country's economy. [16] Malaysia is rich in plants and animals, and is also considered as one of the countries with 17 biodiversity. [ 17]
1963, when Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak formed a federation of 14 states, the name Malaysia was adopted. [12] However, before this, the name itself has been vaguely used to refer to Southeast Asia. The map of 19 14 published in Chicago has the word Malaysia, which refers to some territories in the Malay archipelago. [18] Politicians in the Philippines considered naming their country "Malaysia", but in 1963, Malaysia first adopted this name. [1963] During the federal period of 1963, other names were also considered: one of them was named Langkasuka, which originated from the historical kingdom in the upper part of Malay Peninsula in the first millennium BC. [20]
1850, the British ethnographer George Samuel Windsor wrote an article in the magazine Indies and East Asia, proposing to name the Indunesian islands Melayunesia or Indonesia. He is in favor of the former.
Archaeological remains have been found in peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. Semang is a black ethnic group with deep ancestors in the Malay Peninsula, which can be traced back to emigrating from Africa more than 50,000 years ago. They are considered to be the aborigines in this area.
Senoi seems to be a complex group, about half of the maternal DNA lineage can be traced back to Semang's ancestors, and about half can be traced back to the later ancestor migration from Ind ochina. Scholars believe that they are descendants of early Austronesian-speaking agronomists who brought their language and technology to the south of the peninsula about 5000 years ago. They are United with the indigenous people.
Indigenous Malays are more diverse. Although they show some connections with islands in Southeast Asia, some of them originated in zhina during the last ice age about 20,000 years ago.
Anthropologists support the view that the original Malays originated in Yunnan, China today. [22] This was followed by the early Holocene spread to Southeast Asian islands through the Malay Peninsula. [23]
Ptolemy showed the Malay Peninsula on his early maps with a label translated as "Golden Cherzon". He called Malacca Strait Sabaris Strait. [24] From the middle to the late of the first millennium, most parts of the peninsula and the Malay Archipelago were under the influence of Sri Lanka.
A famous fortress in Malacca. It was built by the Portuguese in16th century. China and Indians established kingdoms in this region in the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.D.-as many as 30 according to China. Kedaram, Cheh-Cha (according to the Book of Changes) or Kataha, which were called in ancient Palawa or Sanskrit, were the direct route for Indian merchants and kings to invade. Rajendra Jorah, the ancient Tamil emperor, is now believed to have destroyed Kota Grange and took control of Keda in 1025. His successor, Vira Rajendra Chola, had to quell the rebellion in Kedah and overthrow the invaders. The arrival of Chola lowered Srivijaya's dignity, which influenced Kedah, Pattani and Ligor.
Rigol, a Buddhist kingdom, soon took control of Chittagong. In the 1 1 century, its king Chandrabhanu used it as a base for attacking Sri Lanka. The stone tablet in Nagapattinum, Tamil Nadu, and the Sri Lankan chronicle Mahavamsa recorded this event. In the first millennium, people in the Malay Peninsula accepted Hinduism and Buddhism and used Sanskrit. They later converted to Islam.
In historical works, areas older than Kedah have appeared. For example, the kingdom of Negara in Gugunga, near Berus, Perak, pushed Malaysian history to ancient times. The Tamil poem "Pattinapalai" in the 2nd century A.D. describes the goods from Kadalam piled up in the streets of Jorah's capital. Kaumudhimahotsva, a Sanskrit drama in the 7th century, called Kedah Kataha-Nagari. Agnipurana also mentioned a territory called Anda-Kataha. One of its boundaries was defined by a mountain peak, which scholars thought was Gunung Jerai. Katasaritasagaram's story describes Kataha's elegant life.
Between the 7th century and13rd century, most parts of the Malaysian Peninsula were under the rule of the Sri Vijaya Empire centered on the Megaport on Sumatra Island. Subsequently, a wider Magapati empire based on Java Island affected most parts of Indonesia, Malaysia Peninsula and the coast of Borneo Island.
In the early15th century, parames Wala, a giant port prince from the former Sri Vegaya Empire, established a dynasty and established the Sultanate of Malacca. The conquest forced him and many others to flee from the giant port. In particular, parames Valla sailed to Te masek to escape persecution. There, he was protected by Temagi, a Malay chief from Patani, and he was appointed as the regent of Temasek by the King of Siam. A few days later, parames Vara killed Temaji and called himself Regent. About five years later, he had to leave Temasek because of the threat from Siam. During this period, a Javanese fleet from Majapahit attacked Temasek.
Parames Walla went north to build a new settlement. In Muar, Parameswara considered setting his new kingdom in Biawak Busuk or Kota Buruk. Finding Mapo's position unsuitable, he continued to travel north. It is reported that he visited Sening Ujong (now the old name of Shuangxi Ujong) along the way before reaching a fishing village at the mouth of the Bertam River (the old name of Malacca River). Over time, it has developed into a modern town of Malacca. According to the Malay Chronicle, parames Vara saw a mouse, Lu Zhisheng, and a dog resting under a Malacca tree here. Taking this as a good omen, he decided to establish a kingdom called Malacca. He built and improved trading facilities.
According to one theory, parames Wala became a Muslim after marrying a Pasi princess. He adopted the fashionable Persian title "Shah" and called himself iskandar Shah. [25] There are also data showing that some members of the ruling class and merchant community living in Malacca are already Muslims. China Chronicle mentions that in 14 14, the son of the first ruler of Malacca visited the Ming emperor and told them that his father had passed away. The son of parames Wala was later officially recognized as the second ruler of Malacca by Emperor China, and was named Raja Sri Rama Vikrama, Temasek and Raja of parames Wala of Malacca. He was called Sultan Sri iskandar Zurkanain Shah or Sultan Megat iskandar Shah by his Muslim subjects. He ruled Malacca from 14 14 to 1424. [25][26]
15 1 1 year, Malacca was conquered by Portugal, which established a colony there. The sons of the last Sultan of Malacca established two Sultanates in other parts of the peninsula-the Sultanate of Perak in the north and the Sultanate of Johor in the south (originally a continuation of the old Sultanate of Malacca). After the fall of Malacca, three countries competed for control of the Straits of Malacca: Portugal (in Malacca), Sultanate of Johor and Sultanate of Aceh. The conflict lasted until 164 1, and the Dutch (allied with the Sultanate of Johor) took control of Malacca.
Arrival in England
1786, with the Sultan of Kedar leasing Penang to the British East India Company, Britain established its first colony in the Malay Peninsula. 1824, Britain took control of Malacca after the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, which divided the Malay Archipelago into Britain and the Netherlands, and Malaya was under British jurisdiction. 1826, Britain established the Straits Colony and unified its four dependencies in Malaya: Penang, Malacca, Singapore and Labuan. Before the first Penang, the Straits Colonies were initially managed by the East India Company in Kolkata, and then Singapore became the administrative center of the British Crown Colonies until 1867, when they were transferred to the colonial office in London.
In the late19th century, many Malay countries decided to seek British help to solve their internal conflicts. The commercial importance of tin mining in Malay States to the businessmen in the Taiwan Strait colonies led to the British government's intervention in the tin-producing States in Malay Peninsula. The British gunboat diploma cy was used to bring a peaceful solution to the civil unrest caused by Chinese and Malay gangsters being employed in the political struggle between Nga Ibrahim and Raja Damu Abdullah, and the Ponco Treaty 1874 paved the way for expanding British influence in Malaya. By the turn of the 20th century, Pahang, Selangor, Perak and Sembilan, collectively known as federated malay states (not to be confused with Malaya Federation), were in fact under the control of British residents appointed as advisers to Malay rulers. The British are nominally "consultants", but in fact, they have exerted substantial influence on Malay rulers.
Sultan Abdul-Samad Tower in Kuala Lumpur is the seat of Malaya High Court and Trade Court. Kuala Lumpur is the capital of federated malay states and now the Malaysian capital.
Poster depicting 1963 Malaysia Day celebrations. (Majulah Malaysia means "forward Malaysia". ) The other five states on the peninsula, the so-called "Malay States not controlled by the Federation", although not directly ruled by London, accepted British consultants in the early 20th century. Among them, the four northern states of Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu were all under Siam's control. Johor, another state without federation, is the only state that successfully maintained its independence for most of the 9th century. Sultan Abu-Bakar of Johor and Queen Victoria are close friends and treat each other as equals. Until 19 14 Sultan Ibrahim, the successor of Sultan Abu-Bakar, accepted a British consultant.
On the island of Borneo, Sabah was ruled as a crown colony of British North Borneo, while Sarawak was acquired from Brunei as a personal kingdom of the Brooke family, which was ruled as a white maharaja.
After Japan invaded Malaya and then occupied it during World War II, more and more people supported independence. [27] After the war, Britain planned to unify Malaya under a single crown colony called Malaya Union, but it fell through because of the strong opposition of Malays, who opposed weakening the power of Malay rulers and granting Chinese citizenship. [28] The Malayan Union was founded in 1946, consisting of all British dependencies in Malaya except Singapore. It was dissolved in 1948 and replaced by the Malayan Federation, which restored the autonomy of the rulers of Malay States protected by Britain.
During this period, the rebels led by the Communist Party of Malaya launched a guerrilla war aimed at driving the British out of Malaya. As we all know, the emerging institutions in Malaya lasted from 1948 to 1960, including the long-term counter-insurgency movement of Commonwealth troops in Malaya. Although the rebellion stopped soon, in the background of the cold war, there were still communists. [29] In this context, the Federation gained independence on August 3, 20071. [ 1 1]
After independence
Mahathir ben mohamed is the main force that makes Malaysia a major industrial power. 1963, Malaya, together with the then British colonies of Sabah (British North Borneo), Sarawak and Singapore, formed Malaysia. Although the State of Sultans Of Brunei initially expressed its interest in joining the Federation, it withdrew from the planned merger because of the opposition of some sectors of its population and the dispute over the payment of oil royalties and Sudan's position in the planned merger. [30][3 1] The actual date of establishment of Malaysia is 3 1 August 1963, to coincide with Malayan Independence Day and the British granting autonomy to Sarawak and Sabah. However, due to the opposition of Indonesian government led by Su Jianuo and the attempt of Sarawak United People's Party to postpone the establishment of Malaysia, this date was postponed. Because of these factors, an eight-member United Nations team must re-determine whether Sabah and Sarawak really want to join Malaysia. [32]
The first few years of independence were destroyed by the conflict with Indonesia on the formation of Malaysia, the final withdrawal of Singapore in 1965 and the racial conflict in the form of 1969. [13][33] Based on the fact that the State of Sultans Of Brunei ceded its northeastern territory to the Sultanate of Sulu in 1704, the Philippines also made positive claims to Sabah during this period. The claim is still in progress. [34] After the ethnic riots in1May 2003 1969, Premier Abdul Razak launched a controversial new economic policy, aiming at increasing the economic share of bumiputras ("indigenous people", including most Malays, but not always the indigenous population) in proportion to other ethnic groups. Since then, Malaysia has maintained a delicate ethnic and political balance, and the government system has tried to combine overall economic development with political and economic policies that promote the equal participation of all races. [35]
During the11980s and the mid11990s, Malaysia experienced remarkable economic growth under the leadership of Prime Minister Mahathir ben mohamed. [36] This period witnessed the transformation from an economy based on agriculture to an economy based on manufacturing and industry in the fields of computers and consumer electronics. It was also during this period that the natural landscape of Malaysia changed with the emergence of a large number of large-scale projects. The most striking of these projects are Petronas Petronas Petronas Petronas Twin Towers (the tallest building in the world at that time, and it still maintains the status of the tallest twin towers), Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), North-South Expressway, Sepang International Circuit, Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), Bagong Hydropower Station Dam and Putrajaya, the new federal administrative capital.
In the late 1990s, Malaysia was hit by the Asian financial crisis and political turmoil caused by the dismissal of Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim. [37] In 2003, Dr. Mahathir, the longest-serving Malaysian Prime Minister, retired and made way for his deputy Abdullah Ahmad al-Badawi. In 2007 1 1 month, two anti-government rallies broke out in Malaysia. In 2007 1 1 month 10, a net gathering of 40,000 people was held in Kuala Lumpur to build momentum for electoral reform. It was triggered by allegations of corruption and fraud in Malaysia's electoral system, which were very beneficial to the ruling National Front, which has been in power since Malaysia's independence in 1957. [38] 1 1 Another rally led by HINDRAF was held in the Malaysian capital on 25th. The organizer of the rally, the Hindu Rights Action Force, called for a protest against the so-called discriminatory policy of favoring Malays. The crowd is estimated to be between 5,000 and 30,000. [39] In these two incidents, both the government and the police took high-handed measures to try to stop the assembly. On 20081October 6 16, HINDRAF was banned because the government called the organization "a threat to national security". [40]